Immobilization of enzymes refers to the technique of confining/anchoring the enzymes in or on an inert support for their stability & functional reuse.
this slide is about the two most vastly used reactors i.e., batch and continuous.
A fluidized bed reactor (FBR) is a type of reactor device that can be used to carry out a variety of multiphase chemical reactions.
In this type of reactor, a fluid (gas or liquid) is passed through a solid granular material (usually a catalyst possibly shaped as tiny spheres) at high enough velocities to suspend the solid and cause it to behave as though it were a fluid.
This process, known as fluidization, imparts many important advantages to the FBR.
As a result, the fluidized bed reactor is now used in many industrial applications
Microbial Kinetics in Batch Culture
Culture system containing a limited amount of nutrient, which is inoculated with the microorganism. Cells grow until some component is exhausted or until the environment changes so as to inhibit growth. Biomass concentration defined in terms of cell dry weight measurements (g/l) or total cell number (cells/ml).
Lineweaver-Burke Equation.....We remember the Monod Equation
Invert…
The equation now has the form of a straight line with intercept.
Y = MX + C
By plotting as a function of
You get a straight line, where the slope is , and the y–axis intercept is .
Product Yield Coefficient
Maintenance:
Cells use energy and raw materials for two functions, production of new cells and the maintenance of existing cells. In general, consumption of materials for maintenance is small w.r.t. the amount of materials used in the synthesis of new biomass.
Generally it is assumed that the use of materials for maintenance is proportional to the amount of cells present.
A fluidized bed reactor (FBR) is a type of reactor device that can be used to carry out a variety of multiphase chemical reactions.
In this type of reactor, a fluid (gas or liquid) is passed through a solid granular material (usually a catalyst possibly shaped as tiny spheres) at high enough velocities to suspend the solid and cause it to behave as though it were a fluid.
This process, known as fluidization, imparts many important advantages to the FBR.
As a result, the fluidized bed reactor is now used in many industrial applications
Microbial Kinetics in Batch Culture
Culture system containing a limited amount of nutrient, which is inoculated with the microorganism. Cells grow until some component is exhausted or until the environment changes so as to inhibit growth. Biomass concentration defined in terms of cell dry weight measurements (g/l) or total cell number (cells/ml).
Lineweaver-Burke Equation.....We remember the Monod Equation
Invert…
The equation now has the form of a straight line with intercept.
Y = MX + C
By plotting as a function of
You get a straight line, where the slope is , and the y–axis intercept is .
Product Yield Coefficient
Maintenance:
Cells use energy and raw materials for two functions, production of new cells and the maintenance of existing cells. In general, consumption of materials for maintenance is small w.r.t. the amount of materials used in the synthesis of new biomass.
Generally it is assumed that the use of materials for maintenance is proportional to the amount of cells present.
Batch and Continuous Sterilization of Media in Fermentation Industry Dr. Pavan Kundur
Continuous sterilization is the rapid transfer of heat to medium through steam condensate without the use of a heat exchanger. ... This is more efficient than batch sterilization because instead of expending energy to heat, hold, and cool the entire system, small portions of the inlet streams are heated at a time.
its about the microbial kinetics of growth and substrate utilization.
Growth of a typical microbial culture in batch conditions.
Effect of substrate concentration on microbial growth .
Monad Equation
This presentation gives all the required information about pack bed bioreactor, including, advantages, disadvantages, applications and even how to overcome the disadvantages. Packed bed bioreactor is the major type of bioreactor used in waste water treatment as it involves the usage of catalyst. There are different types of packed bed bioreactors and they are used according to the desired product. There is picture representation and also tabular form of differentiation.
I have also mentioned the references at the end.
Scale up means increasing the quantity or volume of cell culture. For animal cells, the scale up strategies are dependent upon cell types or i.e. whether the cells requires matrix for attachment and growth ( adherent cell culture) or grows freely in suspended form in aqueous media. The scaling up principle for adherent cells are just to increase surface area for attachment while for suspension culture is to increase culture volume. This presentation enlightens the reader about different methods of scaling up of cells culture. Readers are also provided with sample questions for better understanding
CONTINUOUS FLOW REACTORS WORKING PRINCIPLE, ADVANTAGEES ,DISADVANTAGES ,SYNTH...krishnapriyakr26
CONTINUOUS FLOW REACTORS
WORKING PRINCIPLE, ADVANTAGES AND SYNTHETIC APPLICATIONThe concept of “Flow chemistry” defines a very general range of chemical process that occur in a continuous flowing stream, conventionally takes place in a reactor zone
The concept of “Flow chemistry” defines a very general range of chemical process that occur in a continuous flowing stream, conventionally takes place in a reactor zone
The concept of “Flow chemistry” defines a very general range of chemical process that occur in a continuous flowing stream, conventionally takes place in a reactor zone
The concept of “Flow chemistry” defines a very general range of chemical process that occur in a continuous flowing stream, conventionally takes place in a reactor zone
The concept of “Flow chemistry” defines a very general range of chemical process that occur in a continuous flowing stream, conventionally takes place in a reactor zone
Batch and Continuous Sterilization of Media in Fermentation Industry Dr. Pavan Kundur
Continuous sterilization is the rapid transfer of heat to medium through steam condensate without the use of a heat exchanger. ... This is more efficient than batch sterilization because instead of expending energy to heat, hold, and cool the entire system, small portions of the inlet streams are heated at a time.
