Practical 7...predicting ptm (1)
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The document discusses the key stages and unit operations involved in downstream processing after fermentation or bioconversion. The main stages are: (1) removal of insolubles through filtration, centrifugation or sedimentation; (2) product isolation using techniques like liquid-liquid extraction, adsorption or ultrafiltration; and (3) product purification using chromatography, crystallization or precipitation. The final stage is (4) product polishing which includes further processing and packaging into a stable form.
Tower Fermernter
This document discusses tower fermenters, which are elongated fermentation vessels with a height to width aspect ratio of 6:1 or more that allow for the unidirectional flow of gases. There are several types of tower fermenters including bubble columns, vertical tower beer fermenters, and multistage fermenter systems. Tower fermenters have been used for the production of products such as citric acid, tetracycline, beer, and to cultivate organisms like yeast and E. coli. They provide a simple design for aerobic fermentation of cells and enzymes.
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This document provides an overview of primary and secondary wastewater treatment processes. It begins by defining wastewater treatment as applying technology to improve water quality. Primary treatment involves removing coarse solids and grit, while secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge to further break down organic matter. The document then describes various primary and secondary treatment units and processes in detail, such as grit chambers, primary clarifiers, trickling filters, and biological nutrient removal. It concludes by discussing tertiary/advanced treatment options for removing additional contaminants.
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The document discusses various aerobic and anaerobic wastewater treatment processes. It begins by defining wastewater treatment as a process to convert wastewater into an effluent that can safely return to the water cycle with minimal environmental impact. It then describes several specific treatment processes, including activated sludge processing, trickling filters, rotating biological contactors, biofilters, aerobic and anaerobic stabilization ponds, and various anaerobic digestion methods like upflow anaerobic sludge blanket and expanded granular sludge bed processes.
immobilized cell reactor
This document discusses different methods for immobilizing whole cells, including perfusion bioreactors and biofilm formation. Perfusion bioreactors culture cells continuously over long periods by feeding fresh media and removing waste, while various separation methods like hollow fiber membranes or centrifuges keep cells in the bioreactor. Perfusion offers advantages like improved product quality, smaller reactor size, and lower costs compared to traditional fed-batch systems. The document also covers immobilizing cells through entrapment in polymers, attachment to surfaces, or passive biofilm formation on supports.
Activated Sludge Process
The document describes the activated sludge process, which is the most common suspended growth process for municipal wastewater treatment. The process involves introducing air or oxygen into a mixture of wastewater and microorganisms to develop biological flocs that reduce organic content. Wastewater and microbes form mixed liquor that undergoes aeration and settling, with clarified effluent discharged and excess sludge wasted or returned. Common activated sludge process types include plug flow, complete mix, contact stabilization, and extended aeration. Design considerations include wastewater characteristics, effluent quality goals, and sludge production.
Downstream processing, homogenizing, microfiltration & hplc
Downstream processing involves the recovery and purification of products from fermentation broth. This includes techniques like homogenization, which uses high pressure to create emulsions for further processing, and microfiltration experiments that use crossflow filtration to separate yeast cells. Chromatography techniques like high-pressure liquid chromatography can also be used to obtain highly pure bioproducts.
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Cell disruption ppt
Industrial microbiology
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Bead mills, X-press, high press homogenizers, french press, osmosis
Downstream processing
The document discusses the key stages and unit operations involved in downstream processing after fermentation or bioconversion. The main stages are: (1) removal of insolubles through filtration, centrifugation or sedimentation; (2) product isolation using techniques like liquid-liquid extraction, adsorption or ultrafiltration; and (3) product purification using chromatography, crystallization or precipitation. The final stage is (4) product polishing which includes further processing and packaging into a stable form.
Tower Fermernter
This document discusses tower fermenters, which are elongated fermentation vessels with a height to width aspect ratio of 6:1 or more that allow for the unidirectional flow of gases. There are several types of tower fermenters including bubble columns, vertical tower beer fermenters, and multistage fermenter systems. Tower fermenters have been used for the production of products such as citric acid, tetracycline, beer, and to cultivate organisms like yeast and E. coli. They provide a simple design for aerobic fermentation of cells and enzymes.
Primary and secondary wastewater treatment..
