Pragmatics is the study of language from a functional perspective and how context contributes to meaning. It was introduced by Charles Morris, who distinguished it from syntactics and semantics. Pragmatics examines how context, including aspects like participants' roles and the situation, contribute to meaning. It also studies the difference between sentences and utterances in context. Grice's theory of implicature explains how implied meanings are derived based on conversational maxims like quality, quantity, relevance and manner. Communicative competence and context help convey referential, emotive, conative, metalinguistic, phatic and poetic meanings. Metaphors exploit maxims to convey new meanings, and semantic theories explain metaphors as comparisons or interactions between

1. PRAGMATICS

2. Questions:
◦ Define pragmatics.
◦ What are three major areas of inquiry in traduced by Morries?
◦ What is the difference between a sentence and an utterance?
◦ Explain Grice’s theory of implicature.
◦ What are six basics components of communicational competence?
◦ What are different kinds of metaphors?
◦ What are semantic theories of metaphors?

3. The origin of the term pragmatics
◦ Attributable to Charles Morris (1938): connected to semiotic
◦ He distinguished three branches of inquiry:
◦ Syntactics,
◦ Semantics
◦ Pragmatics : the relation of signs to interpreters
◦ Pragmatics is the study of language from a functional perspectives.
◦ It attempts to explain facets of linguistic structures by referring to non linguistic
features.

4. the scope of pragmatics
◦ Universal pragmatics
◦ The general theory of what aspects of contexts get encoded and how
◦ Language specific pragmatics
◦ Natural meaning vs. non-natural meaning or meaning-nn

5. the scope of pragmatics
◦ The distinction between sentence vs utterance is of paramount importance to both semantics
and pragmatics.
◦ A sentence is an abstract theoretical entity defined within a theory of grammar .
◦ An utterance is a sentence-analogue within an actual context.
◦ Semantics should be the study of meaning out of contexts or non context dependent
meaning. Pragmatics with the meaning in context

6. Six basics components of
communicational competence
◦ Referential function
◦ Emotive function
◦ Conative function
◦ Metalinguistic function
◦ Phatic function
◦ Poetic function

7. Context characteristics
1. Knowledge of role and status
2. Knowledge of spatial and temporal location
3. Knowledge of formality level
4. Knowledge of the medium
5. Knowledge of appropriate subject matter
6. Knowledge of appropriate province

8. Implicature and entailment

9. Implicatures are context dependent

10. Implicature are cancalabe

11. Types of implicatures

12. Types of implicature

13. Conversational implicature

14. Particularized conversational implicature

15. Generalized implicature

16. Conversational implicature
◦ Grice’s theory of implicature
◦ The cooperative principle:
◦ The maxim of quality:
◦ Try to make a true contribution
◦ Don’t say what you believe to be false
◦ The maxim of quantity
◦ The maxim of relevance
◦ The maxim of manner
◦ Avoid ambiguity
◦ Be brief
◦ Be orderly

17. Flouting
◦ A speaker who makes it clear that they are not following the conversational maxims is said to be
flouting the maxims and this too gives rise to an implicature. That is, the addressee
understands the speaker flouted the maxims for a reason and infers further meaning from this
breach of convention.
◦ Flouting Quality
◦ b. A: Tehran’s in Turkey, isn’t it, teacher?
◦ B: And London’s in Armenia, I suppose
◦ +> Tehran is not in Turkey

18. Felicity conditions
◦ For performatives to actually "perform," both speaker and audience must accept certain
assumptions about the speech act. These assumptions are called felicity conditions and are
often divided into three categories: essential conditions, sincerity conditions, and
preparatory conditions.

19. Kinds of communicational content

20. Generalized quantity implicature
◦ Two important sub-cases:
◦ Scalar quantity implicature
◦ Clausal quantity implicature

21. Metaphor : a case of maxim exploitation
◦ Central to poetry
◦ An example:
◦ A tree wept in the wind
◦ Semantic theories of metaphor:
◦ The comparison theory
◦ Metaphors are similes with omitted predictions of similarities.
◦ The interaction theory
◦ Metaphors are special uses of linguistic expressions where one metaphorical expression is embedded in another
literal expressions.

22. Different types of metaphors
◦ In Type I metaphors(nominal metaphors), a noun is associated with another noun through
the verb “be”, such as in the case of “Love is a journey.”
◦ Predicative metaphors
◦ Mr Gandi steamed ahead
◦ Sentential metaphor
◦ What kind of mood did you find the boss in?
◦ The lion loard

23. References:
◦ Levinson, S. C. (1983/2008). Pragmatics. Great Britain: Cambridge University Press

24. THE END