The document summarizes research on preparing and characterizing poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene adipate-co-therephtthalate) (PLA/PBAT) nanocomposites. Key points: 1) PLA and PBAT were blended using melt blending to improve PLA's brittleness. Organoclays were also prepared using cation exchange and characterized using XRD, FTIR, and TGA. 2) Adding PBAT improved the tensile strength and elongation at break of PLA but decreased tensile modulus. FTIR and DMA showed the blends were miscible. Scanning electron microscopy visualized phase separation at high PBAT contents.

1. PREPARATION AND
CHARACTERIZATION OF
POLY(LACTIC ACID)/POLY(BUTYLENE
ADIPATE-CO-THEREPTHTHALATE)
NANOCOMPOSITES
by
Mohd Junaedy Osman (GS21850)
Dr Nor Azowa Ibrahim
Prof Dato’ Dr Wan Md Zin Wan Yunus
Dr Jamaliah Sharif (Nuclear Agency Malaysia)

2. Introduction.
• Environmental problem has been arising ever since the usage
of plastic was introduced. For this reason, there is an urgent
need to study and to develop renewable source-based
biopolymers (able to degrade via a natural composting
process).
• One of the ways to diminish the effect of these problems was
to use biodegradable polymer or also called Green Polymer.

3. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
• PLA is a biodegradable, thermoplastic, aliphatic polyester derived
from renewable resources, (corn starch or sugarcanes).
• Standard grade PLA has high modulus and strength comparable to
that many petroleum based plastics (brittle).
PLA monomer

4. Poly(butylene adipate-co-therephtlate) (PBAT)
• PBAT (Ecoflex ) is an aliphatic-aromatic copolyester, which is fully
biodegradable. (Jiang et al. 2006).
• It is a flexible plastic designed for film extrusion and extrusion
coating.
PBAT monomer.

5. Objectives.
• To prepare organoclay through ion exchange technique
process with various type of alkyl ammonium ion.
• To characterize the organoclay produced.
• To study the effect of adding PBAT on the mechanical
and thermal properties of PLA/PBAT nanocomposites.
• To investigate the effect of organoclay on mechanical,
thermal and morphology of PLA/PBAT nanocomposites.

6. •The production of polymer materials has grown rapidly in the past 50 years. The
versatility of plastics is not exceeded by any other class of materials, guarantees that
polymers will continue to be very important in the future.
•The problem was the creation of phase separated mixture or immiscible blends. The
immiscible blends can be easily classified by looking through its morphology and
dynamics mechanical analysis.
Literature Review

7. Method and Result
•Preparation of organoclay
•Preparation of PLA/PBAT blends
•Preparation of PLA/PBAT nanocomposites
•Effect of type of clay
•Effect of clay loading

8. Methodology

9. Preparation of organoclay
• 2 types of organoclay prepared.
–ODA-MMT
–DDOA-MMT
• The organoclay were prepared according to the
published method with slight modification (Tabtiang
et al., 2000; Pospisil et al., 2004; Capkova et al.,
2006)

10. Schematic Diagram
Na-MMT Organofiller
(ODA & DDOA)
Organoclay
ODA-MMT & DDOA-MMT
Characterization
•XRD
•FTIR
•TGA
•Elemental analyzer
Cation Exchange
Technique

11. Characterization
• X-ray Diffraction study
• Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy
• Thermogravimetric Analysis
• Elemental Analysis

12. Preparation of PLA/PBAT blends
• PLA/PBAT blends were prepared by using melt
blending technique.

13. PLA + PBAT
PLA/PBAT composites
sheet
Characterization
Melt Blending
PLA/PBAT blends
Hot Pressing
Schematic Diagram

14. Characterization
• Tensile Properties study
• Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy
• Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
• Scanning Electron Microscopy
• Water Absorption Test
• Biodegradable Test

15. Preparation of PLA/PBAT nanocomposites
• PLA/PBAT nanocomposites were prepared by
using melt blending technique.

16. Preparation of PLA/PBAT blends
PLA + PBAT
PLA/PBAT nanocomposites
sheet
Characterization
Melt Blending
PLA/PBAT blends
Hot Pressing
Schematic Diagram
Organoclay

17. Characterization
• X-ray Diffraction study
• Tensile Properties study
• Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy
• Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
• Thermogravimetric Analysis
• Scanning Electron Microscopy
• Transmission Electron Microscopy
• Water Absorption Test
• Biodegradable Test