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immobilized cell reactor
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Activated Sludge Process
The document describes the activated sludge process, which is the most common suspended growth process for municipal wastewater treatment. The process involves introducing air or oxygen into a mixture of wastewater and microorganisms to develop biological flocs that reduce organic content. Wastewater and microbes form mixed liquor that undergoes aeration and settling, with clarified effluent discharged and excess sludge wasted or returned. Common activated sludge process types include plug flow, complete mix, contact stabilization, and extended aeration. Design considerations include wastewater characteristics, effluent quality goals, and sludge production.
Downstream processing, homogenizing, microfiltration & hplc
Downstream processing involves the recovery and purification of products from fermentation broth. This includes techniques like homogenization, which uses high pressure to create emulsions for further processing, and microfiltration experiments that use crossflow filtration to separate yeast cells. Chromatography techniques like high-pressure liquid chromatography can also be used to obtain highly pure bioproducts.
Fermentation Technology - Oxygen transfer, Antifoam Agents, Agitation, Aeration
The document discusses oxygen transfer in aerobic fermentation processes. It states that the majority of fermentation processes require oxygen, which has low solubility in water. For efficient oxygen transfer, dissolved oxygen must be continuously supplied to microorganisms at a rate equal to their demand. Key factors that influence oxygen transfer rate include bubble size, agitation intensity, viscosity, foaming, and vessel geometry. Equations are provided to characterize oxygen transfer rates and model maximum cell densities supported by reactors based on process conditions. Scale-up of fermentation processes requires matching critical environmental parameters like dissolved oxygen levels between small and large scales.
Transfer and establishment of whole plant in soil
This document discusses the process of acclimatizing micropropagated plantlets to soil conditions. It explains that plantlets grown in vitro have physiological differences from soil-grown plants. The acclimatization process aims to increase plantlet growth and survival rates through controlling the physical and chemical environment. Some key steps discussed are hardening plantlets to different light and humidity levels gradually, supplying carbohydrates, using plant growth retardants, and exposing plantlets to beneficial microbes to prepare them for biotic stresses in soil. The document also mentions some alternative and low-cost methods for acclimatization using different substratum.
Air and media sterilisation
Sterilization is a process that eliminates all forms of life through physical or chemical means. Media sterilization can be done through boiling, steam exposure, or autoclaving. Air sterilization is commonly done through filtration to provide a continuous supply of sterile air for aerobic fermentation.
Bioreactors
Bioreactors are devices that cultivate organisms under controlled environmental conditions to produce desired products. They maintain sterile conditions for cell cultivation and growth. Bioreactors consist of parts like agitators, baffles, spargers, and jackets to mix contents, break vortexes, supply oxygen/air, and maintain temperature. There are different types of bioreactors including batch, fed-batch, continuous, bubble column, air lift, fluidized bed, and photo bioreactors which are specialized for fermentation using sunlight or artificial light.
Types of bioreactors new
This document discusses different types of bioreactors. It describes stirred tank bioreactors, pneumatically agitated bioreactors including airlift and bubble column bioreactors, disposable bioreactors, immobilized bioreactors, and pilot plant bioreactors. Bubble column bioreactors consist of a cylindrical column with perforated plates to aerate and agitate cells. Airlift bioreactors mix cells without mechanical agitation using an air draft tube. Trickle bed and fluidized bed bioreactors are also mentioned. Strategies for choosing a bioreactor include considering the microorganism, growth requirements, shear effects, sterility needs, and materials of construction.
Continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR )
This document discusses continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) for treating dairy wastewater. CSTRs are completely mixed anaerobic reactors that maximize contact between biomass and waste to optimize digestion. They have low operating costs since they produce biogas and are suitable for high-strength organic wastes like those from dairy processing. CSTRs are simple in design with short construction periods and can effectively treat wastewater from industries like dairies, breweries, and food processing. The document provides details on CSTR configuration, advantages, applications, specifications and inhibition challenges from lipids in dairy wastewater.
Photobioreactor
A bioreactor is an installation for the production of microorganisms outside their natural but inside an artificial environment. The prefix “photo” particularly describes the bio-reactor's property to cultivate phototrophic microorganisms, or organisms which grow on by utilizing light energy.
These organisms use the process of photosynthesis to build their own biomass from light and carbon dioxide. Members of this group are Plants, Mosses, Microalgae, Cyanobacteria and Purple Bacteria.
