Prefabrication involves assembling components of a structure at a manufacturing site and transporting them to the construction site. It has several advantages like higher quality, time and cost savings, and does not depend on weather conditions. Some components that can be prefabricated include walls, floors, roofs and entire buildings. However, prefabrication also has disadvantages like needing careful handling and transportation of components and addressing issues like leaks at joints. Common materials used are concrete, steel, wood and techniques include precasting individual components or using large panels.

2. PREFABRICATION
Prefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a
structure in a factory or other manufacturing site and
transporting complete assemblies or sub assemblies to thee
construction site where the structure is to be located.
• The assembly of buildings or their components at a location
other than the building site.
• The method controls construction cost by economizing on
time, wages and materials.
• Prefabricated units may include doors, stairs, window, walls, wall panels, roof trusses, room
sized components, and even entire buildings.
• The term is used to distinguish this process from this process from the more conventional
construction practice of transporting the basic material to the construction site where all
assembly is carried out.

3. • Prefabricated building is the completely assembled and erected
building, of which is the structural parts consist of prefabricated
individual units or assemblies using ordinary or controlled
materials
• Prefabricated construction is a new technique and is desirable for
large scale housing programmes, yet this has to take a firm hold
in the country
ADVANTAGES
• High quality product
• Labour related savings
• Savings in time
• Overall efficiency id greatly increased
• Mass production is easier and quick
• Protected and controlled production environment
• Potential for lower production costs and other cost savings
• Independence of climatic conditions
• The disruption if traffic is avoided
• Ensures high degree of safety

4. CHARACTERISTICS ARE TO BE CONSIDERED
• Easy availability
• Light weight for easy handling and transport, and to economies on sections and sizes of
foundations
• Thermal insulation property
• Easy workability
• Durability in all weather conditions
• Non-combustibility
• Economy in cost
• Sound insulation
CHARACTERISTICS ARE TO BE CONSIDERED
• Easy availability
• Light weight for easy handling and transport, and to economies on sections and sizes of
foundations
• Thermal insulation property
• Easy workability
• Durability in all weather conditions
• Non-combustibility
• Economy in cost
• Sound insulation

5. DISADVANTAGES
• Careful handling of prefabricated components such as concrete panels or steel and glass
panels is required
• Attention has to be paid to the strength and corrosion-resistance of the joining of
prefabricated sections to avoid failure of the joint
• Similarly, leaks can form at joints in prefabricated components
• Transportation costs may be higher for voluminous prefabricated sections than for the
materials of which they are made, which can often be packed more compactly
• Large prefabricated sections require heavy duty cranes and precision measurement and
handling to place in position
MATERIALS TO BE USED IN PREFABRICATION SYSTEM
• Concrete
• Steel
• Treated wood
• Aluminium
• Cellular concrete
• Light weight concrete elements
• Ceramic products etc

6. COMPONENTS OF PREFAB CONSTRUCTION
• Flooring and roofing scheme
• Beams
• Columns
• Walls
• Staircase
• Lintels
• Sunshade/Chajja projections
COMPONENTS OF PREFAB CONSTRUCTION
• The system of prefabricated construction
depends on the extent of the use of prefab
components, their materials sizes and the
technique adopted for their manufacturing and
use in building.

7. VARIOUS PREFABRICATION SYSTEM
• OPEN PREFAB SYSTEM
This system is based on the use of the basic structural elements to form whoe or part of a
building. The standard prefab concrete components which can be used are-
✓ Reinforced concrete channel units
✓ Hollow core slabs
✓ Hollow blocks and battens
✓ Precast planks and battens
✓ Precast joists and tiles
✓ Prestressed/reinforced concrete slabs
✓ Reinforced/ prestressed concrete beams
✓ Reinforced/ prestressed concrete columns
✓ Precast lintels and Chajjas
✓ Reinforced concrete waffle slabs/shells
✓ Room size reinforced/ prestressed concrete panels
✓ Reinforced/ prestressed concrete walling elements
✓ Reinforced/ prestressed concrete trusses