18. Results
Preparation of organoclay

19. Clay galleries of montmorillonite

20. 0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2θ (degree)
Intersitya.u.
XRD curve for (a) Na-MMT, (b) C 20A, (c) ODA-MMT and (d) DDOA-MMT
(a)
(c)
(b)
(d)

21. Summary
Type of Clay Exchange Cation 2θ Interlayer Spacing
(Å) d001
Na-MMT Na+
7.46 11.85
DDOA-MMT (CH3
(CH2
)17
)2
N+
(CH3
)2 2.66 33.22
ODA-MMT C18
H37
NH3
+
2.92 30.26
C 20A (CH3
)2
N+
(HT)2
3.40 26.00

22. 100020003000
(d)
(c)
(b)
(a)
Wavenumber cm
-1
%T
Asymmetric
CH3
stretching
Symmetric CH3
stretching
-CH2
-
bending
Free water
molecule and
water-water
hydrogen bond
Si-O-Si
stretching
Al-O
bending
Si-O
bending
OH
bending
FTIR spectra for (a) Na-MMT, (b) ODA-MMT, (c) DDOA-MMT and (d) C 20A

23. 40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
35 135 235 335 435 535 635 735
Temperature (
o
C)
Weight%(%)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
TGA thermograms of (a) Na-MMT, (b) ODA-MMT, (c) C20A and (d) DDOA-MMT

24. Type of Clay Exchange Cation Percent of
Surfactant
Intercalated (%)
Quantity of
Water (%)
Na-MMT Na+ - 11.99
ODA-MMT C18
H37
NH3
+
14.57 9.02
DDOA-MMT (CH3
(CH2
)17
)2
N+
(CH3
)2
25.89 3.41
C 20A (CH3
)2
N+
(HT)2
18.64 3.22

25. Carbon content and the amount of surfactant intercalated into the clay galleries
Type of Clay
Exchange Cation C (%) Weight of
sample (mg)
Percentage
Surfactant
intercalate
(%)
Na-MMT Na+
0.513 1.919 -
ODA-MMT C18
H37
NH3
+
15.913 2.088 19.193
DDOA-MMT (CH3
(CH2
)17
)2
N+
(CH3
)2
20.455 2.060 26.552
C 20A (CH3
)2
N+
(HT)2
19.571 2.031 23.464
CHNS analyzer

26. Results
Preparation of PLA/PBAT blends

27. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
PBAT content (%)
TensileStrength(Mpa)
Determination of tensile strength with various PBAT content.

28. 0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
PBAT content (%)
TensileModulus(Mpa)
Determination of tensile modulus with various PBAT content.

29. -5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
PBAT content (%)
Elongationatbreak(%)
Elongation at break of PLA/PBAT with various PBAT content

30. 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
PBAT content (%)
Elongationatbreak(%)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
TensileModulus(MPa)
Comparison of elongation at break and tensile modulus with
various PBAT content

31. 0
100
200
300
1000200030004000
(a)
(b)
(c)
Wavenumber cm
-1
%T
2997 cm-1
Alkane stretch C – H 1750 cm-1
C = O
1081 cm-1
C – O
1450 cm-1
-CH3
bending
2953 cm-1
2996 cm-1
1749 cm-1
1714 cm-1
1450 cm-1
1450 cm-1
C = C
aromatic
1081 cm-1
1090 cm-1
FTIR spectra of (a) PLA, (b) PBAT and (c) 85PLA/15PBAT blends

32. 0.00E+00
2.00E+08
4.00E+08
6.00E+08
8.00E+08
1.00E+09
1.20E+09
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Temperature (°C)
LossModulusG"(Pa)
PLA
PBAT
95PLA/5PBAT
85PLA/15PBAT
75PLA/25PBAT
0.00E+00
1.00E+08
2.00E+08
3.00E+08
4.00E+08
5.00E+08
6.00E+08
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0
Temperature (°C)
LossModulusG"(Pa)
PLA
PBAT
95PLA/5PBAT
85PLA/15PBAT
75PLA/25PBAT
Temperature dependence of G” of
PLA/PBAT with various
amount of PBAT content