its about the microbial kinetics of growth and substrate utilization.
Growth of a typical microbial culture in batch conditions.
Effect of substrate concentration on microbial growth .
Monad Equation
This presentation gives all the required information about pack bed bioreactor, including, advantages, disadvantages, applications and even how to overcome the disadvantages. Packed bed bioreactor is the major type of bioreactor used in waste water treatment as it involves the usage of catalyst. There are different types of packed bed bioreactors and they are used according to the desired product. There is picture representation and also tabular form of differentiation.
I have also mentioned the references at the end.
Scale up means increasing the quantity or volume of cell culture. For animal cells, the scale up strategies are dependent upon cell types or i.e. whether the cells requires matrix for attachment and growth ( adherent cell culture) or grows freely in suspended form in aqueous media. The scaling up principle for adherent cells are just to increase surface area for attachment while for suspension culture is to increase culture volume. This presentation enlightens the reader about different methods of scaling up of cells culture. Readers are also provided with sample questions for better understanding
CONTINUOUS FLOW REACTORS WORKING PRINCIPLE, ADVANTAGEES ,DISADVANTAGES ,SYNTH...krishnapriyakr26
CONTINUOUS FLOW REACTORS
WORKING PRINCIPLE, ADVANTAGES AND SYNTHETIC APPLICATIONThe concept of “Flow chemistry” defines a very general range of chemical process that occur in a continuous flowing stream, conventionally takes place in a reactor zone
The concept of “Flow chemistry” defines a very general range of chemical process that occur in a continuous flowing stream, conventionally takes place in a reactor zone
The concept of “Flow chemistry” defines a very general range of chemical process that occur in a continuous flowing stream, conventionally takes place in a reactor zone
The concept of “Flow chemistry” defines a very general range of chemical process that occur in a continuous flowing stream, conventionally takes place in a reactor zone
The concept of “Flow chemistry” defines a very general range of chemical process that occur in a continuous flowing stream, conventionally takes place in a reactor zone
Chemical reaction engineering is that engineering activity which is concerned with the exploitation of chemical reactions on commercial scale.
The areas of different fields of science like:
Oil Refining
Pharmaceuticals
Biotechnology
Chemical Industries
Sustainable Development
Introduction to Chemical Reactors and Chemical Reaction EngineeringMuhammad Sajid Liaqat
The presentation covers the following topics developing a conceptual approach to Chemical Reaction Engg.
The rate equation
Reactor Systems
Types of reactors
Reactor design parameter
Fixed bed reactors
Fluidized bed reactors
Stirred tank reactors
Slurry loop reactors
Bubble columns
Mole balances for multiple reactions
This Powerpoint describes what is Flow chemistry, what are its advantages over batch method, Continuous flow reactor and Applications of Continuous flow chemistry.
Chemical Reaction EngineeringCatalysts in Chemical Reactor Designs DimaJawhar
Chemical reaction engineering is a subset of chemical engineering, and it is often simply called reaction engineering. Its content can be roughly divided into reaction kinetics and reactor design and analysis.
Reaction kinetics is mainly concerned with the mechanism and the rate of chemical reactions.
The three classical generic chemical reactors are the batch reactor, the continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR), and the plug flow tubular reactor (PFR). Each of these reactor types has its own unique characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages.
Bed reactor is used to contact fluids with solids. It is one of the most widely used industrial reactors and may or may not be catalytic. The bed is usually a column with the actual dimensions influenced by temperature and pressure drop in addition to the reaction kinetics.
Catalytic reactions and reactors have widespread applications in producing chemicals in bulk, petroleum, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, specialty chemicals, etc.
These rigorous design efforts, firmly based on sound mathematical principles, triggered the development of several profitable catalytic processes.
types of catalyst
Fixed bed reactors.
Trickle-bed reactors.
Moving bed reactors.
Rotating bed reactors.
Fluidized bed reactors.
Slurry reactors.
Using catalysts leads to faster, more energy-efficient chemical reactions. Catalysts also have a key property called selectivity, by which they can direct a reaction to increase the amount of desired product and reduce the amount of unwanted byproducts.