Photobioreactor or PBR, is the controlled supply of specific environmental conditions for respective species.
Photobioreactor allows much higher growth rates and purity levels than anywhere in natural or habitats similar to nature.
The function of the bioreactor is to provide a suitable environment in
which an organism can efficiently produce a target product—the target product might be.
Cell biomass
Metabolite
Bioconversion Product
The performance of any bioreactor depends on the following key factors:
Agitation rate
Oxygen transfer
pH
Temperature
There is no universal bioreactor.
The general requirements of the bioreactor are as follows:
The design and construction of bioreactors must keep sterility from the start point to end of the process.
Optimal mixing with low, uniform shear.
Adequate mass transfer, oxygen.
Clearly defined flow conditions.
Feeding substrate with prevention of under or overdosing.
Suspension of solids.
Gentle heat transfer.
Compliance with design requirements such as: ability to be sterilized; simple construction; simple measuring, control, regulating techniques; scale-up; flexibility; long term stability; compatibility with up- downstream processes; antifoaming measures.
FLUID FLOW AND MIXING IN BIOREACTOR
This document provides an overview of different types of bioreactors and mixing within them. It discusses continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR), bubble column reactors, airlift reactors, packed bed reactors, and trickle bed reactors. For each type of bioreactor, it describes the basic design and operation and highlights factors that influence mixing, such as mechanical agitation, rising gas bubbles, liquid circulation patterns, and concurrent liquid and gas flow through a fixed catalyst bed.
Industrial bioreactors
The document discusses various types of industrial bioreactors used for fermentation processes. It describes stirred tank bioreactors, including their key components like vessels, agitators, baffles and aeration systems. It also covers airlift bioreactors, bubble column bioreactors, and solid-state bioreactors like tray bioreactors and packed bed bioreactors. Commercial examples of different bioreactor designs are provided. Control systems for temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and other parameters are also summarized.
Growth kinetics
Microbial Kinetics in Batch Culture
Culture system containing a limited amount of nutrient, which is inoculated with the microorganism. Cells grow until some component is exhausted or until the environment changes so as to inhibit growth. Biomass concentration defined in terms of cell dry weight measurements (g/l) or total cell number (cells/ml).
Lineweaver-Burke Equation.....We remember the Monod Equation
Invert…
The equation now has the form of a straight line with intercept.
Y = MX + C
By plotting as a function of
You get a straight line, where the slope is , and the y–axis intercept is .
Product Yield Coefficient
Maintenance:
Cells use energy and raw materials for two functions, production of new cells and the maintenance of existing cells. In general, consumption of materials for maintenance is small w.r.t. the amount of materials used in the synthesis of new biomass.
Generally it is assumed that the use of materials for maintenance is proportional to the amount of cells present.
Airlift fermenter
This document discusses the airlift fermenter. It notes that fermenters must provide a controlled environment for microorganism or cell growth to produce desired products. An airlift fermenter circulates liquid using the density difference between the riser and downcomer columns caused by sparged air or gas. The main type discussed is the concentric draft tube airlift fermenter, which has an internal riser tube that introduces gas to lift liquid up the riser and down the surrounding downcomer tube. Tower loop and ICI deep shaft airlift fermenters are also mentioned. Airlift fermenters provide mixing without mechanical agitation and have high oxygen transfer rates, making them well-suited
Trickling filters ppt.
There are three major biological wastewater treatment techniques: attached growth processes, suspended growth processes, and combined processes. Attached growth processes involve microorganisms attached to an inert medium that convert wastewater organic matter into gases and cell tissue. Suspended growth processes involve microorganisms maintained in suspension within the wastewater reactor through mixing as they consume organic matter. Combined processes use both attached and suspended growth approaches.
immobilized Enzyme reactors- batch and continuous types.
Immobilization of enzymes refers to the technique of confining/anchoring the enzymes in or on an inert support for their stability & functional reuse.
this slide is about the two most vastly used reactors i.e., batch and continuous.
Batch Reactor
This document discusses biological waste water treatment using a batch reactor. It defines a batch reactor as a vessel used for processes like chemical reactions that does not have inflow or outflow during the reaction. Batch reactors are commonly used for small-scale production and biological reactions. They consist of a tank with agitation and heating/cooling systems to control temperature. Batch reactors are versatile but have disadvantages like variability between batches and lower intensity than continuous processes. They are often used in industries like brewing and for processes like waste water treatment.
