Group 9 presented on flat database models and relational database models. A flat database stores all information in a single table, which can cause data redundancy and inconsistencies. Relational databases address these issues by storing data across multiple tables and defining relationships between tables using primary and foreign keys. Relational databases provide benefits like faster searches, more robust data integrity, and the ability to perform complex queries. However, relational databases also have disadvantages such as increased costs, greater management complexity, and the risk of data loss if the database fails.

2. GROUP 9
Junaid Nadeem
Osama Mirza
Arshad khan
m. Ikram meo
M. Faheem
Ahmad ch.
 Flat Database & Relation Database
 Purpose of DBMS
 Types of DBMS Models
 Advantages of DBMS
TOPIC

3. FLAT DATABASE
A FLAT FILE DATABASE IS A DATABASE DESIGNED AROUND A SINGLE TABLE. THE
FLAT FILE DESIGN PUTS ALL DATABASE INFORMATION IN ONE TABLE, OR LIST, WITH FIELDS
TO REPRESENT ALL PARAMETERS.
BECAUSE OF THE LIMITATIONS OF FLAT DATABASES, THEY ARE NOT UNSUITABLE
FOR MOST SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS IN WHICH THERE IS A NEED TO REPRESENT AND
STORE COMPLEX BUSINESS RELATIONSHIPS.

4. FLAT DATABASE
IN THE VERY, VERY OLD DAYS….
 EVEN LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA WAS STORED IN TEXT FILES, KNOWN AS FLAT-FILE DATABASES
 ALL RELATED INFO WAS STORED IN A SINGLE LONG, TAB- OR COMMA-DELIMITED TEXT FILE
 EACH GROUP OF INFORMATION CALLED A RECORD.
 EACH RECORD CONSISTED OF A GROUP OF FIELDS, EACH FIELD CONTAINING SOME DISTINCT DATA ITEM
 MOST PEOPLE USE FLAT DATABASE TO STORE DATA IN COMPUTER

5. FLAT DATABASE
 EASY TO UNDERSTAND
 ALL RECORDS ARE STORED IN ONE PLACE
 LESS HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
 SIMPLE SORTING OF RECORDS CAN BE CARRIED OUT
 LESS SKILLS SET ARE REQUIRED TO HAND FLAT DATABASE SYSTEMS.
 EASY TO SET UP USING A NUMBER OF STANDARD OFFICE APPLICATIONS
 RECORD CAN BE VIEWED OR EXTRACTED ON THE BASIS OF SIMPLE CRITERIA
ADVANTAGES/PURPOSE AND WHY PEOPLE USE THIS NOW A DAY

6. FLAT DATABASE
 SLOW FOR HUGE DATABASE
 DON'T CALCULATE COMPLEX CALCULATIONS
 SEARCHING PROCESS IS TIME CONSUMING
 LESS SECURITY EASY TO EXTRACT INFORMATION
 DATA REDUNDANCY: THE APPEARANCE OF THE SAME DATA FACTOR IN MORE THAN ONE FIELD OR TABLE OF DATA
 DATA INCONSISTENCY: DATA INCONSISTENCY IS A CONDITION THAT OCCURS BETWEEN FILES WHEN SIMILAR DATA IS KEPT IN DIFFERENT FORMATS IN
TWO DIFFERENT FILES, OR WHEN MATCHING OF DATA MUST BE DONE BETWEEN FILES
 INTEGRITY PROBLEMS: INTEGRITY MEANS RELIABILITY AND ACCURACY OF DATA. FLAT DATABASE GENERATE INTEGRITY PROBLEMS BECAUSE OF DATA
REDUNDANCY AND DATA INCONSISTENCY
DISADVANTAGES

7. FLAT DATABASE

8. RELATIONAL DATABASE
RELATIONAL DATABASES ARE CONSISTING OF TWO OR MORE RELATED TABLES.
ON THE OTHER HAND, INCORPORATES MULTIPLE TABLES WITH METHODS FOR
THE TABLES TO WORK TOGETHER. THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TABLE DATA CAN BE
COLLATED, MERGED AND DISPLAYED IN DATABASE FORMS.
CONTAINS FACILITIES FOR CREATING, MODIFYING AND VERIFIED RELATIONAL
DATABASES.

9. RELATIONAL DATABASE
RELATIONSHIP TYPES

10. RELATIONAL DATABASE
ONE-TO-ONE RELATIONSHIPS
A PAIR OF TABLES BEARS A ONE-TO-ONE RELATIONSHIP WHEN A SINGLE RECORD IN
THE FIRST TABLE IS RELATED TO ONLY ONE RECORD IN THE SECOND TABLE, AND A SINGLE
RECORD IN THE SECOND TABLE IS RELATED TO ONLY ONE RECORD IN THE FIRST TABLE.

11. RELATIONAL DATABASE
ONE-TO-MANY RELATIONSHIPS
A ONE-TO-MANY RELATIONSHIP EXISTS BETWEEN A PAIR OF TABLES WHEN A SINGLE RECORD
IN THE FIRST TABLE CAN BE RELATED TO ONE OR MORE RECORDS IN THE SECOND TABLE, BUT A SINGLE
RECORD IN THE SECOND TABLE CAN BE RELATED TO ONLY ONE RECORD IN THE FIRST TABLE.