El Niño is a naturally occurring event in the equatorial region which causes temporary changes in the world climate.
Originally, El Niño was the name used for warmer than normal sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of South America.
Now, El Niño has come to refer to a whole complex of Pacific Ocean sea-surface temperature changes and global weather events.
The ocean warming off South America is just one of these events.
Fungal Transformation in yeast and filamentous fungi
Introduction to Fungi
Background of fungal transformation
Transformation protocol
Transformation vectors
Integration into chromosomes
Biological applications of fungi
Conclusion
References
lobsters and crab fisheries in INDIA is a vast and enormous amount of catch and exports are being made.
this slide describes about the methods, distribution, annual landings and important species of lobster and crabs in India.
seawater is life to many organisms and plants.
it consists of various nutrients which help in the growth and developments of flora and fauna present in the seawater
RAPD markers are decamer DNA fragments.
RAPD is a type of PCR reaction.
as the name suggest it is a fast method when compared to the traditional PCR medthod.
Bacterias are fermented in optimal growth conditions in labs and at commercial places to extract various drugs and useful proteins which are genetically engineered or are present inside the bacterias.
to maximize the process certain things are to be considered, which are described in the slide
PAGE is a subtype of the gel electrophoresis whereby the normal gel is replaced with polyacrylamide gels use as the support matrix.
widely used and has very much importance.
COMPLETE PROCEDURE & USES are described in the slide.
Aging is a natural phenomenon. it is the law of nature
this slide is about the various factors which independently or in combinations contribute to aging in humans
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and thus a code of life. This slide discusses about the structure, importance and various classifications of amino acids.
Through the process of evolution, few species of reptiles were transformed into modern birds.
This ppt describes about the similarities between reptiles and modern birds.
An isotope is one of two or more atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
Unstable isotopes are called Radioisotopes.
uses of radioisotopes are many which are discussed in this slide.
There are various Protozoans found on this planet most are harmful, while a few has great economic importance. This slide presents about the economic importance of few Protozoans.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of Labour
immobilized Enzyme reactors- batch and continuous types.
1. Immobilized Enzyme Reactors
– Batch & continuous
Presented by – Abhishek Giri
M.Sc. (Part – II), SEM – IV,P-V
R.K.Talreja College UNR-03
2. Topics to be Covered
Introduction
Types of Reactors
Batch reactors
Continuous reactors
Advantages
Disadvantages
Applications
References
3. What is a bioreactor?
Bioreactor :- device, usually a vessel, used to direct the activity of a
biological catalyst to achieve a desired chemical transformation.
Fermenter : -
Type of bioreactor in which the biocatalyst
is a living cell.
4. Introduction
Immobilization of enzymes refers to the technique of
confining/anchoring the enzymes in or on a inert support for
their stability & functional reuse.
GOOSE WITH A GOLDEN EGG
Retains structural conformation necessary for catalysis.
Techniques for immobilization of enzymes are – adsorption,
entrapment, microencapsulation, covalent binding, & cross-
linking.
Immobilized enzymes are broadly of two types - batch reactors
& continuous reactors.
Choice of reactor depends on the cost of a predetermined
product.
5. Types of an Enzyme Reactor
6 TYPES
Stirred tank batch reactor.
Continuous flow stirred tank reactor.
Batch membrane reactor.
Continuous flow ultra filtration membrane reactor.
Packed bed reactor.
Fluidized bed reactor.
6. Batch Reactor
Common when soluble enzymes are used.
Fitted with fixed baffles that improve the stirring efficiency.
Entire product is removed.
Enzymes & Substrate molecule have identical residence time.
Enzymes are not separated & not re-used.
Operation costs of batch reactors are higher than for continuous
processes.
Expensive & in some cases are not productive also labor & service
demand increases.
Small scale experimental studies
7. Batch reactor – Stirred tank [STR]
Simplest form..
Good mixing, ease of temperature & pH
control.
Loss of some enzyme activity may occur.
Modified form – Basket Reactor.
Basket reactor – enzymes are retained
over the impeller blades or baffles of the
tank reactor.
Both have a well mixed flow pattern.
High shear forces may damage cells.
Requires high energy input.
Application :- free & immobilized enzyme
reactions..
Recovery of products produced by
enzymes like lipase, glucose isomerase &
B-galactosidase.
8. Batch reactor – Plug flow [PFR]
Alternative to flow pattern type of
reactors.
Flow rate controlled by a plug system.
Plug flow – Packed bed or Fluidized
bed
Used when inadequate product
formation in flow type reactors.
Advantage – external mass transfer
effects can be reduced by the
operational high fluid velocities.
Application :- used for obtaining
kinetic data on the reaction systems.
9. Batch reactor – Packed-bed [PBR]
Modified form, Widely used.