33. 0.00E+00
5.00E+08
1.00E+09
1.50E+09
2.00E+09
2.50E+09
3.00E+09
3.50E+09
4.00E+09
4.50E+09
5.00E+09
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Temperature (
o
C)
StorageModulusG'(Pa)
PLA
PBAT
95PLA/5PBAT
85PLA/15PBAT
75PLA/25PBAT
Temperature dependence of G’ of PLA/PBAT with
various amount of PBAT

34. (a) (b)
(c)
PBAT
SEM images of (a) PLA, (b) PBAT and (c) PLA/PBAT blends

35. 0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Time (days)
Waterabsorption
percentage(%)
PLA PBAT 95PLA5PBAT 85PLA15PBAT 75PLA25PBAT
Water absorption of PLA, PBAT, PLA/PBAT blends
with various amount of PBAT

36. 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Time (weeks)
Weightlosspercentage(%)
PLA PBAT 95PLA5PBAT 85PLA15PBAT 75PLA25PBAT
Weight loss percentage of PLA, PBAT, PLA/PBAT blends
with various amount of PBAT

37. Results
Preparation of PLA/PBAT nanocomposites
(Effect of surfactant type)

38. 0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2θ (degree)
Intensitya.u.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
XRD curve for (a) PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT, (b) PLA/PBAT/C 20A,
(c) PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT and (d) PLA/PBAT/DDOA-MMT

39. XRD peak and interlayer spacing of various type of clay
Type of clay
2θ (°) Interlayer
spacing (Å)
Interlayer
spacing
without
PLA/PBAT
(Å)
Shift
extant (Å)
PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT 6.42 13.67 11.85 1.82
PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT 2.54 34.79 30.26 4.53
PLA/PBAT/DDOA-MMT 2.00 44.18 33.22 10.96
PLA/PBAT/C 20A 2.40 36.82 26.00 10.82

40. 100020003000
(e)
(d)
(c)
(b)
(a)
Wavenumber cm
-1
%T
C - O
1081 cm-1
1082 cm-1
1083 cm-1
1083 cm-1
1083 cm-1
FTIR curve for (a) PLA/PBAT, (b) PLA/PBAT Na-MMT, (c) PLA/PBAT/C 20A,
(d) PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT and (e) PLA/PBAT/DDOA-MMT

41. Hydrogen
Bonding
PLA
PBAT
CLAY
OH
Expected hydrogen bonding between the OMMT and PLA/PBAT blends

42. 37.56
39.68
43.58
42.11
40.99
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
Organoclay
TensileStrength(MPa)
PLA/PBAT + Na-MMT + ODA-MMT + DDOA-MMT + C 20A
Tensile strength of PLA/PBAT/organoclay

43. 1013.32
1020.02
1022.11
1021.52 1021.00
1008
1010
1012
1014
1016
1018
1020
1022
1024
Organoclay
TensileModulus(MPa)
PLA/PBAT + Na-MMT + ODA-MMT + DDOA-MMT + C 20A
Tensile modulus of PLA/PBAT/organoclay

44. 0.00E+00
5.00E+08
1.00E+09
1.50E+09
2.00E+09
2.50E+09
3.00E+09
3.50E+09
-50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 90
Temperature (
o
C)
StorageModulusG'(Pa)
PLA/PBAT
PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT
PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT
PLA/PBAT/DDOA-MMT
PLA/PBAT/C 20A
The effect of type of clay on storage modulus

45. 0.00E+00
1.00E+08
2.00E+08
3.00E+08
4.00E+08
5.00E+08
6.00E+08
7.00E+08
-50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 90
Temperature (
o
C)
LossModulusG"(Pa)
PLA/PBAT
PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT
PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT
PLA/PBAT/DDOA-MMT
PLA/PBAT/C 20A
0.00E+00
2.00E+07
4.00E+07
6.00E+07
8.00E+07
1.00E+08
1.20E+08
1.40E+08
1.60E+08
1.80E+08
2.00E+08
-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10
Temperature (
o
C)
LossModulusG"(Pa)
PLA/PBAT
PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT
PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT
PLA/PBAT/DDOA-MMT
PLA/PBAT/C 20A
The effect of type of clay on loss modulus

46. Tg for different type of clay
Sample Identification Tg PLA (o
C) Tg PBAT (o
C)
PLA/PBAT 68.1 -23.0
PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT 64.3 -10.1
PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT 62.3 -15.5
PLA/PBAT/DDOA-MMT 61.7 -12.2
PLA/PBAT/C 20A 63.4 -12.5

47. 0
20
40
60
80
100
200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
Temperature (o
C)
Weight%(%)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
TGA curve for (a) PLA/PBAT, (b) PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT, (c) PLA/PBAT/C 20A
(d) PLA/PBAT/DDOA-MMT and (e) PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT

48. -22
-17
-12
-7
-2
200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
Temperature (o
C)
DerivativesWeight%(%/m)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
DTG curve for (a) PLA/PBAT, (b) PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT, (c) PLA/PBAT/C 20A,
(d) PLA/PBAT/DDOA-MMT and (e) PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT

49. The thermal degradation for PLA/PBAT and PLA/PBAT/nanocomposites
with various type of clay
Sample
Tonset
(o
C) T50
(ºC) Tmax
(ºC)
PLA/PBAT 275.39 318.78 321.52
PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT 286.71 325.27 329.38
PLA/PBAT/ C 20A 300.36 332.13 334.93
PLA/PBAT/DDOA-MMT 307.52 334.19 335.37
PLA/PBAT/ ODA-MMT 310.36 336.09 336.98

50. (a) (b)
(c) (d)
SEM images of (a) PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT, (b) PLA/PBAT/DDOA-MMT,
(c) PLA/PBAT/C 20A and (d) PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT

51. (a) (b)
(c) (d)
200 nm200 nm
200 nm 200 nm
TEM images for (a) PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT, (b) PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT,
(c) PLA/PBAT/DDOA-MMT and (d) PLA/PBAT/C 20A (Magnification 10000x)

52. 0
0.5
1
1.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Time (days)
Waterabsorption
percentage(%)
PLA/PBAT PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT
PLA/PBAT/DDOA-MMT PLA/PBAT/C20A
Water absorption percentage of PLA/PBAT incorporation with different type of clay

53. Percentage water uptake PLA/PBAT incorporation with different type of clay
Time (days)
Sample 0 2 4 8 16
PLA/PBAT 0 1.22 1.45 1.45 1.45
PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT 0 1.32 1.51 1.52 1.52
PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT 0 1.20 1.44 1.44 1.44
PLA/PBAT/DDOA-MMT 0 1.21 1.45 1.45 1.45
PLA/PBAT/C 20A 0 1.21 1.44 1.44 1.44

54. 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Time (weeks)
Weightlosspencentage(%)
PLA/PBAT PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT
PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT PLA/PBAT/DDOA-MMT
PLA/PBAT/C 20A
Weight loss percentage of PLA/PBAT incorporation with different type of clay

55. Percentage weight loss PLA/PBAT incorporation with different type of clay
Time (weeks)
Samples 0 3 6 9 12
PLA/PBAT 0.00 2.33 2.52 2.69 2.76
PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT 0.00 2.39 2.62 2.75 2.82
PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT 0.00 2.23 3.77 5.63 8.41
PLA/PBAT/DDOA-MMT 0.00 2.03 3.56 5.25 7.96
PLA/PBAT/C 20A 0.00 2.00 3.56 4.81 7.62

56. Results
Preparation of PLA/PBAT nanocomposites
(Effect of clay loading)

57. 0
50
100
150
200
250
300
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2θ (degree)
Intensity,a.u.
PLA/PBAT/0.1 Na-MMT
PLA/PBAT/0.3 Na-MMT
PLA/PBAT/0.6 Na-MMT
PLA/PBAT/1.0 Na-MMT
PLA/PBAT/3.0 Na-MMT
6.02°
6.42°
XRD patterns of PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT

58. 0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2θ (degree)
Intensity,a.u.
PLA/PBAT/0.1 ODA-MMT
PLA/PBAT/0.3 ODA-MMT
PLA/PBAT/0.6 ODA-MMT
PLA/PBAT/1.0 ODA-MMT
PLA/PBAT/3.0 ODA-MMT
2.76°
2.54°
XRD pattern of PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT nanocomposites

59. Table of interlayer spacing with different type and clay content
Type of nanocomposites Clay content (wt%) 2θ (°) Interlayer spacing (Å)
PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT 0.1 - -
0.3 - -
0.6 - -
1.0 6.02o
14.68Å
3.0 6.42o
13.77Å
PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT 0.1 - -
0.3 - -
0.6 - -
1.0 2.76o
32.01Å
3.0 2.54o
34.79Å

