This presentation includes the basic knowledge ofXenobiotics with a lot of understandable knowledge and also how to use it properly. I hope all the finders liked it and also remember me in your precious Dua. Thank You!
1. To Study the Xenobiotic
Torent Bacteria
By Bioremediation and Bioprocessing
ZOL-654 3(2-1)
BS 8th M (A & B)
Practical
2. Objective
To understand how to isolate bacteria from mix culture
loaded with xenobiotics and characterize them after
isolation and confirmation
3. Theory
Microorganisms play a significant role in
bioremediation of xenobiotics (pesticides), heavy metals
etc. which contaminated soil and wastewater.
A xenobiotic is a chemical substance found within an
organism that is not naturally produced or expected to
be present within the organism.
Xenobiotics may be grouped as carcinogens, drugs,
environmental pollutants, food additives,
hydrocarbons, and pesticides.
Characterization of xenobiotic resistance in bacteria
provide a new clue for future perspectives reassert in
microbiology.
4. XenobioticTolerance
Tolerance means protection against something….
There are two major categories of protective
mechanisms:
(1) toxicokinetically derived mechanisms, which
alter the way in which organisms absorb,
biotransform, and excrete chemicals; and
(2) toxicodynamically derived mechanisms, in which
target sites are modified to reduce sensitivity.
5. Reasonnottogetsuccesstoisolatethe
resistantstrains
Three main reasons have been found.
First, some compounds may be partly or completely degraded by
cooxidation or cometabolism that requires an additional substrate.
Second, the compound in question may be degraded only by a
microbial consortium, with no single organism possessing all of the
required characteristics.
Third, the degradation process may require interfaces and/or
gradients.
This last factor is applicable mainly to toxic and sparingly soluble
substances in aqueous environments.
10. METHOD
1. Take 0.3 g nutrient broth powder in a glass jar.
2. Then add 100 ml distilled water in it and shake well.
3. Auto clave it for 15 minutes at 15 lb pressure and
then leave it at room temperature for about 15
minutes and let it cool.
4. Add 1 ml of textile effluent sample in the solution.
5. Observe the solution after 24 hours. As soon as the
whitish-cloudy growth appears we proceed to next
step.
6. For isolation of dye degrading bacteria spread 0.1m of
enrichment growth over the textile dye containing
nutrient agar plates.
7. Incubate it for 24 hours at room temperature and
then observe the bacterial colonies.
11. RESULT
Bacterial growth appear on petri plate as different
shaped colonies
Bacteria degraded about half of the total dye after 24
hours as indicated by the reduction in the intensity of
the dye colour in effluent .
12. Conclusion
The present studies inform us that the isolated
bacteria have the properties to resist and accumulate
high levels of dye and pesticides; it may be harmful to
human being as well as to the animals.
The isolation of these isolates comprise a valuable
assemblage for testing for strains degrading pollutants
in the presence of high concentrations of mercury,
which can be used in bioremediation of mixed wastes.
Organisms have always been exposed to chemicals that are foreign to them. Evolution has produced protective mechanisms against natural chemicals, mechanisms that are currently used against exposures to anthropogenically sourced chemical contaminants. Protection can occur at the individual level, often called tolerance, or at the population level, which is called resistance. The earliest studies on tolerance and resistance mechanisms come from the insect/pesticide literature; however recent environmental and health research is providing a wealth of information on these mechanisms in other organisms including humans. There are two major categories of protective mechanisms: (1) toxicokinetically derived mechanisms, which alter the way in which organisms absorb, biotransform, and excrete chemicals; and (2) toxicodynamically derived mechanisms, in which target sites are modified to reduce sensitivity. In both of these categories, protection can occur at the molecular and genetic level, through the cellular/tissue and organ levels, and up to and including whole organism responses including changes in behavior.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278711261_Xenobiotic_ProtectionResistance_Mechanisms_in_Organisms
https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-1-4419-0851-3_51
The use xenobiotic compounds as growth substrates have been isolated, attempts to isolate strains in the presence of a specific xenobiotic compound, even from an enrichment culture, are not always successful. Three main reasons have been found.
https://aem.asm.org/content/aem/59/6/1717.full.pdf
A dye is described as a coloured substance with affinity to substrate applied. Dyes are soluble at some stage of the application process, whereas pigments in general retain basically their particulate or crystalline form during application. These are used to impart colour to materials of which it becomes an integral part. Aromatic ring structure coupled with a side chain is usually required for resonance and in turn imparts colour.
https://www.hausarbeiten.de/document/370601