When equipped with external
heating & cooling coils is also
called as PFR
Substrate stream flows at same
velocity, parallel to reactor with
no back-mixing.
3 substrate flow possibilities –
downward flow method, upward,
& recycling method.
Packed-bed reactors are used
with immobilized or particulate
biocatalysts.
Medium can be fed either at the
top or bottom & forms a
continuous liquid phase.
10. Batch reactor – Fluidised-bed [FBR]
Intermediate between CSTRs & PBRs.
Consist of a bed of immobilized
enzymes which is fluidized by rapid
upwards flow of the substrate or in
combination with a gas or Secondary
liquid stream.
Fluidization requires large power input.
Heating & cooling coils are located
outwards.
Baffles are used to decrease stirring
efficiency.
Useful if the reaction involves the
utilization or release of gaseous
material.
Disadvantage – difficulty in scaling-up
these reactors.
11. Continuous reactors
Substrate added continuously & product removed simultaneously.
Certain advantages over batch reactors.
Control over the product formation, convenient operation of the
system & easy automation of the entire process.
2 types – Continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) & Plug flow reactor
(PFR).
Choice of continuous reactor is based on the Kinetic considerations.
CSTR is ideal for good product formation.
12. Continuous reactor – CSTR
Continuously operated version of STR.
Degree of conversion is independent of
the position in the vessel, as complete
mixing is obtained with stirring &
conditions within CSTR is same as the
outlet stream.
Readily obtained.
Requires more enzyme.
More favorable than PFR if substrate
inhibition occurs.
Enzymes are covalently linked to a
carrier by cyanogen bromide activation.
Application :- used for obtaining kinetic
data on the reaction systems.
13. Continuous reactor – PFR
Degree of conversion is dependent on
the length of the reactor as no mixing
device exist & the conditions within
the reactor are never uniform.
Difficult to obtain.
Requires less enzyme to obtain the
same degree of conversion as in
CSTR.
Application :- used for obtaining
kinetic data on the reaction systems.
14. Diagrams of various important enzyme reactor
types.
a. Stirred tank batch reactor (STR), which
contains all of the enzyme and substrates
until the conversion is complete.
b. batch membrane reactor (MR), where the
enzyme is held within membrane tubes
which allow the substrate to diffuse in and
the product to diffuse out. This reactor may
often be used in a semi continuous manner,
using the same enzyme solution for several
batches.
c. packed bed reactor (PBR), also called plug
-flow reactor (PFR), containing a settled bed
of immobilised enzyme particles.
d. continuous flow stirred tank reactor (CSTR)
which is a continuously operated version of
(a);
e. continuous flow membrane reactor (CMR)
which is a continuously operated version of
(b);
f. fluidised bed reactor (FBR), where the flow of
gas and/or substrate keeps the immobilised
enzyme particles in a fluidised state.
15. Reactor Comparison
Batch
High operating costs
Batch-to-batch variations
PFR
Difficult to control pH and Temperature
CSTR
Simple pH, Temperature control
Simple catalyst charging and replacement
16. Choice of reactor
Form & characteristics of immobilized enzyme preparation.
Operational requirements.
Ex – Penicillin acylase (pH control), the CSTR or BSTR is more
suitable than PFR reactors.
due to possible disintegration of support through mechanical
shearing, only durable preparation of immobilized enzymes should
be used in CSTR.
With Small immobilized enzymes particles, problems such as high
pressure drop & plugging arise in PFR reactors. Hence, FPR
should be used..
Reactant characteristics can also influence the choice of reactor.
Insoluble substrate and product & highly viscous fluids are
preferably processed in FBR or CSTR, where no plugging occurs.
17. Advantages of immobilized enzymes
High Stability.
Reusable.
Products are enzyme free.
Ideal for multi-enzyme reaction systems.
Controls of enzyme function is easy.
Suitable for industrial & medical use.
Minimize effluent disposal problems..
18. Disadvantages
Possible loss of biological activity of an enzyme during immobilization
or while it is in use
Immobilization is expensive technique requires sophisticated
equipment
19. Examples of Immobilized enzymes
Immobilized glucosidase & glucose isomerase are used in production
of fructose from starch.
Immobilized L-Aminoacylase which resolves a mixture of D- and L-
amino acids.
Immobilization of Microbial cells.
20. Applications of Enzyme Reactor
Used in a variety of therapeutic applications.
As a drug or toxin removal system.
To produce a desired product of commercial importance on a large
scale.
In the degradation of toxic compounds.
Name of Reactor Application
Dehydrogenase reactor Conversion of lactate to pyruvate.
11-β-hydroxylase Synthesis of prednisolone (therapeutic & ISD).
Β-galactosidase Lactose hydrolysis in food industry.
Cellulase Used in paper industry.