1. The document discusses various types of Shuklagata Roga (diseases affecting the white part of the eye) including Arma (tumor), Ajumana (subconjunctival hemorrhage), and Pichaka (stye).
2. It describes the etiology, symptoms, and treatment of each type based on Ayurvedic principles. Surgical excision is recommended for Arma while medications and ointments are suggested for Ajumana and Pichaka.
3. Pterygium, a common growth on the eye, is also explained in terms of its definition, causes, types, pathology, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment usually involving surgical excision.
The document discusses Chalazion, a chronic non-infective inflammation of the meibomian gland. It causes a painless swelling in the eyelid. Symptoms include a firm to hard swelling on the eyelid away from the margin. Treatment includes conservative options like heat application or intralesional steroid injection. For large Chalazia, incision and curettage may be needed. Complications can include secondary infection, blurry vision, eyelid eversion or rarely malignant change.
- There are 17 types of universal diseases according to Sushruta, 16 according to Vagbhata, and 8 according to Sharngadhara.
- The 4 types of diseases are Abyandha (morbid humors), Adhimantha (inflammation), Shotha (swelling), and Kshaya (wasting).
- Sushruta considered Kshiptapaka as a universal disease while Vagbhata considered it as a disease specific to black bile.
- Sharngadhara considered Abyandha and Adhimantha as separate diseases and only recognized 8 universal diseases.
- The symptoms and treatment of each type of disease is described
1. Corneal ulcer is characterized by discontinuation of the normal epithelial surface of the cornea associated with necrosis of surrounding corneal tissue. It is commonly caused by bacterial or fungal infections following corneal epithelial damage.
2. Bacterial corneal ulcers present with pain, watering, photophobia and blurred vision. On examination, there is redness, swelling and a yellowish-white purulent ulcer seen on the cornea.
3. Treatment involves topical and sometimes systemic antibiotics, cycloplegic drops, and supportive care like analgesics and vitamins. For non-healing ulcers, identifying and removing the underlying cause is important in addition to continued antibiotic treatment.
The document discusses cataract (drishtigata roga) according to Sushruta and other ancient texts of Ayurveda. It describes the four stages (padas) of cataract development - immature, mature, hypermature and cataract extraction. Treatment approaches like parsika (needling), administration of medicines and use of ripening and non-ripening drugs are explained based on the stage and type of cataract.
1. Upadaha refers to cysts or swellings that occur in specific areas. The symptoms include minimal swelling in the gland region and a soft blueish swelling. Sushruta describes upadaha as curable through incision, application of soothing medicines, and drainage.
2. Pivani refers to circular inflammatory lesions on the conjunctiva that are red, hot, painful and associated with bleeding. Sushruta recommends excising pivani through a surgical incision in the upper and lateral parts under traction with a thread, followed by cauterization and application of soothing medicines.
3. Alaji is described as incurable, suggesting it may represent a malignant condition unlike the benign
This document contains an examination form and instructions for examining the eye. It describes examining various parts of the eye including the eyelids, conjunctiva, sclera, cornea, anterior chamber, iris, pupil, lens, intraocular pressure, fundus, and visual acuity. Signs examined include position, shape, surface, transparency, contents, and reactions to light. Common abnormalities and diseases are noted for each structure.
This document discusses ear diseases (otalgia) according to Ayurveda. It lists the different causes of earache as mentioned in various Ayurvedic texts. Local causes include issues with the external ear, middle ear, and referred pain from other areas that are innervated by the same cranial nerves as the ear. Treatment approaches discussed include general ear treatments as well as specific treatments for conditions like vata earache. The document also provides descriptions and characteristics of different ear diseases from Ayurvedic texts like ringing in the ears (ear noise) and cracking sounds in the ear.
The document discusses Chalazion, a chronic non-infective inflammation of the meibomian gland. It causes a painless swelling in the eyelid. Symptoms include a firm to hard swelling on the eyelid away from the margin. Treatment includes conservative options like heat application or intralesional steroid injection. For large Chalazia, incision and curettage may be needed. Complications can include secondary infection, blurry vision, eyelid eversion or rarely malignant change.
- There are 17 types of universal diseases according to Sushruta, 16 according to Vagbhata, and 8 according to Sharngadhara.
- The 4 types of diseases are Abyandha (morbid humors), Adhimantha (inflammation), Shotha (swelling), and Kshaya (wasting).
- Sushruta considered Kshiptapaka as a universal disease while Vagbhata considered it as a disease specific to black bile.
- Sharngadhara considered Abyandha and Adhimantha as separate diseases and only recognized 8 universal diseases.
- The symptoms and treatment of each type of disease is described
1. Corneal ulcer is characterized by discontinuation of the normal epithelial surface of the cornea associated with necrosis of surrounding corneal tissue. It is commonly caused by bacterial or fungal infections following corneal epithelial damage.
2. Bacterial corneal ulcers present with pain, watering, photophobia and blurred vision. On examination, there is redness, swelling and a yellowish-white purulent ulcer seen on the cornea.
3. Treatment involves topical and sometimes systemic antibiotics, cycloplegic drops, and supportive care like analgesics and vitamins. For non-healing ulcers, identifying and removing the underlying cause is important in addition to continued antibiotic treatment.
The document discusses cataract (drishtigata roga) according to Sushruta and other ancient texts of Ayurveda. It describes the four stages (padas) of cataract development - immature, mature, hypermature and cataract extraction. Treatment approaches like parsika (needling), administration of medicines and use of ripening and non-ripening drugs are explained based on the stage and type of cataract.
1. Upadaha refers to cysts or swellings that occur in specific areas. The symptoms include minimal swelling in the gland region and a soft blueish swelling. Sushruta describes upadaha as curable through incision, application of soothing medicines, and drainage.
2. Pivani refers to circular inflammatory lesions on the conjunctiva that are red, hot, painful and associated with bleeding. Sushruta recommends excising pivani through a surgical incision in the upper and lateral parts under traction with a thread, followed by cauterization and application of soothing medicines.