12. RELATIONAL DATABASE
MANY-TO-MANY RELATIONSHIPS
A PAIR OF TABLES BEARS A MANY-TO-MANY RELATIONSHIP WHEN A SINGLE RECORD IN THE FIRST
TABLE CAN BE RELATED TO ONE OR MORE RECORDS IN THE SECOND TABLE AND A SINGLE RECORD IN THE
SECOND TABLE CAN BE RELATED TO ONE OR MORE RECORDS IN THE FIRST TABLE.

13. RELATIONAL DATABASE
MOST RELATIONAL DATABASES OFFER FUNCTIONALITY TO SHARE DATA:
 ACROSS NETWORKS
 OVER THE INTERNET
 WITH LAPTOPS AND OTHER ELECTRONIC DEVICES, SUCH AS PALM PILOTS
 WITH OTHER SOFTWARE SYSTEMS

14. RELATIONAL DATABASE
 BETTER SECURITY
 SEARCHING PROCESS IS VERY FAST
 CALCULATE COMPLEX CALCULATIONS
 EASIER TO CHANGE DATA AND ITS FORMAT
 DATA REDUNDANCY CONTROL: CONTROL THE APPEARANCE OF THE SAME DATA FACTOR IN MORE THAN ONE FIELD OR TABLE OF DATA
 DATA INCONSISTENCY CONTROL: DATA INCONSISTENCY IS A CONDITION THAT OCCURS BETWEEN FILES WHEN SIMILAR DATA IS KEPT IN DIFFERENT
FORMATS IN TWO DIFFERENT FILES, OR WHEN MATCHING OF DATA MUST BE DONE BETWEEN FILES. RELATIONAL DATABASE CONTROL THE INCONSISTENCY
 INTEGRITY : INTEGRITY MEANS RELIABILITY AND ACCURACY OF DATA. RELATION DATABASE GENERATE INTEGRITY BECAUSE IT CONTROL THE DATA
REDUNDANCY AND DATA INCONSISTENCY
ADVANTAGES

15. RELATIONAL DATABASE
 INCREASED COSTS: DATABASE SYSTEMS REQUIRE SOPHISTICATED HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE AND HIGHLY SKILLED PERSONNEL. THE COST OF
MAINTAINING THE HARDWARE, SOFTWARE, AND PERSONNEL REQUIRED TO OPERATE AND MANAGE A DATABASE SYSTEM CAN BE SUBSTANTIAL. TRAINING, LICENSING, AND
REGULATION COMPLIANCE COSTS ARE OFTEN OVERLOOKED WHEN DATABASE SYSTEMS ARE IMPLEMENTED.
 HIGHER HARDWARE COST
 HIGHER PROGRAMING COST
 MANAGEMENT COMPLEXITY: DATABASE SYSTEMS INTERFACE WITH MANY DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGIES AND HAVE A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON A COMPANY’S
RESOURCES AND CULTURE. THE CHANGES INTRODUCED BY THE ADOPTION OF A DATABASE SYSTEM MUST BE PROPERLY MANAGED TO ENSURE THAT THEY HELP ADVANCE THE
COMPANY’S OBJECTIVES. GIVEN THE FACT THAT DATABASE SYSTEMS HOLD CRUCIAL COMPANY DATA THAT ARE ACCESSED FROM MULTIPLE SOURCES, SECURITY ISSUES MUST BE
ASSESSED CONSTANTLY.
 DATABASE FAILURES: IN MOST OF THE ORGANIZATIONS, ALL DATA IS INTEGRATED INTO A SINGLE DATABASE. IF DATABASE IS CORRUPTED DUE TO POWER
FAILURE OR IT IS CORRUPTED ON THE STORAGE MEDIA, THEN OUR VALUABLE DATA MAY BE LOST OR WHOLE SYSTEM STOPS.
DISADVANTAGES

16. RELATIONAL DATABASE
EXAMPLES ( DIFFERENT SOFTWARE'S )
 ACCESS
 FILEMAKER PRO
 SQL SERVER
 ORACLE
 DB2
 OBJECTIVITY/DB
 MYSQL
 POSTGRES

17. DATABASE MODEL
A DATABASE MODEL DEFINES THE LOGICAL DESIGN OF DATA. THE MODEL DESCRIBES THE
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE DATA. IN HISTORY OF DATABASE DESIGN, THREE
MODELS HAVE BEEN IN USE.
 HIERARCHICAL MODEL
 NETWORK MODEL
 RELATIONAL MODEL

18. HIERARCHICAL MODEL
IN THIS MODEL EACH ENTITY HAS ONLY ONE PARENT BUT CAN HAVE SEVERAL CHILDREN . AT
THE TOP OF HIERARCHY THERE IS ONLY ONE ENTITY WHICH IS CALLED ROOT.

19. NETWORK MODEL
IN THE NETWORK MODEL, ENTITIES ARE ORGANIZED IN A GRAPHING WHICH SOME
ENTITIES CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH SEVERAL PATH

20. RELATIONAL MODEL
IN THIS MODEL, DATA IS ORGANIZED IN TWO DIMENSIONAL TABLES CALLED
RELATIONS. THE TABLES OR RELATION ARE RELATED TO EACH OTHER.