8. LARGE PANEL PREFAB SYSTEM
There are two categories of open prefab systems depending on the extent of
prefabrication used in the construction as given below
▪ Partial prefab open system
▪ Full prefab open system
Partial prefab open system
This system basically emphasizes the use of precast roofing and flooring
components and other minor elements like lintels, chajjas kitchen sills in
conventional buildings construction. The structural system could be in the
form of in situ framework or load bearing walls.
Full prefab open system
In this system almost all the structural components are prefabricated. The
filler walls may be of bricks or any other local material.
This system is based on the use of large prefab components. The
components such as precast concrete large panels for walls, floors,
roofs, balconies, staircase, etc. the casting of the components could
be at the site or off the site
CATEGORIES OF OPEN PREFAB SYSTEMS

9. PRECAST FLOORS
• Precast flooring units could be homogeneous or non
homogenous
• Homogeneous floors- could be solid slabs, ribbed or
waffle slabs.
• Non-homogeneous floors- could be multi-layered ones with combinations of light weight
concrete or reinforced/ prestressed concrete, with filler blocks.
STAIRCASE SYSTEMS
• Staircase system could consist of single flights with in-built risers and treads in the element
only. The flights are normally unidirectional transferring the loads to supporting landing
slabs or load bearing walls.
BOX TYPE CONSTRUCTION
• In this system, room sizes units are prefabricated and erected at site. Toilet and kitchen
blocks also be similarly prefabricated and erected at site.
• This system derives its stability and stiffness from the box unit which are formed by the
four adjacent walls. Walls are joined to make rigid connections among themselves. The box
unit rests on the plinth foundation which may be of conventional type or precast type

10. JOINTS
• The joints should be provided in the light of their assessment with respect to the following
considerations
• Feasibility- The feasibility of joint shall be determined by its loads carrying capacity in the
particular situation in which the joints is to function
• Practicability-Practicability of joint shall be determined by the amount and type of
material, fabrication and erection and the time for fabrication and erection
• Serviceability-Serviceability shall be determined by the joints/erected behaviour to
repeated or possible overloading and exposure to climatic or chemical conditions
• Fire proofing
• Appearance
JOINT TECHNIQUES/MATERIALS NORMALLY EMPLOYED ARE
• Welding if cleats or projecting steel
• Overlapping reinforcement, loops and linking steel grouted by concrete
• Reinforced concrete ties all round a slab
• Prestressing
• Epoxy grouting
• Bolts and nuts connection
• A combination of the above

11. THE STEEL FRAMEWORK FOR
THE CORE WALL CONSTRUCTION
A HOUSE BEING BUILT WITH
PREFABRICATED CONCRETE WALLS
PREFABRICATED WALL PANELS BEING
INSTALLED IN PUBLIC HOUSING
INSTALLING AND FIXING THE
PRECAST FACADES INTO POSITION
PRECASTING METHOD
• Individual mould method- using mould which may be
easily assembled out of bottom and sides, transportable, if
necessary this may be either in timber or in steel using needle
or mould vibrations and capable of taking prestressing forces
• Used in- rib slab beams, girders window panels, box type
units and special elements

12. BATTERY FORM METHOD
• Battery form method-battery form method shuttering panels
may be adjusted in the form of a battery at the required
distances equal to the thickness if the concrete members
• Used in-Interior walls(Panels, shell elements, reinforced concrete,
battens, rafters, purlins, roof and floor slabs).
STACK METHOD
• Battery form method-
• Used in- Floor and roof slabs panels
TILTING METHOD
• Battery form method-
• Used in- Mould exterior walls

13. LONG LINE PRESTRESSING BED METHOD
• Battery form method-
• Used in- Double trees, rib slabs, purlins and beams.
EXTRUSION METHOD
• Battery form method- long concrete mould with constant
cross section and vibration will be done automatically just as in
concrete roads
• Used in- Roof slabs, concrete walls, panels and beams.
LIMITATIONS OF PREFABRICATION
• Small number of units required may prove to be uneconomical
• Special connections, such as special bearings to transmit the vertical and horizontal loads,
can add cost to the system
• Waterproofing at joints
• Transportation difficulties
• Need for cranes