Solid liquid separation - unit operations
This document discusses various techniques for solid-liquid separation used in downstream processing. It begins by defining downstream processing as the recovery and purification of products from fermentation or other industrial processes. Some key techniques discussed include centrifugation, filtration, evaporation, flocculation, and flotation. Centrifugation uses centrifugal force to separate particles based on size, shape and density. Filtration separates solids from liquids by passing the liquid through a porous filter. Flocculation involves aggregating cells or debris to settle more easily. Overall, the document provides an overview of several important solid-liquid separation methods employed in downstream bioprocessing.
Measurement of mass transfer coefficient (k la)
The document discusses measurement of the volumetric mass transfer coefficient (KLa), which indicates the rate of oxygen transfer in a bioreactor. It describes various methods to determine KLa values, including chemical and physical techniques like the sodium sulphite oxidation method. The document also covers factors that affect KLa, and how KLa values are used to scale bioreactors from laboratory to production scale.
Product polishing techniques in Downstream Processing
This is a presentation based on gel permeation chromatography and dialysis.This mainly deals with the basic principle behind these techniques.and its working.The major components,advantages,disadvantages,applications are also mentioned in the same.Besides these the pictoric representation helps to understand the concept clearly.
This will be helpful to learn downstream processing techniques.
Bioseparation and Analysis.ppt
This document summarizes the key steps involved in the production of biopharmaceuticals from cell cultivation to purification of the final product. It discusses upstream processing including cell banking, culture conditions and scale-up. Downstream processing such as harvesting, concentration, purification and formulation are also outlined. Factors affecting protein stability and techniques to stabilize the final product are described. Rigorous quality control testing of the final product is emphasized.
production and downstream process of Organic acids-citric and lactic acid
insights of production and downstream processing of two industrially important acids(fermentation technology).
Immobilization of enzymes and cells
This document discusses different methods of immobilizing enzymes and cells, including gel entrapment, encapsulation, adsorption, and containment behind barriers. Gel entrapment involves trapping cells in a polymeric network formed by gelling or cross-linking agents. Encapsulation forms a continuous membrane around cells. Adsorption adheres bacterial cells to a support matrix through various forces. Immobilized cells and enzymes have applications in wastewater treatment and biodiesel production.
Post translational modifications
This document provides an overview of post-translational events. It discusses various post-translational modifications including protein folding, proteolytic cleavage, and chemical modifications such as phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, lipidation, and ubiquitination. These modifications influence the structure, stability, activity, and interactions of proteins and play an important role in cellular functions and signaling pathways. The document also examines specific post-translational modifications in depth, including the processes of protein folding, proteolytic cleavage, and various chemical modifications of proteins.
POST TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION.pptx
This document discusses post-translational modifications (PTMs). It begins by defining PTMs as alterations to a protein's amino acid sequence after synthesis. Common PTMs include phosphorylation, glycosylation, ubiquitination, and deamidation. PTMs are important as they increase proteome diversity, regulate protein function and activity, aid in protein folding and sorting, and are involved in key cellular processes like cell signaling.
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The document discusses oxygen transfer in aerobic fermentation processes. It states that the majority of fermentation processes require oxygen, which has low solubility in water. For efficient oxygen transfer, dissolved oxygen must be continuously supplied to microorganisms at a rate equal to their demand. Key factors that influence oxygen transfer rate include bubble size, agitation intensity, viscosity, foaming, and vessel geometry. Equations are provided to characterize oxygen transfer rates and model maximum cell densities supported by reactors based on process conditions. Scale-up of fermentation processes requires matching critical environmental parameters like dissolved oxygen levels between small and large scales.
Transfer and establishment of whole plant in soil
This document discusses the process of acclimatizing micropropagated plantlets to soil conditions. It explains that plantlets grown in vitro have physiological differences from soil-grown plants. The acclimatization process aims to increase plantlet growth and survival rates through controlling the physical and chemical environment. Some key steps discussed are hardening plantlets to different light and humidity levels gradually, supplying carbohydrates, using plant growth retardants, and exposing plantlets to beneficial microbes to prepare them for biotic stresses in soil. The document also mentions some alternative and low-cost methods for acclimatization using different substratum.
