Aluminium. Titanium. Biochips. Biosensors
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Aluminum and titanium are described along with their properties and common uses. Aluminum is a light, silvery metal that is abundant in nature and commonly used in electricity, transportation, construction and packaging. It can be recycled infinitely without loss of properties. Titanium is also described with its discovery, properties as a transition metal, and common uses in alloys, aerospace, surgery and other industries. Biochips and biosensors are also summarized, with biochips enabling simultaneous biochemical reactions for screening and detection, while biosensors combine a biological component with a transducer and detector for analytical purposes.
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Aluminium, titanium, biochips and biosensors
This document summarizes information about aluminium, titanium, biochips, and biosensors. It describes aluminium and titanium as lightweight metals that are abundant in nature. Aluminium is a silvery white metal commonly used in transportation, construction, and packaging. Titanium is stronger than steel and highly corrosion resistant, making it useful in aerospace applications and implants. The document also notes that biochips can perform many biochemical reactions simultaneously for screening and detection, while biosensors combine biological and physical elements to detect analytes.
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Coltan is a black metallic ore that is mined primarily in the Congo. It was discovered by a pygmy man who used the stone to sharpen weapons. When refined, coltan becomes a heat-resistant powder that can hold a high electrical charge, making it useful for tantalum capacitors found in many electronic devices as well as high-temperature alloys for turbines. While controversial to exploit due to mining practices, coltan can be recycled and reused through proper waste management and smelting techniques.
Polystyrene
Polystyrene is a synthetic polymer made from styrene monomer. It can be rigid or foamed, and general polystyrene is clear, hard and brittle. Polystyrene was discovered in 1839 by Eduard Simon and has a variety of applications including packaging, insulation and construction. While polystyrene has good thermal and electrical insulation properties, it is not widely recycled due to its non-biodegradable nature which poses environmental challenges.
Cmc
Carbon fibers are composed of carbon atoms bonded together in sheets, similar to graphite. They were first created in 1958 and are now made from petroleum pitch. Carbon fibers have high strength and stiffness but low density, making them useful for applications in aerospace, automotive, sports equipment, and other industries where lightweight strength is important.
CARBON FIBRE, GLASS FIBRE AND OPTICAL FIBRE
Carbon fibers are composed of carbon atoms bonded together in sheets, similar to graphite. They were first created in 1958 and are made by heating rayon or petroleum pitch. Carbon fibers have high strength and stiffness but low density, and are used in aerospace, automotive, sports equipment, and other applications.
The plastics - Polyethylene
Polyethylene was first synthesized in 1898 by German chemist Hans von Pechmann by accident while heating diazomethane. In 1933, Reginald Gibson and Eric Fawcett at ICI Laboratories synthesized polyethylene as it is known today. Polyethylene has several characteristics including being an excellent electrical insulator, transparent or opaque, resistant to low temperatures, hygienic and safe, inert to chemical attack, an excellent moisture barrier, and economic. Polyethylene has many uses such as bags, coating ditches, food and industrial packaging, disposable nappies, serum bags, containers, pipes, bottles, and irrigation pipes. Polyethylene is recyclable and can be melted and transformed into new products like
Natural rubber, synthetic rubber and neoprene rubber
This document discusses three types of rubber: natural rubber, synthetic rubber, and neoprene rubber. Natural rubber comes from latex and trees, was used by ancient civilizations, and is used today mainly for tires and hoses. Synthetic rubber is made from petroleum, was invented in 1909 as a cheaper alternative to natural rubber, and accounts for two-thirds of rubber production today. Neoprene is a synthetic rubber made from chloroprene polymerization that is chemically stable over a wide temperature range and used for products like wetsuits and boots.
Silicon y graphene
Silicon is a chemical element with an atomic mass of 14 that occurs in crystal or amorphous form. It is a semiconductor used in electronic chips, solar cells, and other technologies due to its strength, thermal conductivity, and elasticity. Graphene is an allotrope of carbon consisting of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. It was discovered in 2004 by Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, who won the Nobel Prize. Graphene has unique properties including high strength, thermal and electrical conductivity, and transparency. Potential uses include shielding, electronics, vehicles, and information technologies.
Ardi
Ardipithecus is a genus of early hominid found in Ethiopia that lived approximately 4.4 million years ago. It is considered a descendant of Orrorin tugenensis and a direct ancestor of australopithecines. There were two species, A. ramidus and A. kadabba. A. ramidus had a skull similar in size to great apes and evidence shows it moved in a bipedal manner. New evidence from the Aramis site in Ethiopia, where a partial skeleton of A. ramidus was found, indicates through sedimentological and isotopic analysis that it lived in a river-margin forest within a savanna landscape, in
Coronary heart disease
Coronary heart disease is caused by plaque buildup in the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart. Over many years, plaque narrows the arteries and reduces blood flow. If plaque ruptures, a blood clot can block blood flow and cause a heart attack. A heart attack occurs when an area of the heart muscle dies from lack of oxygen-rich blood. Angina is chest pain that occurs when blood flow to the heart is reduced. Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States and lifestyle changes, medicines, and procedures can help prevent and treat it.
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- 1. Aluminium and titanium Biosensors and biochips Victoria Saura María Cascales
- 2. A LUMINIUM D ESCRIPTION •I’ts a chemical element in the boron group •Its symbol: Al •Its atomic number: 13 •It’s a silvery white, soft, ductile metal. •Instead, it’s found combined in over 270 different minerals •The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite
- 3. H ISTORY A LUMINIUM •Ancient Greeks and Romans used aluminium salts as: – dyeing mordants – astringents for dressing wounds •The metal was first produced in 1825 • Discovered by H. C. Oersted P ROPERTIES •It is a very abundant element in the nature •It is a light metal under point of merger •His color is white and reflects well the electromagnetic radiation •Good electrical and thermal driver
- 4. U SES A LUMINIUM The uses that aluminium gives to nowadays are MULTIPLE and we can divide them by sectors: •Electricity and communication •Transport •Building and construction •Packings R ECYCLING •It takes between 200 and 500 years to deteriorate •Any product of aluminium can be recycled infinite times without losing his properties •the material can be re-used
- 5. H ISTORY T ITANIUM •Titanium was discovered included in a minera Great Britain by William Gregor •He found black sand by a stream •He noticed the sand was attracted by a magnet D ESCRIPTION •It is a metal of transition •It has a silver greyish color •It forms alloys with other elements to improve the mechanical presentations •It has a small thermal and electrical conductivity
- 6. T ITANIUM P ROPERTIES •Titanium is not free in the nature •It has a density of 4507 kg/m3 •Point of merger of 1675 °C •It is paramagnetic •Lighter than steel
- 7. T ITANIUM U SES The two most useful properties of the metal are corrosion resistance and the highest strength-to-density. •Metallic alloys •Aeronautical and aerospace industry •In surgery •Heat interchangers in the desalination plants •In metallurgy R ECYCLING •The special steels can be recycled in junk yards or authorized residues managers
- 8. B IOCHIPS •They’re essentially miniaturized laboratories •They can perform simultaneous biochemical reactions •Biochips enable researchers to : ‒ screen large numbers of biological analytest ‒ detection of bioterrorism agents. B IOSENSORS •It’s an analytical device •It combines a biological component with a physicochemical component •It consists of three parts: – The biological sensor – The transducer – The detector