3. Alaji is described as incurable, suggesting it may represent a malignant condition unlike the benign
This document contains an examination form and instructions for examining the eye. It describes examining various parts of the eye including the eyelids, conjunctiva, sclera, cornea, anterior chamber, iris, pupil, lens, intraocular pressure, fundus, and visual acuity. Signs examined include position, shape, surface, transparency, contents, and reactions to light. Common abnormalities and diseases are noted for each structure.
This document discusses ear diseases (otalgia) according to Ayurveda. It lists the different causes of earache as mentioned in various Ayurvedic texts. Local causes include issues with the external ear, middle ear, and referred pain from other areas that are innervated by the same cranial nerves as the ear. Treatment approaches discussed include general ear treatments as well as specific treatments for conditions like vata earache. The document also provides descriptions and characteristics of different ear diseases from Ayurvedic texts like ringing in the ears (ear noise) and cracking sounds in the ear.
This document discusses Kriyakalpa, the unique branch of Ayurvedic medicine dealing with specialized ocular procedures and preparations for managing eye diseases. It describes several types of Kriyakalpa techniques including Aschyotana, Seka, Pindi, Bidalaka, Tarpana, Putapaka and Anjana. These techniques involve topical application of herbal formulations in different ways such as drops, pouring, pastes and more. The document outlines the pharmacological actions and advantages of different techniques, noting they are non-surgical, cost-effective and can treat both anterior and posterior eye diseases. It concludes Kriyakalpa therapies were developed based on an ancient understanding
This document provides an overview of vrana sotha (inflammation) according to Ayurvedic principles:
1. It defines sotha as a disorder presenting with swelling due to vitiation of doshas located in a localized area of the body. Sotha has six types based on the predominant dosha involved and three stages.
2. The stages are amavastha, pachyamanavastha, and pakwavastha, each with distinct signs and symptoms. Correct identification of the stage is important for treatment.
3. Treatment involves seven procedures depending on the stage, including massage, bloodletting, and incision, aimed at cleansing, healing, and
Tarpana is an important Ayurvedic eye treatment procedure where medicated oil or ghee is poured into the eye area for a specified period of time. It nourishes the eyes and strengthens vision. Tarpana is very effective for treating vata and pitta disorders of the eyes. The duration of treatment depends on the disease, dosha involvement, and severity. Common oils used include triphala ghee. Tarpana has applications for dry eye, corneal disorders, glaucoma, cataracts, and more. When combined with putapaka, it can help treat conditions like retinal diseases and uveitis. Tarpana can play a role in preventing blindness.
Salakya tantra netra roga classification as in different texts in ayurvedaTania Anvar Sadath
This document classifies and categorizes 76 different eye diseases based on their predominant dosha, location affected, and treatment approach. The diseases are broken down into several groups:
1) By dosha predominance - Vataja (10), Pittaja (10), Kaphaja (13), Raktaja (16), Sannipataja (25)
2) By location - Krishna (4-5), Sandhi (9), Shukla (11-13), Drishti (12-27), Sarvakshi (17-16), Vartma (21-24)
3) By treatment approach - Bhedya (5), Lek
This document provides details about the Ayurvedic understanding and treatment of Arma (Pterygium). It begins with an introduction to Arma as an eye disease classified under Shukla gata rogas. It then discusses the applied anatomy of the conjunctiva, etiology, signs and symptoms, pathogenesis, prognosis and treatment approaches described in Ayurvedic texts. For treatment, it outlines the pre-operative, operative and post-operative procedures for surgical excision of Arma as described by Sushruta and Vagbhata. It also compares the Ayurvedic classification of Arma types to modern ophthalmic classifications of pterygium.
Vidradhi is a type of abscess described in Ayurveda. It is caused by vitiation of doshas in the tissues, causing severe swelling. There are 6 types based on the doshas involved. Clinical features vary depending on the location of the abscess. Conservative management includes medicines and procedures to prevent suppuration. If suppuration occurs, incision and drainage of pus is needed. Incisions should be large, clean, and drain all pockets of pus. Counter incisions may be needed if one incision is not sufficient.
Vamana, or therapeutic emesis, is an Ayurvedic purification technique discussed by Charaka in the Charaka Samhita. Dr. B. Arun Kumar's document discusses vamana drugs and the vamana procedure. It defines vamana, lists the gunas of vamana drugs according to Charaka, and provides details on important vamana drugs like Madanaphala, Nimba, Kutaja, and Vacha. It also outlines Charaka and Sushruta's classifications of vamana drugs. The document describes the steps before, during, and after the vamana procedure, including patient preparation, administration of the vamana drug, and
Granthi (Cyst) are soft, fluid-filled swellings lined by epithelium or endothelium. They are classified based on etiology and location. Common types include vataj, pittaj, and kaphaj cysts related to the doshas, as well as medoj, siraj and dermoid cysts. Symptoms depend on location and contents of the cyst. Treatment typically involves complete surgical excision to prevent complications like infection.
This document discusses various Kriya Kalpa procedures used in Shalakya Tantra (Ayurvedic eye, ear, nose, and throat treatment). It describes 7 main types of Kriya Kalpa: Aschotana, Seka, Bidalaka, Pindi, Tarpan, Putpaka, and Anjana. Each have specific indications and procedures for topical application and treatment of ocular conditions. Additionally, it briefly outlines other procedures used in Shalakya Tantra including Nasya, Dhumpana, Murdhatail, Karna Chikitsa, Pratisarana, Mukh Lepa, and Sweda.
This document discusses hypertrophic scars and keloids, types of abnormal scarring.
[1] A hypertrophic scar remains within the boundaries of the original wound, while a keloid extends beyond the wound site. Keloids contain immature fibroblast cells and blood vessels.
[2] Keloids are more common in certain races and more likely after repeated trauma or piercing injuries. The exact cause is unknown.
[3] Keloids are treated with steroid injections, radiation therapy, or surgery, though recurrence is common after surgery. Complications include infection and potential malignant transformation.
This document lists 10 chemicals and their effects on diseases according to Ayurveda. Nitrogen helps remove toxins and stimulates the urinary tract. Sulphur supports intestinal motion and cleanses blood. Ammonia stabilizes bile, mucus, and body air and blood formation. The document then explains the probable modern concept of how an Ayurvedic treatment called basti works, noting it gets absorbed through the intestinal mucosa and works via absorption, system biology, neural stimulation, and excretory mechanisms.
The document provides details on various types of Kshudra Kusthas (minor skin diseases) described in Ayurveda and compares them to modern skin diseases. It describes 7 types of Kshudra Kusthas - Eka Kushta, Charmakyam, Kitibha Kushta, Vipadika, Alasaka, Dadru Mandala, and Charmadala. For each, it provides the dosha involvement, signs and symptoms. It then compares each to similar modern skin conditions such as psoriasis, scleroderma, tenia infections, herpes, impetigo, and provides details on symptoms and characteristics.
The document thanks Tushar Thorat and Dr. Saurabh Kadam for creating it, and provides their contact information. It also thanks Dr. Appa Tele and Dr. Akshay Moholkar for their special assistance. The document appears to have been generated and scanned multiple times.
Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the tonsils, which are masses of lymphoid tissue located in the throat that help the immune system. The most common cause is a bacterial infection like streptococcus. Symptoms include sore throat, fever, earache. Treatment involves pain relief, antibiotics, and potentially tonsillectomy for chronic cases. Complications can include abscesses if left untreated. Chronic tonsillitis can lead to recurring sore throats and difficulty swallowing if infections are not resolved.
Adhimantha Glaucoma A Review Based on Ayurveda and Modern Perspectiveijtsrd
Now a day due to urbanization and pollution the all universe is developing the better system of therapy and medicine in the medical science for treatment the disease and maintain the health. Shalakya tanta is a one branch of Astanga Ayurveda it deal the disease of chakshu, nasa, karna. Kantha, mukha and shirah. Adhimantha is disease of sarvagata netrarogas explain by Acharya Susaruta And Vagbhatta. It is a complication of Abhishyanda. Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disorder of optic nerve it is occur mostly elder age group especially over 80 year of age. Any injury of eye, Virudha ahar and vihar are cause of glaucoma. Ancient classics described glaucoma as Adhimanth which means Adhi Excessive and Manth Churning condition where excessive pain in the eye like churning type of pain occur in this disease. The associated symptoms is headache, foreign body sensation, lacrimation, redness of eye and difficulty in vision etc. In such a scenario a study on Adhimantha its concept and its management according to Ayurveda gain much important. Glaucoma is a major cause for blindness globally it effect million of people in the world. This article describrd Ayurveda And Modern perspectives of Adhimantha along with its treatment option. Dr. Santosh Kumar Sahu | Dr. Suraj Kumbar | Dr. Payal Sharma | Dr. Abhishek Jain "Adhimantha (Glaucoma): A Review Based on Ayurveda and Modern Perspective" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30490.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/ophthalmology/30490/adhimantha-glaucoma-a-review-based-on-ayurveda-and-modern-perspective/dr-santosh-kumar-sahu
This document provides information about Tamaka Shwasa (asthmatic bronchitis) in Ayurveda. It defines Tamaka Shwasa and discusses its etymology and characteristics. Some key points:
1) Tamaka Shwasa is a type of respiratory disease characterized by difficulty breathing and disturbed air exchange.
2) It is caused by vitiation of the vata and kapha doshas, blocking the channels of prana vayu.
3) Symptoms include excessive coughing, wheezing, dyspnea, dry mouth, and relief from hot things. Breathing is rapid and shallow.
4) Attacks are aggravated by cold, damp
Fracture & dislocation is well described in Ayurveda. Sushruta Samhita have a separate chapter for bhagna etiology, features, types, prognosis, Management by name of Bhagna-Kandabhagna-Sandhimukta. The basics principles and management of fracture are accurate as per modern orthopedics.
This document discusses various eye diseases in Sanskrit described in ancient Indian texts. It describes 5 types of arma or tumors - prastari arma, shukla arma, loshita arma, asansh arma, and snayu arma. It provides details on etiology, symptoms, and treatment according to ancient literature. It also discusses other conditions like ajuman, pashistak, balasagrasit, and subconjunctival hemorrhage. Pterygium and pinguecula are also summarized briefly with definitions and key details. The document draws from various ancient Indian texts like Sushruta and Vagbhata in describing these eye conditions.
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the inner ear balance system. It describes how the vestibular system in the inner ear, including the semicircular canals and otolith organs, helps maintain equilibrium and sense head movement and acceleration. It outlines various peripheral and central causes of dizziness or vertigo, such as BPPV, Meniere's disease, and stroke. Evaluation involves taking a history and performing a neurological exam and vestibular tests like the Dix-Hallpike maneuver and caloric testing. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but commonly involves rest, fluids, and medications to reduce symptoms during an acute episode.
This document discusses Kriyakalpa, the unique branch of Ayurvedic medicine dealing with specialized ocular procedures and preparations for managing eye diseases. It describes several types of Kriyakalpa techniques including Aschyotana, Seka, Pindi, Bidalaka, Tarpana, Putapaka and Anjana. These techniques involve topical application of herbal formulations in different ways such as drops, pouring, pastes and more. The document outlines the pharmacological actions and advantages of different techniques, noting they are non-surgical, cost-effective and can treat both anterior and posterior eye diseases. It concludes Kriyakalpa therapies were developed based on an ancient understanding
This document provides an overview of vrana sotha (inflammation) according to Ayurvedic principles:
1. It defines sotha as a disorder presenting with swelling due to vitiation of doshas located in a localized area of the body. Sotha has six types based on the predominant dosha involved and three stages.
2. The stages are amavastha, pachyamanavastha, and pakwavastha, each with distinct signs and symptoms. Correct identification of the stage is important for treatment.
3. Treatment involves seven procedures depending on the stage, including massage, bloodletting, and incision, aimed at cleansing, healing, and
Tarpana is an important Ayurvedic eye treatment procedure where medicated oil or ghee is poured into the eye area for a specified period of time. It nourishes the eyes and strengthens vision. Tarpana is very effective for treating vata and pitta disorders of the eyes. The duration of treatment depends on the disease, dosha involvement, and severity. Common oils used include triphala ghee. Tarpana has applications for dry eye, corneal disorders, glaucoma, cataracts, and more. When combined with putapaka, it can help treat conditions like retinal diseases and uveitis. Tarpana can play a role in preventing blindness.
Salakya tantra netra roga classification as in different texts in ayurvedaTania Anvar Sadath
This document classifies and categorizes 76 different eye diseases based on their predominant dosha, location affected, and treatment approach. The diseases are broken down into several groups:
1) By dosha predominance - Vataja (10), Pittaja (10), Kaphaja (13), Raktaja (16), Sannipataja (25)
2) By location - Krishna (4-5), Sandhi (9), Shukla (11-13), Drishti (12-27), Sarvakshi (17-16), Vartma (21-24)
3) By treatment approach - Bhedya (5), Lek
This document provides details about the Ayurvedic understanding and treatment of Arma (Pterygium). It begins with an introduction to Arma as an eye disease classified under Shukla gata rogas. It then discusses the applied anatomy of the conjunctiva, etiology, signs and symptoms, pathogenesis, prognosis and treatment approaches described in Ayurvedic texts. For treatment, it outlines the pre-operative, operative and post-operative procedures for surgical excision of Arma as described by Sushruta and Vagbhata. It also compares the Ayurvedic classification of Arma types to modern ophthalmic classifications of pterygium.
Vidradhi is a type of abscess described in Ayurveda. It is caused by vitiation of doshas in the tissues, causing severe swelling. There are 6 types based on the doshas involved. Clinical features vary depending on the location of the abscess. Conservative management includes medicines and procedures to prevent suppuration. If suppuration occurs, incision and drainage of pus is needed. Incisions should be large, clean, and drain all pockets of pus. Counter incisions may be needed if one incision is not sufficient.
Vamana, or therapeutic emesis, is an Ayurvedic purification technique discussed by Charaka in the Charaka Samhita. Dr. B. Arun Kumar's document discusses vamana drugs and the vamana procedure. It defines vamana, lists the gunas of vamana drugs according to Charaka, and provides details on important vamana drugs like Madanaphala, Nimba, Kutaja, and Vacha. It also outlines Charaka and Sushruta's classifications of vamana drugs. The document describes the steps before, during, and after the vamana procedure, including patient preparation, administration of the vamana drug, and
Granthi (Cyst) are soft, fluid-filled swellings lined by epithelium or endothelium. They are classified based on etiology and location. Common types include vataj, pittaj, and kaphaj cysts related to the doshas, as well as medoj, siraj and dermoid cysts. Symptoms depend on location and contents of the cyst. Treatment typically involves complete surgical excision to prevent complications like infection.
This document discusses various Kriya Kalpa procedures used in Shalakya Tantra (Ayurvedic eye, ear, nose, and throat treatment). It describes 7 main types of Kriya Kalpa: Aschotana, Seka, Bidalaka, Pindi, Tarpan, Putpaka, and Anjana. Each have specific indications and procedures for topical application and treatment of ocular conditions. Additionally, it briefly outlines other procedures used in Shalakya Tantra including Nasya, Dhumpana, Murdhatail, Karna Chikitsa, Pratisarana, Mukh Lepa, and Sweda.
This document discusses hypertrophic scars and keloids, types of abnormal scarring.
[1] A hypertrophic scar remains within the boundaries of the original wound, while a keloid extends beyond the wound site. Keloids contain immature fibroblast cells and blood vessels.
[2] Keloids are more common in certain races and more likely after repeated trauma or piercing injuries. The exact cause is unknown.
[3] Keloids are treated with steroid injections, radiation therapy, or surgery, though recurrence is common after surgery. Complications include infection and potential malignant transformation.
This document lists 10 chemicals and their effects on diseases according to Ayurveda. Nitrogen helps remove toxins and stimulates the urinary tract. Sulphur supports intestinal motion and cleanses blood. Ammonia stabilizes bile, mucus, and body air and blood formation. The document then explains the probable modern concept of how an Ayurvedic treatment called basti works, noting it gets absorbed through the intestinal mucosa and works via absorption, system biology, neural stimulation, and excretory mechanisms.
The document provides details on various types of Kshudra Kusthas (minor skin diseases) described in Ayurveda and compares them to modern skin diseases. It describes 7 types of Kshudra Kusthas - Eka Kushta, Charmakyam, Kitibha Kushta, Vipadika, Alasaka, Dadru Mandala, and Charmadala. For each, it provides the dosha involvement, signs and symptoms. It then compares each to similar modern skin conditions such as psoriasis, scleroderma, tenia infections, herpes, impetigo, and provides details on symptoms and characteristics.
The document thanks Tushar Thorat and Dr. Saurabh Kadam for creating it, and provides their contact information. It also thanks Dr. Appa Tele and Dr. Akshay Moholkar for their special assistance. The document appears to have been generated and scanned multiple times.
Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the tonsils, which are masses of lymphoid tissue located in the throat that help the immune system. The most common cause is a bacterial infection like streptococcus. Symptoms include sore throat, fever, earache. Treatment involves pain relief, antibiotics, and potentially tonsillectomy for chronic cases. Complications can include abscesses if left untreated. Chronic tonsillitis can lead to recurring sore throats and difficulty swallowing if infections are not resolved.
Adhimantha Glaucoma A Review Based on Ayurveda and Modern Perspectiveijtsrd
Now a day due to urbanization and pollution the all universe is developing the better system of therapy and medicine in the medical science for treatment the disease and maintain the health. Shalakya tanta is a one branch of Astanga Ayurveda it deal the disease of chakshu, nasa, karna. Kantha, mukha and shirah. Adhimantha is disease of sarvagata netrarogas explain by Acharya Susaruta And Vagbhatta. It is a complication of Abhishyanda. Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disorder of optic nerve it is occur mostly elder age group especially over 80 year of age. Any injury of eye, Virudha ahar and vihar are cause of glaucoma. Ancient classics described glaucoma as Adhimanth which means Adhi Excessive and Manth Churning condition where excessive pain in the eye like churning type of pain occur in this disease. The associated symptoms is headache, foreign body sensation, lacrimation, redness of eye and difficulty in vision etc. In such a scenario a study on Adhimantha its concept and its management according to Ayurveda gain much important. Glaucoma is a major cause for blindness globally it effect million of people in the world. This article describrd Ayurveda And Modern perspectives of Adhimantha along with its treatment option. Dr. Santosh Kumar Sahu | Dr. Suraj Kumbar | Dr. Payal Sharma | Dr. Abhishek Jain "Adhimantha (Glaucoma): A Review Based on Ayurveda and Modern Perspective" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30490.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/ophthalmology/30490/adhimantha-glaucoma-a-review-based-on-ayurveda-and-modern-perspective/dr-santosh-kumar-sahu
This document provides information about Tamaka Shwasa (asthmatic bronchitis) in Ayurveda. It defines Tamaka Shwasa and discusses its etymology and characteristics. Some key points:
1) Tamaka Shwasa is a type of respiratory disease characterized by difficulty breathing and disturbed air exchange.
2) It is caused by vitiation of the vata and kapha doshas, blocking the channels of prana vayu.
3) Symptoms include excessive coughing, wheezing, dyspnea, dry mouth, and relief from hot things. Breathing is rapid and shallow.
4) Attacks are aggravated by cold, damp
Fracture & dislocation is well described in Ayurveda. Sushruta Samhita have a separate chapter for bhagna etiology, features, types, prognosis, Management by name of Bhagna-Kandabhagna-Sandhimukta. The basics principles and management of fracture are accurate as per modern orthopedics.
This document discusses various eye diseases in Sanskrit described in ancient Indian texts. It describes 5 types of arma or tumors - prastari arma, shukla arma, loshita arma, asansh arma, and snayu arma. It provides details on etiology, symptoms, and treatment according to ancient literature. It also discusses other conditions like ajuman, pashistak, balasagrasit, and subconjunctival hemorrhage. Pterygium and pinguecula are also summarized briefly with definitions and key details. The document draws from various ancient Indian texts like Sushruta and Vagbhata in describing these eye conditions.
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the inner ear balance system. It describes how the vestibular system in the inner ear, including the semicircular canals and otolith organs, helps maintain equilibrium and sense head movement and acceleration. It outlines various peripheral and central causes of dizziness or vertigo, such as BPPV, Meniere's disease, and stroke. Evaluation involves taking a history and performing a neurological exam and vestibular tests like the Dix-Hallpike maneuver and caloric testing. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but commonly involves rest, fluids, and medications to reduce symptoms during an acute episode.
A 41-year-old woman presented with visual loss and ocular pain in the right eye. Examination revealed a subretinal mass in the right eye. Differential diagnosis included choroidal metastasis, haemangioma, and posterior nodular scleritis. Tests like ultrasound, OCT, fluorescein angiography, and PET scan helped rule out other diagnoses. The patient was diagnosed with posterior nodular scleritis and treated with eye drops and tablets, which relieved symptoms and resolved the mass.
This document provides information about strabismus (squinting):
- It affects 7.5 million people in the US and an estimated 130-260 million worldwide. Strabismus occurs when the eyes are not properly aligned on the point of focus.
- The anatomy of the extraocular muscles that control eye movement is described, including the actions of the six muscles and their nerve supply.
- Paralytic squints can be caused by neurogenic or myogenic factors. The document discusses third and fourth nerve palsies as examples. Treatment options for strabismus include optical devices, botulinum toxin injections, orthoptic exercises, and surgery.
1) Cranial nerves III, IV, and VI are involved in eye movement control. A lesion in these cranial nerves can cause abnormalities like ophthalmoplegia or diplopia.
2) Examination of eye movements includes testing in 9 cardinal positions as well as tests like cover-uncover, forced duction, and versions to localize the lesion.
3) Common causes of eye movement abnormalities include thyroid eye disease, orbital pseudotumor, orbital tumors, and cranial nerve palsies. Accurate diagnosis relies on clinical history and examination findings.
- There are 4 types of discharges - pus, mucus, blood, and pitta. Dacryocystitis presents with a painful, swollen lacrimal sac that discharges pus. Chronic dacryocystitis is treated through dacryocystorhinostomy or dacryocystectomy when DCR is contraindicated. Benign conjunctival tumors include papilloma, which presents as a red, fleshy growth and is treated through excision.
Anatomy of Lateral Rectus, Anatomy of Abducens Nerve, Palsy of Abducens Nerve | by Optometrist Hasnain Pasha | Presented at Isra School of Optometry - Al-Ibrahim Eye Hospital
Spondyloarthropathies By Dr Rekha Vankwani.pptxZOHAIB57
1. Sero-negative arthritis refers to types of inflammatory arthritis that are negative for rheumatoid factor and other autoantibodies. These include spondyloarthropathies like ankylosing spondylitis.
2. Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting the spine and sacroiliac joints. It is strongly associated with the HLA-B27 gene. Symptoms include back pain and stiffness that improves with exercise.
3. Treatment involves NSAIDs, TNF inhibitors, exercise and maintaining posture. Surgery may be used for joint replacement.
This document discusses seronegative arthritis, specifically focusing on spondyloarthropathies. It defines spondyloarthropathies as a group of inflammatory arthropathies that share clinical, radiographic, and genetic features, including ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and enteropathic arthritis. It then provides detailed information on the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic findings, and treatment approaches for ankylosing spondylitis and reactive arthritis. Psoriatic arthritis is also briefly discussed.
The document discusses management of femoral head osteonecrosis, including its causes, diagnosis, classification systems, and treatment options. MRI is highlighted as the most sensitive diagnostic tool. Conservative treatments are recommended for early stages, while hip replacement is usually needed once collapse or secondary degeneration occurs. The key is early diagnosis and treatment to preserve the hip joint.
Pterygium is a wing-shaped growth of the conjunctiva onto the cornea. Its exact cause is unknown but likely involves exposure to UV radiation and genetic factors. Symptoms vary from none to visual disturbances depending on degree of corneal involvement. Treatment involves surgical excision, with or without grafting of conjunctival tissue, to prevent recurrence which occurs in 30-50% of cases. The goal of surgery is to remove the pterygium and cover the bare sclera to promote healing and reduce risk of regrowth.
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আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
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8. PTERYGIUM
Pterygium derives it name from the latin word
Pterygion meaning a wing.
Pterygium is wing shaped fold of conjunctiva
encroaching upon the cornea from either side
within the inter palpebral fissure.
Etiology is not exactly known however it is usually seen in-
• People living in hot climates
• People working in sunny, dusty or sandy atmosphere
• Mostly in workers
Etiology
9. Parts:
It consists of three parts
Head (apical part): Present on the
cornea
Neck (limbal part): It is narrow
part near limbus.
Body (Scleral part): Extending
between limbus and the canthus.
10.
11. Type of pterygium
Depending upon the progression it may be of 2
types:
Progressive pterygium
• It is thick, fleshy and vascular with a few
infiltrates in the cornea, in front of the head
of the pterygium (called cap of pterygium).
Regressive pterygium
• It is thin, atrophic, attenuated with very little
vascularity. There is no cap. Ultimately it
becomes membranous but never disappears.
12. Corneal epithelium, Bowman's layer and superficial stroma are destroyed
Pathology
pterygium is a degenerative and hyperplastic condition of
conjunctiva
The subconjunctival tissue undergoes elastotic degeneration
and proliferates as vascularised granulation tissue under the
epithelium,
which ultimately encroaches the cornea
13. Symptoms
• It is usually symptomless.
• There is cosmetic disfigurement.
• Visual disturbances occur when it encroaches the pupillary area.
• Occasionally diplopia due to limitation of ocular movement.
• Triangular encroachment of the conjunctiva on the cornea.
Signs
14.
15. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
Characters Pterygium Pseudopterygium
Age More common
in older age
group
May be seen in any
group
Laterality Bilateral Mostly unilateral
Stages Either
progressive or
stationary
Always stationary
Limbal relation Adhered to
limbus
No adhered
16. TREATMENT
No treatment is required unless it is progressing towards the
pupillary area.
Surgical excision is the only satisfactory treatment, which may be
indicated for:
• Cosmetic reasons
• continued progression threatening to encroach onto the pupillary area
• diplopia due to interference in ocular movements.
17. Recurrence of the pterygium after surgical excision is the
main problem (30-50%).it can be reduced by any of the
following measures:
Transplantation of pterygium in the lower fornix
(McReynold's operation) is not performed now.
Postoperative beta irradiations (not used now).
Postoperative use of antimitotic drugs such as mitomycin-
C or thiotepa.
Surgical excision with bare sclera.
Surgical excision with free conjunctival graft taken from
the same eye or other eye is presently the preferred
technique.
In recurrent recalcitrant pterygium, surgical excision
should be coupled with lamellar keratectomy and lamellar
keratoplasty
19. Ecchymosis or subconjunctival haemorrhage is of very common
occurrence.
It may vary in extent from small petechial haemorrhage to an
extensive one spreading under the whole of the bulbar conjunctiva
and thus making the white sclera of the eye invisible.
The condition though draws the attention of the patients immediately
as an emergency but is most of the time trivial.
SUBCONJUNCTIVAL HAEMORRHAGE
Etiology. :
1. Trauma.
It is the most common cause of subconjunctival haemorrhage
(i) local trauma - surgery /subconjunctival injections,
(ii)retrobulbar haemorrhage which almost immediately spreads below the
bulbar conjunctiva. Mostly, it results from a retrobulbar injection and
trauma involving various walls of the orbit.
20. 2. Inflammations of the conjunctiva.
• Petechial subconjunctival haemorrhages are usually associated with acute
haemorrhagic conjunctivitis
4. Spontaneous rupture of fragile capillaries
occur in vascular diseases such as arteriosclerosis, hypertension and diabetes mellitus.
5. Local vascular anomalies
telengiectasia,varicosities, aneurysm or angiomatous tumour.
6. Blood dyscrasias
like anaemias, leukaemias
7. Bleeding disorders
haemophilia and scurvy.
3. Sudden venous congestion of head.
• rupture of conjunctival capillaries due to sudden rise in pressure.
• Common conditions are whooping cough, epileptic fits, strangulation
and violent compression of thorax and abdomen as seen in crush
injuries.
21. Clinical features.
• Subconjunctival haemorrhage usually symptomless.
• symptoms of associated causative disease.
On examination
• looks as a flat sheet of homogeneous bright red colour with well defined limits
• In traumatic -posterior limit is visible when it is due to local trauma to eyeball, and
not visible when it is due to head injury or injury to the orbit.
Treatment.
• Most of the time it is absorbed completely within 7 to 21 days. During absorption
colour changes are noted from bright red to orange and then yellow.
Treat the cause when discovered.
Placebo therapy with astringent eye drops.
Psychotherapy and assurance to the patient is most important part of treatment.
(iv) Cold compresses
23. Pinguecula is an extremely common degenerative condition of the conjunctiva.
It is characterized by formation of a yellowish white patch on the bulbar
conjunctiva near the limbus.
This condition is termed pinguecula, because of its resemblance to fat, which
means pinguis.
Etiology
Not known exactly.
It has been considered as an age-change, occurring more commonly in persons
exposed to strong sunlight, dust and wind.
It is also considered a precursor of pterygium.
PINGUECULA
24. • bilateral, usually stationary condition, presenting as yellowish white triangular
patch near the limbus.
• Apex of the triangle is away from the cornea.
• It affects the nasal side first and then the temporal side.
Pathology.
• elastotic degeneration of collagen fibres of the substantia propria of
conjunctiva,
• deposition of amorphous hyaline material in the substance of
conjunctiva
Clinical features
Complications –
• inflammation, intraepithelial abscess ,pterygium
Treatment.
• In routine no treatment is required for pinguecula.
• excised
26. They term xerophthalmia is now reserved (by a joint WHO and USAID
Committee, 1976) to cover all the ocular manifestations of vitamin A deficiency,
including not only the structural changes affecting the conjunctiva, cornea and
occasionally retina, but also the biophysical disorders of retinal rods and cones
functions.
XEROPHTHALMIA
dietary deficiency of vitamin A
defective absorption of vitamin A from the gut.
protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) and infection
Etiology
27. WHO classification (1982)
XN Night blindness
X1A Conjunctival xerosis
X1B Bitot’s spots
X2 Corneal xerosis
X3A Corneal ulceration/keratomalacia affecting
less than one-third corneal surface
X3B Corneal ulceration/keratomalacia affecting
more than one-third corneal surface.
XS Corneal scar due to xerophthalmia
XF Xerophthalmic fundus.
28. 1. X N (night blindness).
• It is the earliest symptom of xerophthalmia in children.
• It has to be elicited by taking detailed history from the guardian or relative.
2. X1A (conjunctival xerosis).
• It consists of one or more patches of dry, lustreless, non wettable conjunctiva,
• described as ‘emerging like sand banks at receding tide’ when the child ceases to
cry.
• In more advanced cases, the entire bulbar conjunctivamay be affected.
• Typical xerosis may be associatedwith conjunctival thickening, wrinkling and
pigmentation.
Clinical features
29. 3. X1B (Bitot’s spots).
• It is an extension of the xerotic process seen in stage X1A.
• The Bitot’s spot is a raised, silvery white, foamy, triangular patch of keratinised
epithelium, situated on the bulbar conjunctiva.
• It is usually bilateral and temporal, and less frequently nasal.
4. X2 (corneal xerosis).
• The earliest change in the cornea is punctate keratopathy which begins in the lower
nasal quadrant, followed by haziness and/or granular pebbly dryness ,Involved
cornea lacks lustre
5. X3A and X3B (corneal ulceration/keratomalacia),
• Stromal defects occur in the late stage due to colliquative necrosis and take several
forms.
• Small ulcers (1-3 mm) occur peripherally and Large ulcers extend centrally or involve
the entire cornea.
• stromal defects involving less than one-third of corneal surface (X3A) usually heal,
• larger stromal defects (X3B) commonly result in blindness.
30. 6. XS (corneal scars).
• Healing of stromal defects results in corneal scars
of different densities and sizes
• which may or may not cover the pupillary area .
7. XFC (Xerophthalmic fundus).
• It is characterized by typical seed-like, raised,
whitish lesions scattered uniformly over the part
of the fundus at the level of optic disc .
31. 1. Local ocular therapy.
For conjunctival xerosis artificial tears instilled every 3-4 hours.
In the stage of keratomalacia, full-fledged treatment of bacterial corneal ulcer
should be instituted
Treatment
2. Vitamin A therapy.
• All patients above the age of 1 year (except women of reproductive age):
200,000 IU of vitamin A orally or 100,000 IU by intramuscular injection
• Children under the age of 1 year and children of any age who weigh less
than 8 kg should be treated with half the doses for patients of more than 1
year of age.
• Women of reproductive age, pregnant or not: treated with a daily dose of 10,000 IU of
vitamin A orally (1 sugar coated tablet) for 2 weeks.
3.Treatment of underlying conditions
such as PEM and other nutritional disorders, diarrhoea, dehydration and electrolyte
imbalance, infections and parasitic conditions should be considered
33. Scleritis refers to a chronic inflammation of the sclera proper.
It is a comparatively serious disease which may cause visual impairment
and even loss of the eye if treated inadequately.
its incidence is much less than that of episcleritis.
It usually occurs in elderly patients (40-70 years)
affected females more than the males.
SCLERITIS
Etiology
• It is found in association with multiple conditions
1. Autoimmune collagen disorders,
• Especially rheumatoid arthritis, is the most common association. Overall about
5% cases of scleritis are associated with some connective tissue disease
2. Metabolic disorders
• gout and thyrotoxicosis
34. 3. Some infections,
• particularly herpes zoster ophthalmicus, chronic staphylococcal and
streptococcal infection have also been known to cause scleritis.
4. Granulomatous diseases
• like tuberculosis, syphilis, sarcoidosis, leprosy can also cause scleritis.
5. Miscellaneous conditions
• like irradiation, chemical burns, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome,
Behcet’s disease and rosacea
6. Surgically induced scleritis
• follows ocular surgery. It occurs within 6 month postoperatively.
Exact mechanism not known,
7. Idiopathic. In many cases cause of scleritis is unknown.
35. Classification
It can be classified as follows:
I. Anterior scleritis (98%)
Non-necrotizing scleritis (85%)
2. Necrotizing scleritis (13%)
II. Posterior scleritis (2%)
(a)Diffuse
(b) Nodular
(a)with inflammation
(b) without inflammation
(scleromalacia perforans)
36. Patients complain of moderate to severe pain which is deep and boring in
character
wakes the patient early in the morning .
Ocular pain radiates to the jaw and temple.
It is associated with localised or diffuse redness, mild to severe photophobia
and lacrimation. Occasionally there occurs diminution of vision.
Clinical features
Symptoms
Signs.
1. Non-necrotizing anterior diffuse scleritis.
It is the commonest variety, characterised by
widespread inflammation involving a quadrant or more
of the anterior sclera. The involved area is raised and
salmon pink to purple in colour
37. 2. Non-necrotizing anterior nodular scleritis.
It is characterised by one or two hard, purplish elevated
scleral nodules, usually situated near the limbus
Sometimes, the nodules are arranged in a ring around the
limbus (annular scleritis).
3. Anterior necrotizing scleritis with inflammation.
It is an acute severe form of scleritis characterised by
intense localised inflammation associated with areas of
infarction due to vasculitis.
The affected necrosed area is thinned out and sclera
becomes transparent and ectatic with uveal tissue
shining through it.
38. typically occurs in elderly females usually suffering
from long-standing rheumatoid arthritis.
It is characterized by development of yellowish patch
of melting sclera (due to obliteration of arterial supply)
which often together with the overlying episclera and
conjunctiva completely separates from the surrounding
normal sclera. This sequestrum of sclera becomes dead
white in colour, which eventually absorbs leaving
behind it a large punched out area of thin sclera through
which the uveal tissue shines.
Spontaneous perforation is extremely rar
4. Anterior necrotizing scleritis without inflammation (scleromalacia perforans)
39. 5. Posterior scleritis.
It is an inflammation involving the sclera behind the equator.
The condition is frequently misdiagnosed.
It is characterised by features of associated inflammation of adjacent structures,
which include: exudative retinal detachment, macular oedema, proptosis and
limitation of ocular movements.
TLC, DLC and ESR
Serum levels of complement (C3), immune complexes, rheumatoid factor,
antinuclear antibodies and L.E cells for an immunological survey.
FTA - ABS, VDRL for syphilis.
Serum uric acid for gout.
Urine analysis.
Mantoux test.
X-rays of chest, paranasal sinuses, sacroiliac joint and orbit to rule out foreign body
especially in patients with nodular scleritis.
Investigations
40. (A) Non-necrotising scleritis.
It is treated by topical steroid eyedrops and systemic indomethacin 100 mg daily
for a day and then 75 mg daily until inflammation resolves.
(B) Necrotising scleritis.
• It is treated by topical steroids and heavy doses of oral steroids tapered slowly.
• In non-responsive cases, immuno-suppressive agents like methotrexate or
cyclophos-phamide
• Subconjunctival steroids are contraindicated because they may lead to scleral
thinning and perforation.
Treatment
41. स्त्िान
दोष –
लक्षण
शुक्लस्त्िाैः ससतपपिकाैः ससरावृता यास्त्ता पवद्यादससत
सर्ीपजाैः ससराजाैः
थिककत्सा
छेदन साध्य –
ससरासु पपिका जाता या न ससध्यक्नत भेषजैैः |
अर्मवनर्ण्िलाग्रेण तासां छेदनसर्ष्यते
शंखािनजन
सशरापीडिका
42. Episcleritis is benign recurrent inflammation of the episclera, involving
the overlying Tenon’s capsule but not the underlying sclera.
It typically affects young adults, being twice as common in women than
men.
EPISCLERITIS
Exact etiology is not known.
It is found in association with gout, rosacea and psoriasis.
It has also been considered a hypersensitivity reaction to
endogenous tubercular or streptococcal toxins.
Etiology
43. Episcleritis is characterised by redness, mild ocular discomfort
described as gritty, burning or foreign body sensation.
Rarely, mild photophobia and lacrimation may occur.
Clinical picture
Symptoms.
On examination two clinical types of episcleritis, diffuse
(simple) and nodular.
Episclera is seen acutely inflamed in the involved area.
• In diffuse episcleritis,
although whole eye may be involved to some extent, the
maximum inflammation is confined to one or two quadrants
• In nodular episcleritis,
a pink or purple flat nodule surrounded by injection is seen,
usually situated 2-3 mm away from the limbus
Signs.
44. Differential diagnosis
• Occasionally episcleritis may be confused with inflamed pinguecula,
• swelling and congestion due to foreign body lodged in bulbar
conjunctiva and very rarely with scleritis.
1. Topical corticosteroid eyedrops
• instilled 2-3 hourly, render the eye more comfortable and resolve the
episcleritis within a few days.
2. Cold compresses
• applied to the closed lids may offer symptomatic relief from ocular
discomfort.
3. Systemic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
• flurbiprofen (300 mg OD),
• indomethacin (25 mg three times a day)
• oxyphenbutazone
Treatment
45. स्त्िान
दोष – कफज
लक्षण
कांस्त्याभो भवनत ससतेऽबबुत्रबनदुतुल्यैः स ञेयोऽर्ृदुर
रुजो बलासकाख्यैः
थिककत्सा
अशस्त्रकृ त – औषि् साध्य
संशोिन – वर्न पवरेिन से
क्षारानजन – नील यव क्षार
बलासग्रथित
46. CYSTS OF CONJUNCTIVA
The common cystic lesions of the conjunctiva are:
These are of rare occurrence and include congenital corneoscleral cyst
and cystic form of epibulbar dermoid.
Congenital cystic lesions
Lymphatic cysts of conjunctiva.
These are common and usually occur due to dilatation of
lymph spaces in the bulbar conjunctiva.
Lymphangiectasis is characterized by a row of small cysts.
Rarely, lymphangioma may occur as a single multilocular cyst.
47. It may develop following implantation of conjunctival epithelium in the
deeper layers, due to surgical or non-surgical injuries of conjunctiva
Retention cysts.
These occur occasionally due to blockage of ducts of accessory lacrimal
glands of Krause in chronic inflammatory conditions, viz., trachoma and
pemphigus.
Retention cysts are more common in upper fornix.
Epithelial implantation cyst (traumatic cyst).
48. subconjunctival cysticercus. hydatid cyst and
filarial
cyst are not infrequent in developing countries
Parasitic cysts