Air and media sterilisation
Sterilization is a process that eliminates all forms of life through physical or chemical means. Media sterilization can be done through boiling, steam exposure, or autoclaving. Air sterilization is commonly done through filtration to provide a continuous supply of sterile air for aerobic fermentation.
Bioreactors
Bioreactors are devices that cultivate organisms under controlled environmental conditions to produce desired products. They maintain sterile conditions for cell cultivation and growth. Bioreactors consist of parts like agitators, baffles, spargers, and jackets to mix contents, break vortexes, supply oxygen/air, and maintain temperature. There are different types of bioreactors including batch, fed-batch, continuous, bubble column, air lift, fluidized bed, and photo bioreactors which are specialized for fermentation using sunlight or artificial light.
Types of bioreactors new
This document discusses different types of bioreactors. It describes stirred tank bioreactors, pneumatically agitated bioreactors including airlift and bubble column bioreactors, disposable bioreactors, immobilized bioreactors, and pilot plant bioreactors. Bubble column bioreactors consist of a cylindrical column with perforated plates to aerate and agitate cells. Airlift bioreactors mix cells without mechanical agitation using an air draft tube. Trickle bed and fluidized bed bioreactors are also mentioned. Strategies for choosing a bioreactor include considering the microorganism, growth requirements, shear effects, sterility needs, and materials of construction.
Continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR )
This document discusses continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) for treating dairy wastewater. CSTRs are completely mixed anaerobic reactors that maximize contact between biomass and waste to optimize digestion. They have low operating costs since they produce biogas and are suitable for high-strength organic wastes like those from dairy processing. CSTRs are simple in design with short construction periods and can effectively treat wastewater from industries like dairies, breweries, and food processing. The document provides details on CSTR configuration, advantages, applications, specifications and inhibition challenges from lipids in dairy wastewater.
Photobioreactor
A bioreactor is an installation for the production of microorganisms outside their natural but inside an artificial environment. The prefix “photo” particularly describes the bio-reactor's property to cultivate phototrophic microorganisms, or organisms which grow on by utilizing light energy.
These organisms use the process of photosynthesis to build their own biomass from light and carbon dioxide. Members of this group are Plants, Mosses, Microalgae, Cyanobacteria and Purple Bacteria.
Photobioreactor or PBR, is the controlled supply of specific environmental conditions for respective species.
Photobioreactor allows much higher growth rates and purity levels than anywhere in natural or habitats similar to nature.
The function of the bioreactor is to provide a suitable environment in
which an organism can efficiently produce a target product—the target product might be.
Cell biomass
Metabolite
Bioconversion Product
The performance of any bioreactor depends on the following key factors:
Agitation rate
Oxygen transfer
pH
Temperature
There is no universal bioreactor.
The general requirements of the bioreactor are as follows:
The design and construction of bioreactors must keep sterility from the start point to end of the process.
Optimal mixing with low, uniform shear.
Adequate mass transfer, oxygen.
Clearly defined flow conditions.
Feeding substrate with prevention of under or overdosing.
Suspension of solids.
Gentle heat transfer.
Compliance with design requirements such as: ability to be sterilized; simple construction; simple measuring, control, regulating techniques; scale-up; flexibility; long term stability; compatibility with up- downstream processes; antifoaming measures.
FLUID FLOW AND MIXING IN BIOREACTOR
This document provides an overview of different types of bioreactors and mixing within them. It discusses continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR), bubble column reactors, airlift reactors, packed bed reactors, and trickle bed reactors. For each type of bioreactor, it describes the basic design and operation and highlights factors that influence mixing, such as mechanical agitation, rising gas bubbles, liquid circulation patterns, and concurrent liquid and gas flow through a fixed catalyst bed.
Industrial bioreactors
The document discusses various types of industrial bioreactors used for fermentation processes. It describes stirred tank bioreactors, including their key components like vessels, agitators, baffles and aeration systems. It also covers airlift bioreactors, bubble column bioreactors, and solid-state bioreactors like tray bioreactors and packed bed bioreactors. Commercial examples of different bioreactor designs are provided. Control systems for temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and other parameters are also summarized.
Growth kinetics
Microbial Kinetics in Batch Culture
Culture system containing a limited amount of nutrient, which is inoculated with the microorganism. Cells grow until some component is exhausted or until the environment changes so as to inhibit growth. Biomass concentration defined in terms of cell dry weight measurements (g/l) or total cell number (cells/ml).
