Polymers Used in Pharmaceutical SciencesOyshe Ahmed
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYMERS
MECHANISM OF DRUG RELEASE FROM POLYMER
BIO DEGRADATION OF POLYMERS
SYNTHESIS OF POLYMERS
POLYMERS USED IN FORMULATION OF DIFFERENT DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM.
APPLICATION OF POLYMERS
Protein and Peptide drug delivery system are the Novel drug Delivery System. Proteins and peptides are the most abundant components of biological cells. They exist functioning such as enzymes, hormones, structural element and immunoglobulin. Proteins and peptides are therefore almost exclusively administered by the parenteral route. Although parenteral administration serves the purpose, it has several shortcomings. It encounters, many barriers affecting its stability, such as poor cellular membrane permeability at the GIT site, enzymatic degradation (various proteases), and first-pass hepatic metabolism.
The above Presentation discusses about the chapter polymers.Its definition, Types and important applications.It also covers about the process of bio degradation of polymers in the body.
Polymers Used in Pharmaceutical SciencesOyshe Ahmed
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYMERS
MECHANISM OF DRUG RELEASE FROM POLYMER
BIO DEGRADATION OF POLYMERS
SYNTHESIS OF POLYMERS
POLYMERS USED IN FORMULATION OF DIFFERENT DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM.
APPLICATION OF POLYMERS
Protein and Peptide drug delivery system are the Novel drug Delivery System. Proteins and peptides are the most abundant components of biological cells. They exist functioning such as enzymes, hormones, structural element and immunoglobulin. Proteins and peptides are therefore almost exclusively administered by the parenteral route. Although parenteral administration serves the purpose, it has several shortcomings. It encounters, many barriers affecting its stability, such as poor cellular membrane permeability at the GIT site, enzymatic degradation (various proteases), and first-pass hepatic metabolism.
The above Presentation discusses about the chapter polymers.Its definition, Types and important applications.It also covers about the process of bio degradation of polymers in the body.
Green technologies primarily affect biodiversity by reducing emissions and other environmentally harmful outputs that contribute to climate change and habitat pollution. The main green technologies that are discussed on this page have clean energy, green transportation, and efficiency applications. The replacement of old technologies should be done with newer versions that reduce emissions by eliminating fossil fuels or increasing efficiency. Replacing current, dirty technologies with green versions is the only way to preserve the many species that are highly susceptible to climatic and environmental changes caused by humans. Replacing old technologies worldwide would be a very expensive project, so we propose replacing dirty technologies when they become obsolete with the cleanest options that are available at that time.
An introduction to an innovative new light weighting technology for Injection Moulding Machines which can be easily retro fitted and uses water as the blowing agent. A replacement mixing nozzle is the only change needed to the injection moulding machine.
As the saying goes, Good roads cost money, and bad roads cost more. Hear the latest from the world of pavement preservation and how preservation strategies can stretch tight road maintenance dollars, as well as when maintenance becomes rehabilitation.
Axeon SP's technologically-advanced and engineered StellarFlex SP Polymer Modified Asphalt Asphalt products have been used on paving projects around the country from the streets of the Big Apple to the nation’s capital.
Polymer in the real life - Devoxx France - 2016 04-20Horacio Gonzalez
In the last two years I've been speaking a lot about web components and Polymer in conferences and user-groups, sharing a vision of the upcoming web-component revolution. But after these introductory talks I often got the same question: "that seems great... but does it works in Real Life?" Ah, the pesky real life question...
In this talk I'm going to tackle that question in the best way I know: I'm going to tell you my experience of almost two full years web applications with Polymer in the real life, for real projects in a real enterprise with real costumers, and all the lessons I've learnt from it.
You will heard why did I choose Polymer, how I dealt with the 0.x versions lifecycle, the good points and the bad ones too, how I did integrate lots of 3rd part libs into a component architecture and how now I'm able to create full fledge Progressive Web Apps using Polymer in a simple way without having to deal with the complexity of Angular/React/Whatever JS, but also how to integrate your components into those frameworks if needed.