60. 35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Clay Content (wt%)
TensileStrength(MPa)
PLA/PBAT+ODA-MMT
PLA/PBAT+Na-MMT
Tensile strength of PLA/PBAT/Organoclay composites

61. 1012
1014
1016
1018
1020
1022
1024
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Clay Content (wt%)
TensileModulus(MPa)
PLA/PBAT+ODA-MMT
PLA/PBAT+Na-MMT
Tensile modulus of PLA/PBAT/Organoclay composites

62. 0.00E+00
5.00E+08
1.00E+09
1.50E+09
2.00E+09
2.50E+09
3.00E+09
3.50E+09
-50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 90
Temperature (
o
C)
StorageModulusG'(Pa)
PLA/PBAT
PLA/PBAT/0.1 Na-MMT
PLA/PBAT/0.3 Na-MMT
PLA/PBAT/0.6 Na-MMT
PLA/PBAT/1.0 Na-MMT
PLA/PBAT/3.0 Na-MMT
The G’ as the function of temperature for PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT

63. 0.00E+00
5.00E+08
1.00E+09
1.50E+09
2.00E+09
2.50E+09
3.00E+09
3.50E+09
-50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 90
Temperature (
o
C)
StorageModulusG'(Pa)
PLA/PBAT
PLA/PBAT/0.1 ODA-MMT
PLA/PBAT/0.3 ODA-MMT
PLA/PBAT/0.6 ODA-MMT
PLA/PBAT/1.0 ODA-MMT
PLA/PBAT/3.0 ODA-MMT
The G’ as the function of temperature for PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT

64. 0.00E+00
1.00E+08
2.00E+08
3.00E+08
4.00E+08
5.00E+08
6.00E+08
-50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 90
Temperature (
o
C)
LossModulusG"(Pa)
PLA/PBAT
PLA/PBAT/0.1 Na-MMT
PLA/PBAT/0.3 Na-MMT
PLA/PBAT/0.6 Na-MMT
PLA/PBAT/1.0 Na-MMT
PLA/PBAT/3.0 Na-MMT
The G” as the function of temperature for PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT

65. 0.00E+00
1.00E+08
2.00E+08
3.00E+08
4.00E+08
5.00E+08
6.00E+08
-50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 90
Temperature (
o
C)
LossModulusG"(Pa)
PLA/PBAT
PLA/PBAT/0.1 ODA-MMT
PLA/PBAT/0.3 ODA-MMT
PLA/PBAT/0.6 ODA-MMT
PLA/PBAT/1.0 ODA-MMT
PLA/PBAT/3.0 ODA-MMT
The G” as the function of temperature for PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT

66. Tg at different clay loading
Sample Identification Tg PLA (o
C) Tg PBAT (o
C)
PLA/PBAT 68.1 -23.0
PLA/PBAT/0.1 Na-MMT
PLA/PBAT/0.3 Na-MMT
PLA/PBAT/0.6 Na-MMT
PLA/PBAT/1.0 Na-MMT
PLA/PBAT/3.0 Na-MMT
57.6
59.3
59.8
64.3
60.8
-14.6
-10.7
-15.1
-10.1
-14.2
PLA/PBAT/0.1ODA-MMT
PLA/PBAT/0.3ODA-MMT
PLA/PBAT/0.6ODA-MMT
PLA/PBAT/1.0ODA-MMT
PLA/PBAT/3.0ODA-MMT
59.9
65.4
63.2
62.3
58.3
-15.1
-14.6
-9.6
-15.5
-13.6

67. 0
20
40
60
80
100
200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
Temperature (o
C)
Weight%(%)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
TGA thermograms of PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT (a) 0.3 wt% (b) 1.0 wt% and
(c) 3.0 wt% of Na-MMT

68. 0
20
40
60
80
100
200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
Temperature (o
C)
Weight%(%)
(a)
(b) (c)
(d)
TGA thermograms of (a) PLA/PBAT, PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT (b) 0.3 wt%
(c) 1.0 wt% and (d) 3.0 wt% of ODA-MMT

69. -22
-17
-12
-7
-2
200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
Temperature (o
C)
DerivativesWeight%(%/m)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
DTG thermograms of (a) PLA/PBAT, PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT (b) 0.3 wt%,
(c) 1.0 wt% and (d) 3.0 wt% of Na-MMT

70. -22
-17
-12
-7
-2
200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
Temperature (o
C)
DerivativesWeight%(%/m)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
DTG thermograms of (a) PLA/PBAT, PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT (b) 0.3 wt%
(c) 1.0 wt% and (d) 3.0 wt% of ODA-MMT

71. Thermal degradation for PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT and PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT
with various clay content
Type of clay Clay content (wt
%)
Tonset
(o
C) T50
(°C) Tmax
(°C)
PLA/PBAT 0.0 275.39 318.78 321.52
Na-MMT 0.3 284.97 319.68 320.43
1.0 286.71 325.27 329.38
3.0 299.71 330.27 332.38
ODA-MMT 0.3 308.57 333.60 334.56
1.0 310.36 336.09 336.93
3.0 315.17 343.22 345.585

72. 0
0.5
1
1.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Time (days)
Waterabsorption
percentage(%)
PLA/PBAT PLA/PBAT/0.6 Na-MMT
PLA/PBAT/1.0 Na-MMT PLA/PBAT/3.0 Na-MMT
Water absorption percentage of PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT at various clay loading

73. 0
0.5
1
1.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Time (days)
Waterabsorption
percentage(%)
PLA/PBAT PLA/PBAT/0.6 ODA-MMT
PLA/PBAT/1.0 ODA-MMT PLA/PBAT/3.0 ODA-MMT
Water absorption percentage of PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT at various clay loading

74. Water absorption percentage of all samples at various clay loading
Time (days)
Samples 0 2 4 8 16
PLA/PBAT 0 1.20 1.44 1.44 1.44
PLA/PBAT/0.6 Na-MMT 0 1.32 1.51 1.52 1.52
PLA/PBAT/1.0 Na-MMT 0 1.35 1.54 1.54 1.54
PLA/PBAT/3.0 Na-MMT 0 1.38 1.55 1.55 1.55
PLA/PBAT/0.6 ODA-MMT 0 1.22 1.45 1.45 1.45
PLA/PBAT/1.0 ODA-MMT 0 1.26 1.47 1.47 1.47
PLA/PBAT/3.0 ODA-MMT 0 1.29 1.49 1.49 1.49

75. 0
5
10
15
20
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Time (weeks)
Weightlosspercentage
(%)
PLA/PBAT PLA/PBAT/0.6 Na-MMT
PLA/PBAT/1.0 Na-MMT PLA/PBAT/3.0 Na-MMT
Figure 4.45: Weight loss percentage of PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT at various clay loading

76. 0
2
4
6
8
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Time (weeks)
Weightlosspercentage(%)
PLA/PBAT PLA/PBAT/0.6 ODA-MMT
PLA/PBAT/1.0 ODA-MMT PLA/PBAT/3.0 ODA-MMT
Weight loss percentage of PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT at various clay loading

77. Weight loss percentage of all samples at various clay loading
Time (weeks)
Samples 0 3 6 9 12
PLA/PBAT 0.00 1.71 3.13 4.51 7.14
PLA/PBAT/0.6 Na-MMT 0.00 2.22 3.42 6.12 10.52
PLA/PBAT/1.0 Na-MMT 0.00 2.61 4.32 9.34 13.53
PLA/PBAT/3.0 Na-MMT 0.00 3.11 5.24 10.61 15.72
PLA/PBAT/0.6 ODA-MMT 0.00 1.89 3.37 4.86 7.49
PLA/PBAT/1.0 ODA-MMT 0.00 2.23 3.77 5.63 8.41
PLA/PBAT/3.0 ODA-MMT 0.00 2.57 4.29 6.11 8.69

78. •Two types of organoclays (ODA-MMT and DDOA-MMT) were successfully prepared
through ion exchange technique from Na-MMT (FTIR, XRD, TGA and elemental
analyzer).
•PLA/PBAT blends at different PBAT content were successfully prepared using melt
blending technique (Tensile testing, FTIR, DMA, SEM, water absorption and
biodegradability).
•PLA/PBAT/composites/nanocomposites at different type of clay were successfully
prepared using melt blending technique (XRD, FTIR, tensile testing, DMA, TGA,
SEM, TEM, water absorption and biodegradability).
•PLA/PBAT/composites/nanocomposites at different clay content were successfully
prepared using melt blending technique (XRD, tensile testing, DMA, TGA, water
absorption and biodegradability).
Conclusion

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85. Thank you