Lineweaver-Burke Equation.....We remember the Monod Equation
Invert…
The equation now has the form of a straight line with intercept.
Y = MX + C
By plotting as a function of
You get a straight line, where the slope is , and the y–axis intercept is .
Product Yield Coefficient
Maintenance:
Cells use energy and raw materials for two functions, production of new cells and the maintenance of existing cells. In general, consumption of materials for maintenance is small w.r.t. the amount of materials used in the synthesis of new biomass.
Generally it is assumed that the use of materials for maintenance is proportional to the amount of cells present.
Airlift fermenter
This document discusses the airlift fermenter. It notes that fermenters must provide a controlled environment for microorganism or cell growth to produce desired products. An airlift fermenter circulates liquid using the density difference between the riser and downcomer columns caused by sparged air or gas. The main type discussed is the concentric draft tube airlift fermenter, which has an internal riser tube that introduces gas to lift liquid up the riser and down the surrounding downcomer tube. Tower loop and ICI deep shaft airlift fermenters are also mentioned. Airlift fermenters provide mixing without mechanical agitation and have high oxygen transfer rates, making them well-suited
Trickling filters ppt.
There are three major biological wastewater treatment techniques: attached growth processes, suspended growth processes, and combined processes. Attached growth processes involve microorganisms attached to an inert medium that convert wastewater organic matter into gases and cell tissue. Suspended growth processes involve microorganisms maintained in suspension within the wastewater reactor through mixing as they consume organic matter. Combined processes use both attached and suspended growth approaches.
immobilized Enzyme reactors- batch and continuous types.
Immobilization of enzymes refers to the technique of confining/anchoring the enzymes in or on an inert support for their stability & functional reuse.
this slide is about the two most vastly used reactors i.e., batch and continuous.
Batch Reactor
This document discusses biological waste water treatment using a batch reactor. It defines a batch reactor as a vessel used for processes like chemical reactions that does not have inflow or outflow during the reaction. Batch reactors are commonly used for small-scale production and biological reactions. They consist of a tank with agitation and heating/cooling systems to control temperature. Batch reactors are versatile but have disadvantages like variability between batches and lower intensity than continuous processes. They are often used in industries like brewing and for processes like waste water treatment.
Solid liquid separation - unit operations
This document discusses various techniques for solid-liquid separation used in downstream processing. It begins by defining downstream processing as the recovery and purification of products from fermentation or other industrial processes. Some key techniques discussed include centrifugation, filtration, evaporation, flocculation, and flotation. Centrifugation uses centrifugal force to separate particles based on size, shape and density. Filtration separates solids from liquids by passing the liquid through a porous filter. Flocculation involves aggregating cells or debris to settle more easily. Overall, the document provides an overview of several important solid-liquid separation methods employed in downstream bioprocessing.
Measurement of mass transfer coefficient (k la)
The document discusses measurement of the volumetric mass transfer coefficient (KLa), which indicates the rate of oxygen transfer in a bioreactor. It describes various methods to determine KLa values, including chemical and physical techniques like the sodium sulphite oxidation method. The document also covers factors that affect KLa, and how KLa values are used to scale bioreactors from laboratory to production scale.
Product polishing techniques in Downstream Processing
This is a presentation based on gel permeation chromatography and dialysis.This mainly deals with the basic principle behind these techniques.and its working.The major components,advantages,disadvantages,applications are also mentioned in the same.Besides these the pictoric representation helps to understand the concept clearly.
This will be helpful to learn downstream processing techniques.
Bioseparation and Analysis.ppt
This document summarizes the key steps involved in the production of biopharmaceuticals from cell cultivation to purification of the final product. It discusses upstream processing including cell banking, culture conditions and scale-up. Downstream processing such as harvesting, concentration, purification and formulation are also outlined. Factors affecting protein stability and techniques to stabilize the final product are described. Rigorous quality control testing of the final product is emphasized.
production and downstream process of Organic acids-citric and lactic acid
insights of production and downstream processing of two industrially important acids(fermentation technology).