21. PURPOSE OF DATABASE SYSTEMS
 To see why database management systems are necessary, let's look at a typical
“file-processing system” supported by a conventional operating system.
 The application is a savings bank:
• Savings account and customer records are kept in permanent system files.
• Application programs are written to manipulate files to perform the following tasks:
 Debit or credit an account.
 Add a new account.
 Find an account balance.
 Generate monthly statements.
 Development of the system proceeds as follows:
 New application programs must be written as the need arises.
 New permanent files are created as required.
 but over a long period of time files may be in different formats, and
 Application programs may be in different languages.

22. PURPOSE OF DATABASE SYSTEMS
 So we can see there are problems with the straight file-processing approach:
 Data redundancy and inconsistency
• Same information may be duplicated in several places.
• All copies may not be updated properly.
 Difficulty in accessing data
• May have to write a new application program to satisfy an unusual request.
• E.g. find all customers with the same postal code.
• Could generate this data manually, but a long job...
 Data isolation
• Data in different files.
• Data in different formats.
• Difficult to write new application programs.
 Multiple users
• Want concurrency for faster response time.
• Need protection for concurrent updates.
 Security problems
• Every user of the system should be able to access only the data they are permitted to see.
• E.g. payroll people only handle employee records, and cannot see customer accounts; tellers only access account data and
cannot see payroll data.
• Difficult to enforce this with application programs.
 Integrity problems
• Data may be required to satisfy constraints.
• E.g. no account balance below $25.00.
• Again, difficult to enforce or to change constraints with the file-processing approach.

23. ADVANTAGES OF THE DBMS
 Improved data sharing: The DBMS helps create an environment in which end users have better
access to more and better-managed data. Such access makes it possible for end users to respond
quickly to changes in their environment.
 Improved data security: The more users access the data, the greater the risks of
data security breaches. Corporations invest considerable amounts of time, effort, and money to
ensure that corporate data are used properly. A DBMS provides a framework for better enforcement
of data privacy and security policies.
 Better data integration: Wider access to well-managed data promotes an integrated view of the
organization’s operations and a clearer view of the big picture. It becomes much easier to see how
actions in one segment of the company affect other segments.
 Data inconsistency: Data inconsistency exists when different versions of the same data appear
in different places.

24. ADVANTAGES OF THE DBMS
 Improved decision making: Better-managed data and improved data access make it possible to generate better-quality
information, on which better decisions are based. The quality of the information generated depends on the quality of the
underlying data. Data quality is a comprehensive approach to promoting the accuracy, validity, and timeliness of the data.
While the DBMS does not guarantee data quality, it provides a framework to facilitate data quality initiatives.
 Data Atomicity: A transaction in commercial databases is referred to as atomic unit of work.
 Backup and Recovery Procedures: In a computer file-based system, the user creates the backup of data regularly to
protect the valuable data from damaging due to failures to the computer system or application program. It is a time
consuming method, if volume of data is large. Most of the DBMSs provide the 'backup and recovery' sub-systems that
automatically create the backup of data and restore data if required.
 Increased end-user productivity: The availability of data, combined with the tools that transform data into usable
information, empowers end users to make quick, informed decisions that can make the difference between success and
failure in the global economy.
 Data Consistency: By controlling the data redundancy, the data consistency is obtained. If a data item appears only
once, any update to its value has to be performed only once and the updated value (new value of item) is immediately available to
all users.

25. DISADVANTAGES OF DATABASE
 Increased costs: Database systems require sophisticated hardware and software and highly
skilled personnel. The cost of maintaining the hardware, software, and personnel required to
operate and manage a database system can be substantial. Training, licensing, and regulation
compliance costs are often overlooked when database systems are implemented.
 Management complexity: Database systems interface with many different technologies and
have a significant impact on a company’s resources and culture. The changes introduced by the
adoption of a database system must be properly managed to ensure that they help advance the
company’s objectives. Given the fact that database systems hold crucial company data that are
accessed from multiple sources, security issues must be assessed constantly.
 Maintaining currency: To maximize the efficiency of the database system, you must keep your
system current. Therefore, you must perform frequent updates and apply the latest patches
and security measures to all components. Because database technology advances rapidly, personnel
training costs tend to be significant. Vendor dependence. Given the heavy investment in technology
and personnel training, companies might be reluctant to change database vendors.

26. DISADVANTAGES OF DATABASE
 Frequent upgrade/replacement cycles: DBMS vendors frequently upgrade
their products by adding new functionality. Such new features often come bundled
in new upgrade versions of the software. Some of these versions require hardware
upgrades. Not only do the upgrades themselves cost money, but it also costs money
to train database users and administrators to properly use and manage the new
features.
 Database Failures: In most of the organizations, all data is integrated into
a single database. If database is corrupted due to power failure or it is corrupted on
the storage media, then our valuable data may be lost or whole system stops.

27. THANK YOU FOR WATCHING AND
LISTENING OUR PRESENTATION