Prelim slides 1
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This document provides an overview of different cell types and their structures. It describes the key components of cells including the cytoplasm, nucleus, inclusions and other organelles. Examples are given of different specialized cell types like muscle cells, liver cells, osteocytes and various epithelial cell types. The functions of fibroblasts, fibrocytes and mesenchymal cells are also briefly outlined. Plasma cells and mast cells are defined and their characteristic features are summarized.
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Liver development
The liver develops from the endoderm layer of the foregut as a bud called the hepatic diverticulum. This bud grows into the mesenchyme and its cells differentiate into the liver parenchyma and biliary system ducts. The gallbladder also develops from the hepatic diverticulum. After birth, the umbilical vein and ductus venosus regress and the liver takes over metabolic functions from the fetal liver.
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The document summarizes the structure and functions of four organs:
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- The liver detoxifies metabolites, synthesizes proteins, and produces biochemicals for digestion. It is the largest organ located in the upper right abdomen.
- The pancreas contains exocrine acini that secrete digestive enzymes and endocrine islets of Langerhans that secrete hormones like insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar.
- Both the liver and pancreas perform important digestive and metabolic roles in the body.
Liver
The liver originates in the third week of development as an outgrowth of endodermal epithelium in the foregut called the hepatic diverticulum. This divides into the larger cranial pars hepatica and caudal pars cystica. The pars hepatica gives rise to hepatocytes, sinusoids, and other liver cells and tissues. The pars cystica develops into the gallbladder and cystic duct. By the 12th week, bile production begins and the liver fills much of the abdominal cavity, taking on its adult shape with two lobes.
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The gastrointestinal system is made up of a series of organs that break down food and absorb nutrients. Food is broken down mechanically and chemically by the teeth, tongue, stomach, and enzymes in the saliva, stomach, pancreas and small intestine. The GI tract is a continuous tube extending from the mouth to the anus, composed of four layers. Accessory organs including the liver, gallbladder and pancreas produce bile and enzymes that aid in digestion before nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine and waste is eliminated from the large intestine and rectum. The GI system works through a process of mechanical and chemical breakdown of food, peristalsis to move food through the tract, and absorption of nutrients into circulation.
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its very easy and understanible try to make your efforts and focud on it
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The excretory system removes waste from the body through various organs including the lungs, skin, colon and kidneys. The kidneys filter blood and produce urine by selectively reabsorbing useful substances and excreting waste like urea and salts. Urine travels from the kidneys through the ureters to the bladder for storage and then exits through the urethra. The main functions of the excretory system are to eliminate cellular waste and maintain chemical balance in the body. Diseases can occur if the system is not working properly, such as kidney stones, cystitis and renal insufficiency.
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Liver development
The liver develops from the endoderm layer of the foregut as a bud called the hepatic diverticulum. This bud grows into the mesenchyme and its cells differentiate into the liver parenchyma and biliary system ducts. The gallbladder also develops from the hepatic diverticulum. After birth, the umbilical vein and ductus venosus regress and the liver takes over metabolic functions from the fetal liver.
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The document summarizes the structure and functions of four organs:
- The salivary glands produce and secrete saliva through ducts into the oral cavity to aid digestion.
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- The pancreas contains exocrine acini that secrete digestive enzymes and endocrine islets of Langerhans that secrete hormones like insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar.
- Both the liver and pancreas perform important digestive and metabolic roles in the body.
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The liver originates in the third week of development as an outgrowth of endodermal epithelium in the foregut called the hepatic diverticulum. This divides into the larger cranial pars hepatica and caudal pars cystica. The pars hepatica gives rise to hepatocytes, sinusoids, and other liver cells and tissues. The pars cystica develops into the gallbladder and cystic duct. By the 12th week, bile production begins and the liver fills much of the abdominal cavity, taking on its adult shape with two lobes.
Basics of GI System
The gastrointestinal system is made up of a series of organs that break down food and absorb nutrients. Food is broken down mechanically and chemically by the teeth, tongue, stomach, and enzymes in the saliva, stomach, pancreas and small intestine. The GI tract is a continuous tube extending from the mouth to the anus, composed of four layers. Accessory organs including the liver, gallbladder and pancreas produce bile and enzymes that aid in digestion before nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine and waste is eliminated from the large intestine and rectum. The GI system works through a process of mechanical and chemical breakdown of food, peristalsis to move food through the tract, and absorption of nutrients into circulation.
Anatomy Unit 3 Notes: The Excretory System
The urinary/excretory system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter the blood and remove waste and excess nutrients through urine. The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder, where it is stored until exiting the body through the urethra. The nephrons in the kidneys filter the blood and regulate water and electrolyte levels through selective reabsorption and secretion into the urine. Kidney dialysis is used when the kidneys fail by filtering the blood mechanically.
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This document discusses the structure and functions of the liver in animals. It begins by introducing the liver as the largest internal organ that produces bile and aids in metabolism. The liver is composed of lobes and lobules containing hepatocytes and sinusoids. Blood flows to the liver from the hepatic artery and portal vein. The liver performs many essential functions like synthesizing proteins and coagulation factors, breaking down toxins and hormones, making bile, and regenerating itself. The document also briefly discusses liver diseases and ways to support liver health.
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The excretory system removes waste from the body through various organs including the lungs, skin, colon and kidneys. The kidneys filter blood and produce urine by selectively reabsorbing useful substances and excreting waste like urea and salts. Urine travels from the kidneys through the ureters to the bladder for storage and then exits through the urethra. The main functions of the excretory system are to eliminate cellular waste and maintain chemical balance in the body. Diseases can occur if the system is not working properly, such as kidney stones, cystitis and renal insufficiency.
Digestive system accessory
The liver is the largest internal organ and plays an important role in metabolism and detoxification. It produces bile which helps to emulsify and absorb fats. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver. The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions - its exocrine role involves secreting pancreatic juice containing bicarbonate and digestive enzymes into the small intestine to aid in digestion.
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The liver performs many functions including producing bile to emulsify and help digest fat. It filters blood from the intestines and removes bilirubin through bile. The liver also produces proteins, metabolizes nutrients, detoxifies the body, and stores sugars and vitamins.
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The liver develops from the endodermal lining of the foregut, forming a hepatic diverticulum that grows into the mesenchymal septum transversum. Hepatic cords and biliary system primordia within the diverticulum differentiate into liver parenchyma and bile ducts between the septum transversum layers. During development, the diverticulum elongates to form the common bile duct while its outgrowth develops into the gallbladder and cystic duct. Fetal liver receives blood from the umbilical vein and does not perform normal metabolic functions until after birth when the umbilical vein and ductus venosus are obliterated.
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5) Specific roles in glucose, lipid, nitrogen, and mineral metabolism.
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3. The nematode life cycle involves molting through larval stages before reaching sexual maturity. Larval development can be arrested to withstand adverse conditions.
GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM By dr.huzaifa ahmedpptx
Glands are classified based on their structure and method of secretion. There are two main types: exocrine and endocrine glands. Exocrine glands secrete substances through ducts and can be further classified as multicellular or unicellular, simple or compound depending on their duct system. Endocrine glands are ductless and secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Glands can also be classified based on the shape of their secretory units such as tubular, acinar, alveolar, and saccular. The type of cells and secretions define them as mucous, serous, or seromucous. Modes of secretion include merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine.
Exocrine glands histology
Classification of glands.
Detailed microscopic structure of exocrine glands.
differences between serous and mucus acini.
Microscopic structure of Parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands.
Effusion cytology.pptx
This document discusses effusion cytology, including the types and sampling of serous effusions. Serous effusions can occur in the pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial cavities and can be transudates or exudates. Transudates have little protein and few cells while exudates are rich in protein and cells. Effusions are usually sampled via thoracentesis, paracentesis, or pericardiocentesis. Normal components in effusions include mesothelial cells, histiocytes, lymphocytes, and collagen balls. Neoplastic effusions may contain malignant cells and have a more sudden onset than non-neoplastic effusions which are devoid of cancer cells.
HIStology ..Esophagus intestine stom engl
The document describes the structure and layers of the digestive tract, with a focus on the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. It notes that the digestive tract consists of four functional layers - the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and adventitia/serosa. It provides detailed information on the histological structure and cell types present in the mucosa and submucosa of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. It highlights key features such as the stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus, gastric pits and glands of the stomach, and villi and crypts of the small intestine.
Histology of Endocrine system.
The document discusses the endocrine system and its major glands. It provides details on the structure and function of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, and pineal gland. Key points include that the endocrine system is made up of ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, and that the major glands have distinct zones or areas that secrete different hormones like thyroid hormones or adrenal corticosteroids.
Histologyofsalivaryglands ppt converted
This document discusses the histology of salivary glands. It describes that salivary glands are exocrine glands that secrete their products through ducts. The basic functional unit of salivary glands is the terminal secretory unit called acini, which can be serous, mucous, or mixed. Serous acini contain protein secretory granules and mucous acini contain mucin secretions. Saliva produced by acini passes through a network of progressively larger ducts including intercalated ducts, striated ducts, and excretory ducts on its way to the oral cavity. The major salivary glands, parotid, submandibular,
K 3 digestive system (histologi)
The document summarizes the anatomy of several organs in the oral cavity and alimentary canal. It describes the histological structure of the lips, palate, tongue, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and associated glands. Key details provided on each organ include the epithelial lining, layers of tissue, presence of glands or muscle, and histological cell types. Functions of some structures are also mentioned.
GLANDULAR LESIONS CYTOLOGY IN CERVICAL CYTOLOGY.pdf
descripción de las lesiones glandulares en citología
Epithelium
Epithelium is a layered tissue that covers external and internal surfaces of the body. It was originally termed for the cellular covering of the nipple, as "nipple" is also called "thelium". Epithelium is predominantly cellular with numerous junctions and little intercellular material. It has several functions including protection, secretion, absorption and sensation. Epithelium is classified as surface epithelium or glandular epithelium, with surface epithelium further divided into classical and non-classical types. Simple squamous epithelium forms a thin layer one cell thick for functions like diffusion and filtration. Simple cuboidal epithelium appears as cells of equal width and height and includes renal tubules and the ovary
Handout of Salivary Glands Histology
1) The document discusses the anatomy and histology of salivary glands. It describes the classification, development, macroanatomy, and microscopic structure of salivary glands and their secretory units.
2) Salivary glands are classified based on their size, nature of secretion, and location. They develop from epithelial buds during fetal life. Microscopically, they contain secretory and ductal portions made of various cell types that secrete and modify saliva.
3) Nerves enter the glands along blood vessels and release neurotransmitters near secretory cells to control saliva flow through both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
Maturation of eosinophil
Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that develop from stem cells in the bone marrow under the influence of cytokines like IL-3, GM-CSF, and IL-5. They mature through stages like myeloblast, promyelocyte, and myelocyte before becoming segmented cells. Mature eosinophils contain granules with toxic proteins and travel to tissues to fight parasites and support allergic responses. Eosinophils play roles in both promoting inflammation and resolving it by undergoing apoptosis when no longer needed.
Adrenal glands
The adrenal glands are paired organs located near the kidneys that are composed of an outer cortex and inner medulla. The cortex secretes mineralocorticoids like aldosterone, glucocorticoids like cortisol, and androgens. The medulla secretes catecholamines like epinephrine and norepinephrine that prepare the body for fight or flight. Both layers contain cells grouped in cords around capillaries that secrete hormones which regulate electrolyte balance, immune response, and metabolism.
Similar to Prelim slides 1 (20)
Clinical diagnostic Cytology Central Nervous System.pdf
Clinical diagnostic Cytology Central Nervous System.pdf
GLANDULAR LESIONS CYTOLOGY IN CERVICAL CYTOLOGY.pdf
GLANDULAR LESIONS CYTOLOGY IN CERVICAL CYTOLOGY.pdf
Prelim slides 1
- 1. Prelim Slides Review
- 11. Cytoplasm Nucleus Cytoplasm Nucleus
- 14. Free ribosomes (polysomes or polyribosomes
- 15. • Inclusions - Generally temporary component of the cell - Appear as vacuoles, granules, globules - Accumulation of metabolites or cell products - Stored food – CHO, CHON, fats - Crystals - Pigments - Secretory granules
- 17. Stereocilia
- 24. Muscle cell or myocyte Liver cell or hepatocyte Osteocyte Nerve cell or neuron
- 25. Simple Epithelium • Simple squamous epithelium
- 26. Simple Epithelium • Simple cuboidal epithelium: thyroid, tubules of the kidneys Thyroid
- 27. Simple Epithelium • Simple columnar epithelium Uterine glands Digestive tract, i.e. small intestine Fallopian tubes
- 29. Skin Esophagus
- 32. Mesenchymal cells
- 35. • PLASMA CELLS - Ovoid cells with eccentric nucleus, intensely basophilic, chromatin is dark-staining and regularly arranged “cartwheel” or “spokeswheel” appearance
- 37. • Large ovoid cells, cytoplasm has abundant basophilic granules, nucleus is centrally located • Granules contain heparin (anticoagulant), histamines (increases vascular permeability, vasodilation) • Anaphylactic reactions