Immobilization of enzymes and cells
This document discusses different methods of immobilizing enzymes and cells, including gel entrapment, encapsulation, adsorption, and containment behind barriers. Gel entrapment involves trapping cells in a polymeric network formed by gelling or cross-linking agents. Encapsulation forms a continuous membrane around cells. Adsorption adheres bacterial cells to a support matrix through various forces. Immobilized cells and enzymes have applications in wastewater treatment and biodiesel production.
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Product polishing techniques in Downstream Processing
Product polishing techniques in Downstream Processing
production and downstream process of Organic acids-citric and lactic acid
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Similar to Practical 7...predicting ptm (1)
Post translational modifications
This document provides an overview of post-translational events. It discusses various post-translational modifications including protein folding, proteolytic cleavage, and chemical modifications such as phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, lipidation, and ubiquitination. These modifications influence the structure, stability, activity, and interactions of proteins and play an important role in cellular functions and signaling pathways. The document also examines specific post-translational modifications in depth, including the processes of protein folding, proteolytic cleavage, and various chemical modifications of proteins.
POST TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION.pptx
This document discusses post-translational modifications (PTMs). It begins by defining PTMs as alterations to a protein's amino acid sequence after synthesis. Common PTMs include phosphorylation, glycosylation, ubiquitination, and deamidation. PTMs are important as they increase proteome diversity, regulate protein function and activity, aid in protein folding and sorting, and are involved in key cellular processes like cell signaling.
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The document discusses advances in the regulation of body protein metabolism. It covers several topics:
- Protein metabolism involves the digestion, absorption, transport, and use of amino acids from dietary proteins. Amino acids can be used to create new proteins or as an energy source.
- Regulation of protein metabolism can occur at multiple levels, including transcription of genes, translation initiation, and protein degradation. Factors like insulin and glucocorticoids affect these regulatory pathways.
- Recent research has shown that the amino acid leucine stimulates protein synthesis by reducing 4E-BP1 inhibition of translation initiation and increasing mTOR signaling and phosphorylation of S6K1. This enhances production of ribosomal proteins and elongation factors. Le
assignment.pptx
This document summarizes various methods for modifying natural enzymes and proteins, including co-translational and post-translational modification methods. Co-translational modifications include regulation of translation, protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum, and myristoylation, prenylation, and palmitoylation. Post-translational modifications occur after synthesis and include proteolysis, phosphorylation, glycosylation, ubiquitination, and methylation. The document also discusses random mutagenesis and site-directed mutagenesis methods for modifying enzymes.
Edson Nyoni sructural bio presentation.pptx
This document summarizes post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins. It discusses that there are over 400 types of PTMs that impact protein function. The three major PTMs discussed are phosphorylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination. Phosphorylation involves adding phosphate groups and is reversible, switching signaling proteins on and off. Acetylation involves adding acetyl groups via lysine acetyltransferase and occurs on thiol, hydroxyl, and amino groups. Ubiquitination involves adding ubiquitin and targets proteins for degradation by the proteasome. Disruptions to PTMs can lead to disease.
Post-Translational Modification
Post-translational modifications are important biochemical mechanisms that regulate protein function. Common types of post-translational modifications include phosphorylation, hydroxylation, glycosylation, and methylation. These modifications occur on amino acid side chains or termini and are catalyzed by specific enzymes. For example, phosphorylation regulates enzyme activity, while hydroxylation and glycosylation of amino acids are required for collagen assembly and function. Overall, post-translational modifications expand the functional diversity of the proteome.
Post translation modification of protein
Post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins refers to the chemical changes that occur after a protein has been produced.
INTRODUCTION TO BIOTRANSFORMATION OF DRUG (METABOLISM OF PHENYTOIN AND CODEINE)
1. Biotransformation refers to the chemical alteration of drugs in the body by enzymatic processes, primarily in the liver. This renders drugs more water-soluble and aids in their elimination.
2. Metabolism occurs in two phases - phase I involves oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis reactions. Phase II involves conjugation reactions like glucuronidation that make drugs more polar and excretable.
3. Key enzymes involved in biotransformation include cytochrome P450 enzymes and UDP-glucuronosyl transferases. Metabolism can inactivate drugs, produce active metabolites, or sometimes toxic metabolites.