*CONTENT 1. INTRODUCTION 2. CLASSIFICATION 3. PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS 4. ADVANTAGES 5. APPLICATIONS
INTRODUCTION
➢ Polymers are becoming increasingly important in the field of drug
delivery. ➢ The pharmaceutical applications of polymers range from their used as
binders in tablets formulations to viscosity and flow controlling agents
in liquids, suspensions and emulsions.➢ Polymers are macromolecules with high molecular mass composed of
considerable numbers of monomers.➢ The term polymer is derived from the Greek words, poly means many
and meros means unit or parts.➢ Polymerization is the process of combining two or more monomers
under the definite condition of temperature, pressure and in the
presence of suitable catalyst.
POLYMERS
Introduction
The term Polymer derived from the Greek letters ‘Poly’ means many and ‘mers’ means parts. Definition : Polymer is the substance or materials consisting of very large molecules or macromolecules, composed of many repeating subunits, which are known as monomer. These subunits or monomers are typically connected by Covalent chemical bonds.
Classification and types of polymers
Properties of polymer
Advantages & disadvantages
Applications
References
Recently, the advantages of biopolymers over conventional plastic polymers are unprecedented, provided that they are used in situations in which they raise the functionality and generate extra benefits for human life. Therefore, biopolymers have received much attention because they play an important place in day-to-day life for their specific tunable characteristics, making them attractive in a wide range of applications. Biopolymers can produce materials with tunable properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, renewability, inexpensiveness, availability, which are critically important for designing materials for use in biomedical applications. In addition to these properties, smart biopolymers could be prepared by changing the polymer components, which would create more target oriented applications. Biopolymers are potentially used in biomedical applications, including drug delivery, infections, tissue engineering, wound healings, and other as wells.
A polymer is a substance or material consisting of very large molecules called macromolecules, composed of many repeating subunits. Due to their broad spectrum of properties, both synthetic and natural polymers play essential and ubiquitous roles in everyday life.
Introduction to biopolymers,
Biocompatible and biodegradable polymers,
Applications of biopolymers,
Biopolymers used in advanced drug delivery systems-
Cellulose and its derivatives,
chitosan,
PLGA,
Polyanhydride,
polycaprolactone.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
1. Course Title: Basic Pharmaceutics &
Dosage Form Design
Course Code: BPH-2027
Welcome to my presentation
My topic name is –
“Polymers in Pharmaceutical
Science”
2. Presented to-Presented to-
Faria Farzana PerveenFaria Farzana Perveen
LecturerLecturer
Department of PharmacyDepartment of Pharmacy
Presented by-Presented by-
Imran HossainImran Hossain
Id-2015000300036Id-2015000300036
Batch-25Batch-25thth
(B)(B)
4. Polymers are very large molecules made when hundreds of monomers
join together to form long chains by covalent bonds or chemical bonds.
The word ‘polymer’ comes from the Greek words poly (meaning
‘many’) and meros (meaning ‘parts’).
Example: POLYBUTADIENE =
(BUTADIENE+ BUTADIENE+......)n
Where n = 4,000
Polymer Science has been the backbone for the development of new
formulations for past few years and led to development of several
applications in pharmaceutical science.
5. The physical properties of a polymer, such as :-
Polymers are organic, chain molecules
They can, vary from a few hundreds to thousands of atoms long.
The properties of polymers depend heavily on the molecule
length.
Chain length - In general, the longer the chains the stronger the
polymer.
Side groups - Polar side groups give stronger attraction between
polymer chains, making the polymer stronger.
Cross-linking - If polymer chains are linked together by covalent
bonds, the polymer is harder and more difficult to melt.
6. It Should be a wide range of physical, chemical properties.
It Should be non-toxic and should be easily administered.
It Should be cheap.
It Should be easy to fabricate.
It Should be low density.
The polymer should be soluble and easy to synthesis.
It should have finite molecular weight.
It should be compatible with biological environment.
It should be biodegradable.
It should provide good drug polymer linkage.
7. Classification based on source.
Classification based on structure.
Classification based on polymerisation.
Classification based on molecular force.
Classification based on composition.
Classification based on source
1. Natural polymers:- Proteins, Cellulose, Starch.
2. Semi-synthesis polymers:- Cellulose derivatives -
Cellulose acetate (Rayon).
3. Synthesis polymers:- Buna-S, Buna-R, Nylon,
Polythene, Polyester.
8. Classification based on structure
1.Linear polymers:- Pvc
2.Branched chain polymers:- Low density polymer.
3.Cross linked chain polymers:- Melamine.
Classification based on polymerization
1.Addition Polymers :- The formation of polythene from
ethene and polypropene from propene.
2.Condensation Polymers :- Dacron, nylon 6, etc
9. Classification based on molecular force
1. Elastomers :- Buna-S, buna-N, neoprene.
2. Fibers :- Polyamides (nylon 6, 6), polyesters .
3. Liquid resins :- Epoxy adhesives .
4. Plastics :- (a) Thermoplastic and (b) thermosetting
plastic .
Classification based on composition
1. Homopolymer :- Polyethylene, polystyrene.
2. Copolymer :- Silicone, Ethyl cellulose.
10. Mainly used for drug delivery.
– As a coating material
examples :- Methyl cellulose, Propylene glycol.
– As a binders in tableting , examples: Acacia, Sodium alginate.
– As a thickening agent in suspension and ophthalmic preparations
Example: methyl cellulose.
– Gelatin used as suppository base, as an emulsifying agent and
suspending agent.
Micelles for cancer therapeutics
Targeted drug delivery systems
Medicine:-
Many biomaterials, especially heart valve replacements and blood vessels,
are made of polymers like Dacron, Teflon
Venlafexine - Anti-depressant - Beeswax, Carnauba wax
Domperidone - Anti-emetic - Carbopol-934
11. 1. Oral delivery system:- These techniques are capable of
controlling the rate of drug from the delivery systems that
can be utilized for controlled delivery of drugs.
Some of novel drug delivery system for oral controlled
release drug administration include:
Osmotic pressure controlled GI delivery system.
Diffusion controlled GI delivery system.
Bio[muco]adhesive GI delivery system.
2. Transdermal drug delivery system:- Mostly used when
the medicaments are applied on topical route. E.g.
Transdermal patch of copolamine, nitro glycerin etc.
Polymeric System in Drug
12. 3. Ocular Drug Delivery System:- It allows
prolonged contact of drug with the surface of the
eye. Highly viscous suspension and emulsion are
prepared to have such purpose. E.g. Pilocarpine
used in treatment of glaucoma.
Other,
1. Drug delivery of various contraceptives and
hormones.
2. Drug delivery and the treatment of diabetes
13. Polyethylene Glycol
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a polyether compound with many
applications from industrial manufacturing to medicine. PEG, PEO, or
POE refers to an oligomer or polymer of ethylene oxide.
Uses:-
Used to treat constipation. It works by holding water in the stool to
soften the stool and increases the number of bowel movements.
PEG is also used as an excipient in many pharmaceutical products.
E.g. solvent, surfactant, ointments, suppository base, tablet and
capsule lubricant.
PEG is the basis of many skin creams
PEG is also used as an anti-foaming agent in food.
PEG is used in a number of toothpastes as a dispersant.
14. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone
Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), also commonly called
polyvidone or povidone, is a water-soluble polymer made
from the monomer N-vinylpyrrolidone.
Use:-
Used as suspending and dispersing agent.
PVP was used as a plasma volume expander for trauma
victims after the 1950s.
It is used as a binder, Lubricants, Guidant's in many
pharmaceutical.
15. Smart Polymer
Smart polymers are polymers that respond to different
stimuli or changes in the environment. Smart polymers
appear in highly specialized applications and everyday
products alike.
Use:-
Smart drug delivery systems.
Stimuli-responsive surfaces.
Used as cancer therapy to identify tumors.
Killing of tumor.
Smart polymer in protein purification.
Smart polymer in gene therapy.