Basic concepts of DBMS.

1. Presented by : Rajendra Dangwal
Branch : C.S. (III)
Presented to : Mr. Yogesh Jain

2. DATABASE : A collection of data is referred to as
database.
e.g. 1. record of students stored in files
2. information stored over internet
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: It is basically a
computer based record keeping system (program).
e.g. MySQL
Microsoft Access
FileMaker
FoxPro

3. Purpose of database :
1. It reduces DATA REDUNDANCY to a large extent.
2. It controls DATA INCONSISTENCY.
3. It facilitate SHARING of data.
4. It ensures DATA SECURITY.
Name
D.O.B
Fees
Name
D.O.B
Fees
Harsh
23/01/1993
Not paid
Harsh
23/01/1993
Paid
Amar
04/11/1994
Paid
Amar
04/11/1994
Paid
Devendra
14/06/1992
Not paid
Devendra
14/06/1992
Paid
Harsh
23/01/1993
Not paid
Harsh
23/01/1993
Not paid
Data Redundancy
Data Inconsistency

4. Various levels of database implementation (concept of abstraction)
1.INTERNAL LEVEL (PHYSICAL LEVEL):
It describes how data are actually stored on the storage
medium.
It is closest to database programmer.
Lowest level of database abstraction.
2. CONCEPTUAL LEVEL:
It describes what data are actually stored in database.
It is closest to the database manager.
It is an intermediate level of database abstraction.
•EXTERNAL LEVEL (VIEW LEVEL):
It describes the way in which the data are viewed by individual
user.
It is the level closest to the users.

5. Three levels of data abstraction
Account holder
External level
User
View 1
Database
handler
View 2
View 3
Conceptual
level
Physical
level
(DBMS Programmer)
View 1
AC_Name
Amount
Conceptual
AC_No
AC_Name
Type
Amount
Internal
Stored-acc.
Account #
Name
Type
Amount
Manager
View 2
AC_No
AC_Name
Type
Amount
numeric(15)
character(20)
character(10)
numeric(15)
length=60
type=bytes(15) offset=0
type=bytes(20) offset=15
type=bytes(10) offset=35
type=bytes(15) offset=45

6. DATA MODELS
1.Relational Data Model
Table : Items
Item #
Itemname
Price
I1
Cake
50.00
I2
Bread
9.00
I3
Biscuits
I4
Snacks
Table : Shipments
Supp#
Item#
QtySupplie
d
6.00
S1
I2
20
16.00
S1
I3
25
S1
I4
10
S2
I1
5
S2
I3
10
Table : Suppliers
Supp#
Supp-name
S1
Britannia
S2
New Bakers
1. RELATIONAL DATA MODEL: In relational data model, the
data is stored in the form of tables (i.e. rows ad columns).
These tables are called relations.
The user of the relational database system may insert new tuples,
delete tuples, and modify tuples.

7. 2. Network Data Model
S1
20
I2
Bread 9.00
Britannia
10
25
I3
Biscui
ts
6.00
I4
Snacks 16.00
2. NETWORK DATA MODEL: The network data model differs
from the relational model.
In this model data is represented by connection of records and
relationships among data are represented by links.
Records are organized as graphs.

8. 3. Hierarchical Data Model
S1
I2
I3
I4
Britannia
Bread 9.00
Biscuits 6.00
20
Snacks 16.00
25
10
3. HIERARCHICAL DATA MODEL: Data is represented by
collection of records and relationships among data by links, similar
to the network model.
Records are organized as trees rather than graphs.
Represents relationship among its records through parent child
relationships.

9. Relational Data Model
The relational model was put forward by E.F. Codd of the IBM.
It is considered as a very important concept in DBMS.
Some basic terminologies
Relation : A relation is a table i.e. data is arranged in rows and columns.
Tuple : The rows of tables are generally referred to as tuples.
Attributes : The columns of tables are generally referred to as attributes.
Degree : The number of attributes in a relation determine the degree of
the relation.
Cardinality : The number of tuples in a relation is called the cardinality of
the relation.

10. Views
A view is a (virtual) table that does not really exist in its own right but is
instead derived from one or more underlying base tables.
It is an excellent way to give people access to some but not all
information (data abstraction).
Database Keys are used to establish and identify relations between
tables.
Primary key: It is a set of one or more attributes that can uniquely
identify the tuples within the relation.
Candidate key : All attribute combinations inside a relation that can
serve as a primary key are candidate keys.
Alternate key: A candidate key that is not the primary key is called the
alternate key.
Foreign key : A foreign key is a non key attribute whose value is derived
from the primary key of another table.

11. Table : Employee
Empno
Name
D.O.B.
Post
Area_code
101
Aakash
13/03/1994
Director
221
102
Shahrukh
26/11/1993
Director
223
103
Nishank
30/02/1989
Manager 156
104
Shivesh
24/03/1993
Clerk
223
105
Prem
31/05/1992
Clerk
156
Table : Location
Area_code
Area
State
156
Mumbai
Maharashtra
221
Bengaluru
Karnataka
223
Pune
Maharashtra
Primary Key in
this table
Foreign key in
this table