Protien
The document discusses various aspects of protein synthesis, including the mechanism of initiation, elongation, and termination in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It also covers topics like translational control, post-translational modifications, protein targeting, and degradation. Protein synthesis requires codon-anticodon interactions and several initiation, elongation, and termination factors that facilitate the assembly of the ribosome and movement along the mRNA during translation. A major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the initiation process, which involves mRNA scanning and multiple eukaryotic initiation factors.
co and post translation modification
Introduction
Protein modifications
Folding
Chaperon mediated
Enzymatic
Cleavage
Addition of functional groups
Chemical groups
Hydrophobic groups
Proteolysis
Conclusion
Reference
Postranslational Modification
This document discusses post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins. It provides examples of common PTMs like phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, and discusses how they impact protein targeting, stability, function and activity regulation. The document also discusses how PTMs are studied, noting the Human Proteome Initiative aims to map all human protein modifications. Histone modifications and their impact on chromatin structure and gene expression are discussed in detail. Mitochondrial protein phosphorylation and its role in organelle regulation is also mentioned.
Important inhibitors of protein synthesis
This document discusses various inhibitors of protein synthesis, including their specific effects and uses. It describes several inhibitors that block different stages of protein synthesis, such as initiation, elongation, and termination. Some inhibitors are specific to prokaryotes, while others affect both prokaryotic and eukaryotic protein synthesis. The document also examines how certain antibiotics can inhibit mitochondrial and chloroplast protein synthesis differently than cytoplasmic synthesis, and how this can provide insights into the origins and production of organelle proteins.
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INTRODUCTION TO BIOTRANSFORMATION OF DRUG (METABOLISM OF PHENYTOIN AND CODEINE)
INTRODUCTION TO BIOTRANSFORMATION OF DRUG (METABOLISM OF PHENYTOIN AND CODEINE)
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Practical 7...predicting ptm (1)
- 1. Course title: Basic Bioinformatics Course Code:ZOL-602/652 Practical Credit hours: 3(2-1)
- 2. Practical #7 Predicting Protein PTM BY DR. SAIRA HINA
- 3. To determine the Post Translational Modifications involved in P53355 and to determine the residues involved in PTM. AIMS
- 4. Introduction: Post-translational modification (PTM) is the chemical modification of a protein after its translation. It is one of the later steps in protein biosynthesis, and thus gene expression, for many proteins. After translation, the posttranslational modification of amino acids extends the range of functions of the protein by attaching it to other biochemical functional groups (such as acetate, phosphate, various lipids and carbohydrates), changing the chemical nature of an amino acid (e.g.citrullination), or making structural changes (e.g. formation of disulfide bridges).
- 5. Also, enzymes may remove amino acids from the amino end of the protein, or cut the peptide chain in the middle. Also, most nascent polypeptides start with the amino acid methionine because the "start" codon onmRNA also codes for this amino acid. This amino acid is usually taken off during post-translational modification. Other modifications, like phosphorylation, are part of common mechanisms for controlling the behavior of a protein, for instance activating or inactivating an enzyme.
- 6. Methods 1. Open Uniprot Database www.unitprot.org’ 2. Enter the protein Id P53355 in search tab and click on Find. 3. Click on the protein name displayed on the result page.
- 7. Result and inference P53355 is a Death-associated protein kinase 1. PTM involved is Phosphoprotein Ubl conjugation and PTM is Ubiquitinated by the BCR(KLHL20) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, leading to its degradation by the proteasome. The residues involved are : • Phosphoprotein : Target amino acid is usually serine, threonine or tyrosine residues. Ubl conjugation : Protein which is posttranslationally modified by the attachment of at least one ubiquitin-like modifier protein, such as ubiquitin, SUMO, APG12, URM1 or RUB1. Ubiquitin, for example, is linked through a thioester bond between its C-terminus and the epsilon group of a lysine residue present on either another ubiquitin-like modifier protein or a target protein.
- 8. Video Links https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1swnzBM7eZo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gu_YFnzmLsI
- 9. References http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov BI0505 BIOINFORMATICS- TECHNIQUES & APPLICATIONS LAB MANUAL Offered to I YEAR M.TECH BIOINFORMATICS. DEPARTMENT OF BIOINFORMATICS, SCHOOL OF BIOENGINEERING, SRM UNIVERSITY, KATTANGULATHUR. Kailash Chandra Samal, Bioinformatics Practical Manual, Book · January 2014, College of Agriculture, Orissa University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar.