This document provides an anatomy review of various muscle groups. It describes the origin, insertion, and action of muscles in the neck, scapula, shoulder, arm, thigh, and hip. Key muscles discussed include the sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, deltoid, pectoralis major, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, rectus femoris, gluteus maximus, and psoas major. The document aims to familiarize the reader with important muscles and their functions through detailed descriptions.
a mixed slide of limbs applied anatomy.Thanks to some slideshare gurus like Dr. Salman Khan and Muahammad Ramzan Ul Rehman .this is just a collection of information which I have made for the medical community.
The document describes the anatomy of the lower limb bones. It discusses the four regions of the lower limb - the thigh, leg, ankle, and foot. It provides details on the bones of the thigh (femur), leg (tibia and fibula), and knee joint. The femur is the longest bone and forms the hip and knee joints. The tibia and fibula form the leg, with the tibia bearing more weight and forming the ankle joint along with the talus bone. Key ligaments like the patellar ligament, collateral ligaments, and cruciate ligaments are described for the knee joint.
The document provides an overview of the surface anatomy, skeletal composition, joints, muscles, and innervation of the lower limb. It describes the bones, joints, and major muscle groups of the pelvis, thigh, leg, and foot. The skeletal structures include the femur, patella, tibia, fibula, and bones of the foot. Major joints are the hip, knee, ankle, and intertarsal joints. Muscle groups include the gluteals, quadriceps, hamstrings, gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior. The lumbar and sacral plexuses provide innervation to the lower limb.
The document summarizes anatomy and common injuries of the foot, ankle, and lower leg. It describes the 26 bones, 38 joints, ligaments, muscles, and four arches of the foot. The most commonly injured joint is the ankle, with sprains being most frequent. Other common injuries include blisters, calluses, athlete's foot, turf toe, arch strains, fractures, plantar fasciitis, shin splints, stress fractures, heel spurs, compartment syndrome, and Achilles tendon injuries. Special tests are used to evaluate injuries and determine if referral is needed.
The document discusses the anatomy of the lower limb, including its skeleton, muscles, nerves, joints, movements, blood supply, and surface anatomy. Key points include that the lower limb skeleton is homologous to the upper limb, it has anterior and posterior muscle compartments, and its main nerves are the sciatic and femoral nerves. The lower limb contains the hip, knee, ankle, and toe joints, and its movements include flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. The document also outlines the anterior and posterior muscles of the thigh and leg.
Lower Limb Human Anatomy ( Muscles )
by DR RAI M. AMMAR
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For Any Book or Notes Visit Our Website:
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YOUTUBE CHANNEL :
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Get in touch with us at Any of the Above Social Media or Email at
drraiammar@gmail.com
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Anatomy (anatomy of bone, joint and muscles of lower limb)Osama Al-Zahrani
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the bones, joints, and muscles of the lower limb. It discusses the key regions and components, including the pelvic girdle, femur, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones, and bones of the foot and ankle. The major joints covered are the hip, knee, tibiofibular, and ankle joints. Finally, the document outlines the major muscle groups of the gluteal region, thigh, leg, and foot.
Bone limb lower..osteology of lower limbAnbroseKisuvi
The document describes the bones of the lower limb, including the pelvis, femur, tibia, fibula, and bones of the foot. Key points include:
- The pelvis is composed of the ilium, ischium, and pubis which form the acetabulum and pelvic girdle.
- The femur has a head, neck, greater and lesser trochanters proximally and condyles distally.
- The tibia has medial and lateral condyles proximally and the medial and lateral malleoli distally.
- Bones of the foot include the tarsal bones (talus, calcaneus, navicular) and metatars
a mixed slide of limbs applied anatomy.Thanks to some slideshare gurus like Dr. Salman Khan and Muahammad Ramzan Ul Rehman .this is just a collection of information which I have made for the medical community.
The document describes the anatomy of the lower limb bones. It discusses the four regions of the lower limb - the thigh, leg, ankle, and foot. It provides details on the bones of the thigh (femur), leg (tibia and fibula), and knee joint. The femur is the longest bone and forms the hip and knee joints. The tibia and fibula form the leg, with the tibia bearing more weight and forming the ankle joint along with the talus bone. Key ligaments like the patellar ligament, collateral ligaments, and cruciate ligaments are described for the knee joint.
The document provides an overview of the surface anatomy, skeletal composition, joints, muscles, and innervation of the lower limb. It describes the bones, joints, and major muscle groups of the pelvis, thigh, leg, and foot. The skeletal structures include the femur, patella, tibia, fibula, and bones of the foot. Major joints are the hip, knee, ankle, and intertarsal joints. Muscle groups include the gluteals, quadriceps, hamstrings, gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior. The lumbar and sacral plexuses provide innervation to the lower limb.
The document summarizes anatomy and common injuries of the foot, ankle, and lower leg. It describes the 26 bones, 38 joints, ligaments, muscles, and four arches of the foot. The most commonly injured joint is the ankle, with sprains being most frequent. Other common injuries include blisters, calluses, athlete's foot, turf toe, arch strains, fractures, plantar fasciitis, shin splints, stress fractures, heel spurs, compartment syndrome, and Achilles tendon injuries. Special tests are used to evaluate injuries and determine if referral is needed.
The document discusses the anatomy of the lower limb, including its skeleton, muscles, nerves, joints, movements, blood supply, and surface anatomy. Key points include that the lower limb skeleton is homologous to the upper limb, it has anterior and posterior muscle compartments, and its main nerves are the sciatic and femoral nerves. The lower limb contains the hip, knee, ankle, and toe joints, and its movements include flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. The document also outlines the anterior and posterior muscles of the thigh and leg.
Lower Limb Human Anatomy ( Muscles )
by DR RAI M. AMMAR
www.facebook.com/drraiammar
www.twitter.com/drraiammar
www.instagram.com/drraiammar
www.linkedin.com/in/drraiammar
www.themedicall.com/blog/auther/drraiammar/
For Any Book or Notes Visit Our Website:
www.allmedicaldata.wordpress.com
www.drraiammar.blogspot.com
YOUTUBE CHANNEL :
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu-oR9V3OdFNTJW5yqXWXxA
ANY QUESTION ??
Get in touch with us at Any of the Above Social Media or Email at
drraiammar@gmail.com
allmedicaldata@gmail.com
Anatomy (anatomy of bone, joint and muscles of lower limb)Osama Al-Zahrani
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the bones, joints, and muscles of the lower limb. It discusses the key regions and components, including the pelvic girdle, femur, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones, and bones of the foot and ankle. The major joints covered are the hip, knee, tibiofibular, and ankle joints. Finally, the document outlines the major muscle groups of the gluteal region, thigh, leg, and foot.
Bone limb lower..osteology of lower limbAnbroseKisuvi
The document describes the bones of the lower limb, including the pelvis, femur, tibia, fibula, and bones of the foot. Key points include:
- The pelvis is composed of the ilium, ischium, and pubis which form the acetabulum and pelvic girdle.
- The femur has a head, neck, greater and lesser trochanters proximally and condyles distally.
- The tibia has medial and lateral condyles proximally and the medial and lateral malleoli distally.
- Bones of the foot include the tarsal bones (talus, calcaneus, navicular) and metatars
Musculoskeletal system – movements of the lower limb technologiesKareem Magar
A teaching resource I created for an assessment for university. It lists all the main movements of the lower limb (hip joint, leg/knee and leg/foot), the muscles associated with each movement and any other relevant information. At the end is a table summarizing all the information in depth, including origin and insertion. Included within the presentation are pictures of every movement and muscle involved, as well as links to useful resources such as a 3D anatomy model.
This document summarizes the origin, insertion, nerve innervation, functions, and clinical significance of various muscles in the anterior thigh, medial thigh, posterior thigh, gluteal region, and lateral rotators. It describes over 15 muscles including their actions at the hip and knee joints. The sartorius, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis and medialis all have the function of extending the leg at the knee joint. The adductor longus, brevis and magnus all adduct and medially rotate the thigh. The semimembranosus, semitendinosus and biceps femoris all flex the leg at the knee joint. Damage to the gluteus maximus can cause
The document summarizes the major muscles of the gluteal region, thigh, and leg. It describes the origin, insertion, innervation, and function of muscles that act on the hip, knee, and ankle joints. Key muscles discussed include the gluteus maximus, tensor fascia lata, gluteus medius and minimus, piriformis, obturator internus, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris, iliopsoas, sartorius, quadriceps femoris, gracilis, gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, fibularis long
Applied and clinical anatomy of lower limbdrjabirwase
The document describes the anatomy of the lower limb, including the pelvis, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, and hip joint. It discusses the bones that make up each part and their blood supply, fractures commonly seen in each bone, and movements at the hip joint. The lower limb consists of the gluteal region, thigh, leg, and foot and its main functions are to support body weight and enable locomotion.
The back of the thigh and popliteal fossaOmar Moatamed
This document discusses the anatomy of the back of the thigh. It describes the bony landmarks, muscles including the hamstrings, sciatic nerve, and contents of the popliteal fossa. The key structures covered are the hamstring muscles, sciatic nerve, popliteal artery and vein, tibial and common peroneal nerves, and popliteal lymph nodes.
The document provides an overview of anatomy, assessment, and common injuries of the thigh, hip, groin, and pelvic regions. It describes the nerves, blood vessels, muscles, and fascia of the thigh. Assessment involves history, observation, and special tests like Thomas test and Ober's test. Common injuries discussed include quadriceps contusions, hamstring strains, femoral fractures, stress fractures, groin strains, and hip dislocations. Prevention, management, and rehabilitation strategies are outlined for each injury.
The document summarizes the skeletal structure of the lower limb, including the pelvis, thigh, leg, ankle, and foot. It describes the bones that make up each part and their anatomical features. Key bones discussed include the hip bone, femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsal bones, metatarsals, and phalanges. The document also outlines the joints between bones and clinical implications related to fractures and injuries.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the lower extremities. It describes the bones and regions of the lower limb, including the pelvis, thigh, leg, and foot. It outlines the bones that make up the pelvis (hip bones, sacrum, coccyx), and provides details on the ilium, ischium, pubis, acetabulum, and other structures of the hip bone. It also describes the femur, including the head, neck, greater and lesser trochanters. The document emphasizes the anatomical landmarks and functional aspects of the lower extremity bones.
This document provides an overview of the bones, joints, and muscles of the lower limb. It describes the bones that make up the pelvis and thigh, including the femur. It details the hip, knee, ankle, and subtalar joints, along with their ligaments and movements. The major muscles of the thigh, leg, and foot are also outlined, including their origins, insertions, nerve supplies, and actions. Key points include that the hip is a ball and socket joint, the knee is a hinge joint, and the ankle is also a hinge joint. The hamstring and quadriceps muscles act on the knee joint, while the calf muscles plantarflex the foot.
The document summarizes orthopedic, clinical, and radiologic anatomy of the leg. It describes the bones of the proximal and distal leg, including the tibia, fibula, and ankle bones. It details the compartments of the leg and associated muscles, nerves, and vasculature. Clinical notes are provided on common injuries like fractures and compartment syndrome.
This document provides information on various thigh and pelvic muscles. It identifies and describes the origins, insertions, and actions of muscles in the anterior thigh including the sartorius, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis, psoas major/minor, and iliacus. It also covers muscles of the medial thigh such as the gracilis, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, adductor longus, and pectineus. Posterior thigh muscles like the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, piriformis, gemelli, obturator internus/externus
Kin191 A. Ch.5. Ankle. Lower Leg. Anatomy. Fall 2007JLS10
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the ankle and lower leg. It describes the key bony structures, including the tibia, fibula, and talus. It outlines the major articulations, including the talocrural joint and subtalar joint. It also details the ligaments, muscles, neurovasculature, and other soft tissue structures of the lower leg and ankle. The document categorizes the muscles into anterior, lateral, superficial posterior and deep posterior compartments and describes the actions of each muscle.
This document summarizes the anatomy of the leg. It describes that the leg is divided into four compartments - anterior, lateral, superficial posterior, and deep posterior. Each compartment contains specific muscles innervated by nerves like the tibial nerve and deep/superficial peroneal nerves. The anterior compartment contains muscles that dorsiflex the ankle and extend the toes like the tibialis anterior. The lateral compartment contains muscles that evert the foot like the peroneus longus and brevis. The posterior compartments contain plantarflexor muscles like the gastrocnemius, soleus and flexor digitorum longus that are supplied by the posterior tibial artery.
This document summarizes the major muscles of the upper and lower extremities. It describes the muscles of the arm, forearm, thigh, and leg, organized by anatomical compartment. For each region, it lists the superficial and deep muscle groups from lateral to medial and their main actions. The upper extremity sections cover the muscles of the arm's anterior, posterior, and lateral compartments and the forearm's anterior and posterior groups. The lower extremity sections discuss the thigh muscles that act on the femur and the anterior, posterior, and lateral muscle compartments of the leg and their actions on the ankle.
This document discusses the anatomy of the lower limb. It begins by outlining the objectives to describe the bones, joints, muscles, vasculature, and nerves of the lower limb. It then proceeds to discuss the specific bones, ligaments, arteries, and foramina of the pelvis and gluteal region. Next, it describes the individual bones of the lower limb, including the femur, patella, tibia, fibula, and tarsal bones. The document provides an overview of the key structures of the lower limb.
The lower leg, ankle, and foot contain 28 bones that are divided into the forefoot, midfoot, and hindfoot. There are 25 joints in the foot including the tibiofibular joints, ankle joint, subtalar joint, and various tarsal joints. The principal functions of the foot are propulsion during gait and providing support and stability for upright posture. The document describes the types, articulating bones, ligaments, range of motion, and innervation of each major joint in the lower leg and foot.
This document provides a detailed history and evolution of homeopathy in India, Rajasthan, Delhi, and Uttar Pradesh. It notes that homeopathy was introduced to India in the early 19th century by German missionaries. It then outlines major milestones in the development of homeopathy in India, including the establishment of the first homeopathic medical colleges and hospitals, recognition by legislative bodies, and the formation of regulatory councils. The document also gives an overview of the evolution of homeopathy specifically in the states of Rajasthan, Delhi, and Uttar Pradesh, highlighting important dates, people, and institutions involved in establishing homeopathic education and practice in these regions of India.
The document provides a detailed overview of leg anatomy, including:
1- The skin and subcutaneous tissue of the leg consist of an epidermis and dermis layer.
2- The leg contains 3 fascial compartments dividing muscles into anterior, posterior, and lateral groups.
3- Key bones are the tibia and fibula, which are connected by interosseous membrane.
4- Major nerves include the tibial, deep peroneal, and superficial peroneal nerves which provide motor and sensory innervation.
5- The document describes muscles and blood vessels of each compartment.
Musculoskeletal system – movements of the lower limb technologiesKareem Magar
A teaching resource I created for an assessment for university. It lists all the main movements of the lower limb (hip joint, leg/knee and leg/foot), the muscles associated with each movement and any other relevant information. At the end is a table summarizing all the information in depth, including origin and insertion. Included within the presentation are pictures of every movement and muscle involved, as well as links to useful resources such as a 3D anatomy model.
This document summarizes the origin, insertion, nerve innervation, functions, and clinical significance of various muscles in the anterior thigh, medial thigh, posterior thigh, gluteal region, and lateral rotators. It describes over 15 muscles including their actions at the hip and knee joints. The sartorius, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis and medialis all have the function of extending the leg at the knee joint. The adductor longus, brevis and magnus all adduct and medially rotate the thigh. The semimembranosus, semitendinosus and biceps femoris all flex the leg at the knee joint. Damage to the gluteus maximus can cause
The document summarizes the major muscles of the gluteal region, thigh, and leg. It describes the origin, insertion, innervation, and function of muscles that act on the hip, knee, and ankle joints. Key muscles discussed include the gluteus maximus, tensor fascia lata, gluteus medius and minimus, piriformis, obturator internus, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris, iliopsoas, sartorius, quadriceps femoris, gracilis, gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, fibularis long
Applied and clinical anatomy of lower limbdrjabirwase
The document describes the anatomy of the lower limb, including the pelvis, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, and hip joint. It discusses the bones that make up each part and their blood supply, fractures commonly seen in each bone, and movements at the hip joint. The lower limb consists of the gluteal region, thigh, leg, and foot and its main functions are to support body weight and enable locomotion.
The back of the thigh and popliteal fossaOmar Moatamed
This document discusses the anatomy of the back of the thigh. It describes the bony landmarks, muscles including the hamstrings, sciatic nerve, and contents of the popliteal fossa. The key structures covered are the hamstring muscles, sciatic nerve, popliteal artery and vein, tibial and common peroneal nerves, and popliteal lymph nodes.
The document provides an overview of anatomy, assessment, and common injuries of the thigh, hip, groin, and pelvic regions. It describes the nerves, blood vessels, muscles, and fascia of the thigh. Assessment involves history, observation, and special tests like Thomas test and Ober's test. Common injuries discussed include quadriceps contusions, hamstring strains, femoral fractures, stress fractures, groin strains, and hip dislocations. Prevention, management, and rehabilitation strategies are outlined for each injury.
The document summarizes the skeletal structure of the lower limb, including the pelvis, thigh, leg, ankle, and foot. It describes the bones that make up each part and their anatomical features. Key bones discussed include the hip bone, femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsal bones, metatarsals, and phalanges. The document also outlines the joints between bones and clinical implications related to fractures and injuries.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the lower extremities. It describes the bones and regions of the lower limb, including the pelvis, thigh, leg, and foot. It outlines the bones that make up the pelvis (hip bones, sacrum, coccyx), and provides details on the ilium, ischium, pubis, acetabulum, and other structures of the hip bone. It also describes the femur, including the head, neck, greater and lesser trochanters. The document emphasizes the anatomical landmarks and functional aspects of the lower extremity bones.
This document provides an overview of the bones, joints, and muscles of the lower limb. It describes the bones that make up the pelvis and thigh, including the femur. It details the hip, knee, ankle, and subtalar joints, along with their ligaments and movements. The major muscles of the thigh, leg, and foot are also outlined, including their origins, insertions, nerve supplies, and actions. Key points include that the hip is a ball and socket joint, the knee is a hinge joint, and the ankle is also a hinge joint. The hamstring and quadriceps muscles act on the knee joint, while the calf muscles plantarflex the foot.
The document summarizes orthopedic, clinical, and radiologic anatomy of the leg. It describes the bones of the proximal and distal leg, including the tibia, fibula, and ankle bones. It details the compartments of the leg and associated muscles, nerves, and vasculature. Clinical notes are provided on common injuries like fractures and compartment syndrome.
This document provides information on various thigh and pelvic muscles. It identifies and describes the origins, insertions, and actions of muscles in the anterior thigh including the sartorius, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis, psoas major/minor, and iliacus. It also covers muscles of the medial thigh such as the gracilis, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, adductor longus, and pectineus. Posterior thigh muscles like the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, piriformis, gemelli, obturator internus/externus
Kin191 A. Ch.5. Ankle. Lower Leg. Anatomy. Fall 2007JLS10
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the ankle and lower leg. It describes the key bony structures, including the tibia, fibula, and talus. It outlines the major articulations, including the talocrural joint and subtalar joint. It also details the ligaments, muscles, neurovasculature, and other soft tissue structures of the lower leg and ankle. The document categorizes the muscles into anterior, lateral, superficial posterior and deep posterior compartments and describes the actions of each muscle.
This document summarizes the anatomy of the leg. It describes that the leg is divided into four compartments - anterior, lateral, superficial posterior, and deep posterior. Each compartment contains specific muscles innervated by nerves like the tibial nerve and deep/superficial peroneal nerves. The anterior compartment contains muscles that dorsiflex the ankle and extend the toes like the tibialis anterior. The lateral compartment contains muscles that evert the foot like the peroneus longus and brevis. The posterior compartments contain plantarflexor muscles like the gastrocnemius, soleus and flexor digitorum longus that are supplied by the posterior tibial artery.
This document summarizes the major muscles of the upper and lower extremities. It describes the muscles of the arm, forearm, thigh, and leg, organized by anatomical compartment. For each region, it lists the superficial and deep muscle groups from lateral to medial and their main actions. The upper extremity sections cover the muscles of the arm's anterior, posterior, and lateral compartments and the forearm's anterior and posterior groups. The lower extremity sections discuss the thigh muscles that act on the femur and the anterior, posterior, and lateral muscle compartments of the leg and their actions on the ankle.
This document discusses the anatomy of the lower limb. It begins by outlining the objectives to describe the bones, joints, muscles, vasculature, and nerves of the lower limb. It then proceeds to discuss the specific bones, ligaments, arteries, and foramina of the pelvis and gluteal region. Next, it describes the individual bones of the lower limb, including the femur, patella, tibia, fibula, and tarsal bones. The document provides an overview of the key structures of the lower limb.
The lower leg, ankle, and foot contain 28 bones that are divided into the forefoot, midfoot, and hindfoot. There are 25 joints in the foot including the tibiofibular joints, ankle joint, subtalar joint, and various tarsal joints. The principal functions of the foot are propulsion during gait and providing support and stability for upright posture. The document describes the types, articulating bones, ligaments, range of motion, and innervation of each major joint in the lower leg and foot.
This document provides a detailed history and evolution of homeopathy in India, Rajasthan, Delhi, and Uttar Pradesh. It notes that homeopathy was introduced to India in the early 19th century by German missionaries. It then outlines major milestones in the development of homeopathy in India, including the establishment of the first homeopathic medical colleges and hospitals, recognition by legislative bodies, and the formation of regulatory councils. The document also gives an overview of the evolution of homeopathy specifically in the states of Rajasthan, Delhi, and Uttar Pradesh, highlighting important dates, people, and institutions involved in establishing homeopathic education and practice in these regions of India.
The document provides a detailed overview of leg anatomy, including:
1- The skin and subcutaneous tissue of the leg consist of an epidermis and dermis layer.
2- The leg contains 3 fascial compartments dividing muscles into anterior, posterior, and lateral groups.
3- Key bones are the tibia and fibula, which are connected by interosseous membrane.
4- Major nerves include the tibial, deep peroneal, and superficial peroneal nerves which provide motor and sensory innervation.
5- The document describes muscles and blood vessels of each compartment.
The document discusses the surface anatomy of the tibia, fibula, and patella bones. For the tibia, students should identify landmarks like the medial and lateral condyles, tibial tuberosity, and medial malleolus. For the fibula, landmarks include the styloid process, neck, and lateral malleolus. The patella has an apex and base and anterior and posterior surfaces that should be identified.
The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS), and autonomic nervous system (ANS). It describes the major components and features of each system, including:
- The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The spinal cord contains 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
- The PNS connects the CNS to the limbs and organs. It contains cranial and spinal nerves.
- The ANS regulates involuntary functions and is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. It contains ganglia and both afferent and efferent fibers
The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its three main parts: central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS), and autonomic nervous system (ANS). It describes the structure and components of the CNS, PNS, and ANS. It also discusses key structures within the CNS like the brain, spinal cord, spinal meninges, and vertebral canal.
This document provides an overview of how to conduct a neurological examination. It discusses the importance of taking a thorough history, including details on the presenting symptom, onset, progression, associated symptoms, relieving/precipitating factors, and family history. It emphasizes localization of the lesion and differential diagnosis. Specific complaints that are addressed include headache, dizziness, and vertigo. For headaches, it describes questions to ask regarding quality, severity, location, triggers, and associated symptoms. For dizziness and vertigo, it differentiates between true vertigo and lightheadedness, and discusses potential neurological versus peripheral causes. The goal of the examination is to obtain enough information to make a tentative diagnosis in about half of cases.
1. The spinal cord and peripheral nerves connect the brain and central nervous system to the rest of the body.
2. The spinal cord is protected by vertebrae, meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. It contains gray matter containing sensory and motor nuclei surrounded by white matter tracts.
3. Spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord to innervate different body regions. The olfactory, optic, and oculomotor cranial nerves are described in detail.
Paraparesis, paraplegia, quadriparesis, and quadriplegia are sequelae of bilateral damage to the corticospinal tracts. Causes include spinal lesions such as spinal cord compression from tumors or diseases like multiple sclerosis, and cerebral lesions from conditions like cerebral palsy. Spinal cord compression is a medical emergency that requires early diagnosis and treatment to prevent permanent neuronal damage. Symptoms depend on the anatomical level and nature of the pathology, and may include pain, weakness, sensory changes, and urinary or bowel dysfunction. Magnetic resonance imaging is the primary diagnostic tool to localize and characterize lesions. Management involves treating any underlying condition causing compression, and rehabilitation to prevent complications and maximize functioning
Este documento proporciona instrucciones para realizar un electrocardiograma (ECG), incluyendo la colocación de electrodos precordiales en posiciones específicas del tórax y electrodos en las extremidades, así como los materiales y pasos requeridos para aplicarlos correctamente y realizar la prueba de ECG.
spinal cord anatomy and spinal cord syndromesSachin Adukia
This document discusses spinal cord syndromes, dividing them into complete and incomplete cord syndromes. Complete cord transection causes paraplegia and loss of motor, sensory, and autonomic functions below the level of injury. Incomplete syndromes include Brown-Sequard, central cord, anterior cord, posterior cord, conus medullaris, and cauda equina syndromes. Each syndrome presents with different patterns of motor, sensory, and autonomic deficits depending on the level and completeness of injury.
The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to the L1/L2 vertebrae in adults. It is surrounded by meninges and contains gray matter containing nerve cell bodies and white matter containing nerve fibers. The spinal cord has 31 pairs of spinal nerves that carry sensory information to the brain and motor commands to muscles and organs. Injuries can be complete or incomplete and are classified by the level and severity of impairment. Complete injuries result in paralysis and loss of sensation below the injury while incomplete injuries retain some function.
Dr. Shiraz Munshi discusses his approach to treating chronic back pain, which involves precision diagnosis through a combination of history, physical exam, imaging, and diagnostic injections to identify the specific source of pain in 70% of cases. This allows for targeted, minimally invasive treatments like nerve blocks, radiofrequency ablation, and spinal cord stimulation to effectively manage pain and improve outcomes like returning to work. The document outlines various potential sources of spinal pain and techniques for diagnosing and treating conditions of the discs, facet joints, sacroiliac joints, and nerves.
The document describes various anatomical structures of the foot and ankle. It discusses bones like the talus, calcaneus, and tarsal bones. It describes joints like the ankle joint and tarsal joints. It discusses ligaments supporting these joints. It provides details on arches of the foot. It describes muscles, tendons, vessels, and nerves of the foot and ankle. It discusses common fractures and conditions like plantar fasciitis. It also summarizes various flaps used in foot and ankle reconstruction.
This powerpoint was prepared to be presented at University of Health Sciences Cambodia for the Neurosurgery , Medicine and Psychiatry Residents, by shaweta khosa
Intramedullary spinal cord lesions occur within the spinal cord itself while extramedullary lesions occur outside the spinal cord. Intramedullary lesions typically cause symmetrical symptoms that affect motor and sensory functions diffusely down the spinal cord, often with early sphincter involvement. In contrast, extramedullary lesions usually cause asymmetrical symptoms, with local or radicular pain and early upper motor neuron signs but later lower motor neuron signs and sensory involvement in the affected segment.
Intradural extramedullary mass - a case on MRIREKHAKHARE
An 18-year-old boy presented with 6 months of lower back pain and lower extremity weakness on the left side. MRI revealed two masses - an intradural extramedullary mass between D10-D12 deviating the spinal cord to the right, and a long paravertebral mass extending from T7-L1. The intradural mass enhanced with contrast and was considered to be an intradural extramedullary lesion such as a neurofibroma. The patient was referred for surgical management and biopsy to determine the exact diagnosis.
This document provides an overview of intramedullary spinal cord tumors including their anatomy, classification, clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, treatment and prognosis. Key tumor types discussed include ependymomas, astrocytomas and intramedullary spinal cord metastases. Surgical resection is the primary treatment when possible, along with radiation and chemotherapy in some cases. Prognosis depends on tumor histology, grade, extent of resection and patient's pre-operative neurological status.
The document provides guidance on performing a neurological examination. It emphasizes that obtaining a thorough clinical history is key to making an accurate diagnosis, as it is sometimes the only way to diagnose certain neurological disorders. A neurological examination requires skill and experience to evaluate things like motor function, sensation, cranial nerves, coordination, and the presence of abnormal movements or seizures. The examiner should make the patient comfortable and modify their approach based on the patient's characteristics.
This document provides information on methods for examining central nervous system reflexes through superficial and deep tendon reflex tests. It describes the components and techniques for assessing several key reflexes, including:
- Superficial reflexes like the corneal, palatal, abdominal, plantar, and cremasteric reflexes.
- Deep tendon reflexes like the biceps, triceps, knee jerk/patellar, and ankle reflexes.
For each reflex, it outlines the involved spinal roots and nerves, normal responses, and potential causes for absence of the reflex. Performing a full reflex examination can help evaluate the integrity of the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system.
The document provides information about the pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle) and associated bones, joints, muscles and movements. It describes the clavicle bone, its articulations in the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints. It also describes the scapula bone and its movements. Key muscles that act on the pectoral girdle and humerus are identified, including their origins, insertions and actions. The major joints of the pectoral girdle, the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints, are also summarized.
The document discusses the muscular system and different types of muscles in the body. It provides details on skeletal muscles, including their golden rules, types of movements, and how muscles are named. It then summarizes key muscles in the shoulder, arm, back, abdominal area, and leg. It concludes with sections on intramuscular injections and the organization and comparison of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint, including:
1) It describes the bones that make up the joint - the scapula and humerus.
2) The joint is a ball and socket joint that allows movement in all three planes with the convex humeral head moving within the concave glenoid fossa.
3) Key supporting structures include the rotator cuff muscles, capsular ligaments, coracohumeral ligaments, glenoid labrum and long head of the biceps.
This document provides an overview of shoulder anatomy including bones, joints, ligaments, muscles, nerves and vascular structures. Key points include descriptions of the scapula, clavicle, humerus and their articulations. Muscles acting on the scapula and humerus are identified along with their origins, insertions and actions. Evaluation techniques such as range of motion, special tests, neurological and vascular assessments are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of the kinesiology of the shoulder joint. It describes the anatomy of the shoulder joint including the glenohumeral joint and scapulothoracic joint. It details the motions of the shoulder in flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal and external rotation. The supporting structures of the shoulder including muscles like the rotator cuff and ligaments are outlined. Finally, the document examines the muscles involved in movements at the glenohumeral and scapulothoracic joints.
The document provides an overview of anatomical terminology and the origins, insertions, and actions of major muscles in the body. It begins with definitions of anatomical position, planes, and terms used to describe locations on the body. It then reviews the origins, insertions, and actions of muscles in the anterior trunk and neck, muscles of respiration, hip, knee, and ankle regions. The summary focuses on the key information and structures discussed in the document.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the humerus bone and shoulder joint. It describes the proximal and distal features of the humerus, including the head, greater and lesser tubercles, and anatomical landmarks at the distal end like the capitulum and trochlea. It also outlines the muscles that act on the humerus to allow movements like flexion, extension, and rotation at the shoulder joint. The shoulder joint itself is described as a ball and socket joint formed by the humeral head articulating with the glenoid cavity, allowing a large range of motion. Key ligaments and bursae that support and cushion the joint are also mentioned.
The document describes the major muscle groups of the back, including the superficial muscles like the trapezius and latissimus dorsi, intermediate muscles like the serratus posterior, and deep intrinsic muscles arranged in 3 layers - the splenius, erector spinae, and transversospinalis muscles - which extend, rotate, and provide stability to the vertebral column. The deep muscles are further broken down into their specific muscle names, origins, insertions, innervations, and actions.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the pelvis and thigh. It describes the bony anatomy including bones such as the ilium, ischium, pubis, sacrum, and femur. It also discusses articulations like the sacroiliac joint and ligaments including the iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral ligaments. Additionally, it outlines the muscular anatomy including muscles like the gluteus maximus, tensor fascia latae, adductor longus, and hamstrings. Finally, it briefly touches on vascular/neuro anatomy such as the femoral triangle, femoral artery, and dermatomes.
This document provides an overview of the muscles of the spine and thorax, including bony landmarks and three groups of deep back muscles - the spinalis, longissimus, and iliocostalis muscles. It describes the actions, origins, insertions, and innervations of muscles within each group, including the spinalis cervicis, spinalis thoracis, longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis, and iliocostalis lumborum. The document also outlines tests to locate the erector spinae group and assess back extensor strength.
There are two major groups of muscles in the back - extrinsic and intrinsic muscles. The extrinsic muscles are further divided into superficial and intermediate muscles. The intrinsic muscles have superficial, intermediate and deep layers. Some of the key muscles include the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, erector spinae group and multifidus. Together these muscles work to extend, flex, rotate and laterally bend the vertebral column and ribs. Common back issues include sprains from ligament injuries and strains from overcontraction of muscles like the erector spinae.
L9 muscles of upper limb [Autosaved].pptxssuser31c469
The document provides information on human anatomy, specifically focusing on the muscles of the upper limb. It describes the different types of muscles and their functions. It then details the specific muscles found in different regions of the upper limb, including the pectoral region, shoulder region, upper arm, and anterior and posterior compartments of the forearm. For each muscle, it provides the origin, insertion, innervation, and main actions. The document serves as a detailed reference for understanding the muscles involved in movement and stabilization of the upper limb.
Shoulder and Pectoral region hgudhg د.pdfssuser7d3c1b
1. The document describes the muscles of the shoulder and pectoral region including their origin, insertion, nerve supply and action.
2. Key muscles discussed are the pectoralis major and minor, serratus anterior, subclavius, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor and major.
3. These muscles function in movements like abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotation of the arm and stabilization of the shoulder joint.
The document discusses the anatomy of the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint, including its bones, joints, movements, supporting structures, and muscles. It describes the scapula and humerus bones that make up the ball and socket shoulder joint. The joint allows movement in all three planes and is stabilized by the rotator cuff muscles and other structures. Key shoulder muscles like the deltoid, rotator cuff, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, and biceps brachii are also outlined. Common shoulder injuries and exercises are briefly mentioned.
The document provides information about the gluteal region including its boundaries, muscles, blood vessels, and nerves. It describes the gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus muscles and their actions. It discusses the cutaneous innervation and the nerves that innervate the muscles of the gluteal region including the superior and inferior gluteal nerves. It provides details on the arteries including the superior and inferior gluteal arteries and structures that pass through the greater sciatic foramen.
This document provides an overview of major muscles in the human body, describing their origins, insertions, joints crossed, and actions. It covers muscles of the lower limb including the hamstrings, quadriceps, hip flexors and extensors, and calf muscles. It also details muscles of the shoulder girdle and shoulder joint, including rotator cuff muscles. Key back muscles like the erector spinae and muscles of the anterior abdominal wall are outlined. For each muscle or muscle group, a brief description of no more than 3 sentences is given.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the gluteal region. It describes the boundaries and cutaneous innervation of the region. The major muscles of the gluteal region are then discussed, including their origins, insertions, innervation and actions. The arteries, nerves and other structures passing through or located in the gluteal region are subsequently outlined. Key tests like the Trendelenburg test are also summarized. In the end, structures located deep to the gluteus maximus muscle are listed.
This document provides information on the anatomy of the pectoral girdle and upper limb, including the bones, articulations, and movements. It describes the clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, and ulna bones. It details the sternoclavicular joint, acromioclavicular joint, glenohumeral joint, elbow joint, proximal and distal radioulnar joints, and radiocarpal joint. It explains the structures that strengthen these joints like ligaments and muscles. It also outlines the movements that occur at each joint.
This document describes the origins, insertions, and actions of various muscles around the hip joint. It includes the gluteal muscles (maximus, medius, and minimus) which extend, abduct, and externally rotate the hip. The hamstring muscles (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus) extend and internally rotate the hip. Other muscles like the tensor fasciae latae, iliopsoas, pectineus, adductors, gracilis, sartorius, and rectus femoris flex, adduct, abduct, internally and externally rotate the hip. The six small posterior hip rotator muscles are also noted.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
2. Muscles of the Neck
Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)
› O: sternal head – top of manubrium; clavicular
head – clavicle (medial 1/3)
› I: mastoid process & occipital bone
› A: unilaterally – lateral flexion of the head to
the same side, rotation of the head to the
opposite side; bilaterally – flexion of the head
5. Muscles of the Scapula
• Serratus Anterior
› O: Anterolateral Superior Borders of ribs 1-8
› I: Medial border of scapula (Anterior Surface)
› A: protraction and upward rotation of scapula
6.
7. Muscles of the Scapula
Trapezius (upper fibers)
› O: occipital protuberance, spinous process of C1 to C7, ligamentum nuchae
› I: Lateral 1/3 of the clavicle
› A: Scapula elevation and upward rotation
Trapezius (middle fibers)
› O: spinous process of T1 to T5
› I: spine of scapula, acromion process (medial border)
› A: scapula retraction
Trapezius (lower fibers)
› O: spinous process of T6 to T12
› I: medial portion of spine of scapula
› A: Scapula depression, retraction and upward rotation
8. Muscles of the Scapula
Levator Scapulae
› O: transverse process of C1 to C4
› I: medial superior angle of scapula
› A: scapulae elevation and downward rotation
Rhomboid Minor
› O: spinous process of C7 and T1
› I: medial border of scapula, superior to spine of scapula
› A: retraction and elevation of the scapula,
aids in downward rotation of the scapula
Rhomboid Major
› O: spinous process of T2 to T5
› I: medial border of scapula, inferior to spine of scapula
› A: scapula retraction, elevation, downward rotation
9. Muscles of the Shoulder
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Deltoid (anterior/middle/posterior)
Latissmus Dorsi
Teres Major
Pectoralis Major (Sternal / Clavicular heads)
Pectoralis Minor
10. Muscles of the Shoulder
Deltoid – Anterior
› O: Anterolateral 1/3 of clavicle
› I: deltoid tuberosity
› A: shoulder flexion, internal
rotation, and
horizontal adduction
Deltoid – Middle
› O: acromion process
› I: deltoid tuberosity
› A: Shoulder abduction
Deltoid – Posterior
› O: spine of scapula
› I: deltoid tuberosity
› A: Shoulder abduction,
extension, horizontal abduction and external rotation
11. Muscles of the Shoulder
Latissmus Dorsi
› O: Thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, 9-12 ribs, inferior
angle of scapula
› I: floor of biciptial groove of humerus
› A: shoulder extension, adduction and internal rotation
Teres Major
› O: inferior angle, inferior 1/3 lateral border of scapula
› I: medial lip of the bicipital groove of humerus
› A: shoulder extension, adduction and internal rotation
16. Muscles of the Rotator Cuff
Supraspinatus
› O: supraspinous fossa
› I: greater tuberosity of humerus
› A: Shoulder abduction (esp 1st 30degree), stabilization of
the humeral head in the glenoid fossa
Infraspinatus
› O: infraspinous fossa
› I: greater tuberosity of humerus
› A: Shoulder External rotation, stabilization of the
humeral head in the glenoid fossa
17. Muscles of the Rotator Cuff
Teres Minor
› O: superior 2/3 of lateral border of scapula
› I: greater tuberosity of humerus
› A: Shoulder external rotation, stabilization of the humeral head in the
glenoid fossa
Subscapularis
› O: subscapular fossa
› I: lesser tuberosity of humerus
› A: medial rotation of the shoulder, stabilization of the humeral head
in the glenoid fossa
Note: the preceding four muscles are referred to as the rotator cuff
18. Muscles of the Arm
• Anterior Compartment
– Bicep Brachii
– Coracobrachialis
– Brachialis
– Brachioradialis
20. Muscles of the Arm – Anterior
Compartment
Biceps Brachii
› Origin: Short head – coracoid process of scapula
› Long head – supraglenoid tubercle of scapula
› Insertion: both heads - radial tuberosity
› Action: Elbow flexion, Forearm supination, weak flexor
of shoulder
Coracobrachialis
› O: coracoid process
› I: medial aspect of middle humerus
› A: Shoulder flexion & adduction
21. Muscles of the Arm – Anterior
Compartment
Brachialis
› Origin: anterior surface of lower 1/2 humerus
› Insertion: coronoid process of ulna
› Action: Elbow flexion
Brachioradialis
› Origin: lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus
› Insertion: styloid process of radius
› Action: Elbow flexion, Forearm pronation and
supination
22. Muscles of the Arm
• Posterior Compartment
– Triceps
•
•
•
Long (visible)
Medial
Lateral (visible)
23. Muscles of the Arm – Posterior
Compartment
Triceps Brachii
› O: Long head – infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
Lateral head – posterior humerus above
radial groove
Medial Head – posterior humerus, below
radial groove
› I: olecranon process of ulna
› A: Elbow Extension
26. Muscles of the Thigh (anterior)
Sartorius
› O: ASIS
› I: superior aspect of medial tibia
› A: Hip flexion, external rotation,
abduction; knee flexion
27. Muscles of the Thigh (anterior)
Rectus Femoris
› O: AIIS, ilium above acetabulum
› I: tibial tuberosity via quadricep tendon to patella via
patellar ligament
› A: extension of the knee, hip flexion
Vastus Lateralis
› O: greater trochanter, linea aspera (lateral lip)
› I: tibial tuberosity via quadricep tendon to patella via
patellar ligament
› A: knee extension
28. Muscles of the Thigh (Anterior)
Vastus Intermedius
› O: anterior, lateral, surface of femur (superior aspect)
› I: tibial tuberosity via quadricep tendon to patella via patellar
ligament
› A: extension of the knee
Vastus Medialis
› O: intertrochanteric line, linea aspera (medial lip)
› I: tibial tuberosity via quadricep tendon to patella via patellar
ligament
› A: extension of the knee
Note: the preceding four muscles are referred to as the quadriceps
29.
30. Muscles of the Thigh
• Medial Thigh
1.
2.
3.
4.
Adductor longus
Adductor Brevis
Adductor Magnus
Gracilis
31. Muscles of the Thigh (medial)
Adductor Longus
› O: body of pubis (anterior)
› I: middle to inferior 1/3 of linea aspera (medial lip)
› A: Hip adduction
Adductor Brevis
› O: body of pubis & inferior ramus of pubis
› I: pectineal line & superior aspect of linea aspera (medial lip)
› A: hip adduction
Adductor Magnus
› O: Adductor part: inferior ramus of pubis; Hamstring part: ischial tuberosity
› I: Adductor part: medial portion of femur, Hamstring part: adductor tubercle
› A: adduction and lateral rotation of the femur, extension of the hip
32. Muscles of the thigh (medial)
Gracilis
› O: body & inferior ramus of pubis
› I: superior part of the medial tibia (pes anserinus)
› A: Hip adduction and knee flexion and knee
internal rotation
33.
34. Muscles of the Thigh
• Posterior Thigh
1. Biceps Femoris
2. Semi-tendinosus
3. Semi-membranosus
35. Muscles of thigh (posterior)
Biceps Femoris
› Origin: long head - ischial tuberosity, short head – lateral lip of linea aspera
› Insertion: lateral side of the head of fibula
› Action: knee flexion and external rotation of knee(if knee flexed), hip extension
Semitendinosus
› O: ischial tuberosity
› I: superior surface of medial tibia
› A: knee flexion, internal rotation of the knee (if knee is flexed); hip extension
Semimembranosus
› O: ischial tuberosity
› I: posterior aspect of the medial condyle of the tibia
› A: flexion and medial rotation of the knee; extension, adduction and medial rotation
of the hip
•
Note: the preceding three muscles are referred to as the hamstrings
36.
37. Muscles of the Hip
• Superfiscal Layer
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia lata
Illiopsoas (psoas major / iliacus)
38. Muscles of the Hip
Gluteus Maximus
› O: ilium behind posterior gluteal line, sacrum, coccyx
› I: gluteal tuberosity and ITB
› A: hip extension and external rotation
Gluteus Medius
› O: ilium between posterior and anterior gluteal lines
› I: greater trochanter (lateral surface)
› A: Hip abduction & internal rotation, keep pelvis level
when LL on the same side bears weight
39. Muscles of the Hip
Gluteus Minimus
› O: ilium between anterior and inferior gluteal lines
› I: greater trochanter (anterior surface)
› A: hip flexion, abduction and internal rotation, keep
pelvis level when LL on the same side bears weight.
Tensor Fasciae Latae
› O: ASIS
› I: ITB
› A: Hip abduction and internal rotation
40.
41. Muscles of the Hip
Psoas Major
› O: transverse process of all lumbar spine, sides of T12-L5 vertebrae
and discs.
› I: lesser trochanter of femur
› A: Hip flexion, maintains lordosis (posterior fibres)
Iliacus
› O: iliac fossa
› I: lesser trochanter of femur
› A: Hip flexion
Iliopsoas
the combination of psoas major and iliacus
42.
43. Muscles of the Hip
• Deep Layer
– Piriformis
– Gemelli Superior
– Obturator Internus
– Gemelli Inferior
– Obturator Externus
– Quadratus femoris
44. Muscles of the Hip - deep
Piriformis
› O: sacrum (anterior surface)
› I: greater trochanter (medial surface)
› A: hip external rotation (with thigh extended), abduction and internal
rotation (with thigh flexed)
Obturator Externus
› O: outer surface of obturator foramen
› I: greater trochanter (medial surface)
› A: hip external rotation
Obturator Internus
› O: inner surface of obturator foramen
› I: greater trochanter (medial surface)
› A: hip external rotation
45. Muscles of the hip - deep
Gemellus Superior
› O: Ischial Spine
› I: greater trochanter (medial surface)
› A: Hip external rotation
Gemellus Inferior
› O: ischial tuberosity
› I: greater trochanter (medial surface)
› A: Hip external rotation
Quadratus Femoris
› O: lateral border of ischial tuberosity
› I: quadrate tubercle on intertrochanteric crest
› A: Hip external rotation
• Note: the preceding six muscles are referred to as the deep six lateral rotators of the
hip
46.
47. Muscles of the Leg
• Anterior Compartment
1. Tibialis Anterior
2. Extensor Hallucis Longus
3. Extensor Digitorum
48. Muscles of the Leg (Anterior)
Tibialis anterior (TA)
› O: lateral condyle and superior lateral surface of tibia
› I: medial and inferior surfaces of medial cuneiform & base of 1 st metatarsal
› A: Ankle dorsiflexion and ankle inversion
Extensor digitorum longus (EDL)
› O: lateral condyle of tibia, superior medial surface of fibula
› I: dorsal surfaces of bases of the middle and distal phalanges 2nd – 5th toes
› A: extension of the lateral 4 toes, dorsiflexion of ankle and eversion of foot
Extensor hallucis longus (EHL)
› O: anterior surface of fibula (middle part)
› I: dorsal base of distal phalanx of the 1st toe
› A: extension of 1st toe; ankle dorsiflexion
49.
50. Muscles of the Leg
• Lateral Compartment
1. Peroneous Longus
2. Peroneous Brevis
51. Muscles of the Leg (lateral)
Peroneus longus
› O: head of fibula and superior portion of lateral surface
of fibula
› I: base of 1st metatarsal & medial cuneiform
› A: Ankle eversion, weak ankle plantar flexor
Peroneus brevis
› O: distal portion of lateral surface of fibula
› I: tuberosity of 5th metatarsal
› A: Ankle eversion, weak ankle plantar flexor
52.
53. Muscles of the Leg
• Posterior Compartment
– Superficial
1.Gastrocnemius
2.Soleus
– Deep
1.Tibialis Posterior (TP)
2.Flexor Digitorum Longus (FDL)
3.Flexor Hallucis Longus (FHL)
54. Muscles of the Leg (posterior)
Gastrocnemius
› O: lateral head - lateral condyle of femur; medial head - medial condyle of
femur
› I: calcaneus via Achilles tendon (common calcaneal tendon)
› A: ankle plantar flexion, Knee flexion
Soleus
› O: posterior surface of head and superior 1/3 of fibula; soleal line and
medial border of tibia
› I: calcaneus via Achilles tendon (common calcaneal tendon)
› A: ankle plantar flexion
Popliteus
› O: lateral condyle of femur (lateral surface)
› I: posterior surface of tibia, superior to soleal line
› A: Assist knee flexion, unlock knee joint (medially rotate tibia on unplanted
limb, laterally rotating femur on fixed tibia)
56. Muscles of the leg (Posterior)
Tibialis posterior
› O: posterior surface of tibia inferior to soleal line, posterior surface of fibula
› I: navicular, 3 cuneiforms and cuboid and 2nd, 3rd, 4th metatarsals
› A: ankle plantar flexion and inversion, supports medial arch of foot
Flexor digitorum longus (FDL)
› O: medial, posterior surface of tibia inferior to soleal line
› I: Bases of distal phalanges of the 2nd to 5th toes
› A: 2nd-5th toe flexion; ankle plantar flexion and inversion, supports medial arch of
foot
Flexor hallucis longus (FHL)
› O: distal posterior surface of fibula
› I: plantar surface of the base of distal phalanx of the hallux
› A: great toe flexion; assist ankle plantar flexion and inversion, supports medial arch
of foot
59. Muscles of the trunk
Rectus Abdominis
› O: pubic crest and symphysis
› I: costal cartilages of rib 5 to 7
› A: bilaterally – forward flexion of the trunk; unilaterally –› lateral flexion of the trunk
to the same side
External Oblique
› O: rib 5 to 12
› I: broad abdominal aponeurosis to the linea alba, anterior iliac crest
› A: bilaterally – forward flexion of the trunk; unilaterally – lateral flexion of the trunk
to the same side and rotation of the trunk to the opposite side
Internal Oblique
› O: medial iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia
› I: rib 10 to 12
› A: bilaterally – forward flexion of the trunk; unilaterally – lateral flexion and rotation
of the trunk to the same side
60. Muscles of the trunk
Transversus Abdominis
› O: iliac crest; thoracolumbar fascia, rib 6 to 12
› I: broad abdominal aponeurosis to the linea alba
› A: compression of abdominal viscera; stabilization of the lumbo-pelvic region
Diaphragm
› O: inner surface of the body wall: sternal portion – back of the xiphoid process;
costal portion – inner surfaces of lower six ribs; lumbar portion – anterior bodies
of lumbar vertebrae
› I: central tendon
› A: draws the central tendon downward increasing thoracic cavity volume during
inhalation
Pelvic Floor
› refers to a group of muscles of the inferior pelvis
› made up of the puborectalis, pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus (collectively the levator
ani) and ischiococcygeus
› extends from the body of the pubis to the coccyx and between the ischial spines
› functions to stabilize the joints of the pelvis including the sacroiliac joint
61.
62.
63.
64. Muslces of the Spine
• Superficial
Erectus Spinae group
•
•
•
Semispinalis
Iliocoastalis
Lumborum
Quadratus Lumborum
• Deep
Multifidus
65. Erectus Spinae Group - Superfical
Semispinalis thoracis
› O: transverse process of T6 to T12
› I: spinous process of C6 to T4
› A: unilaterally – rotation of the spine to the opposite side; bilaterally – extension of
the spine
Semispinalis cervicis
› O: transverse process of T1 to T6
› I: spinous process of C2 to C5
› A: unilaterally – lateral flexion of the spine to the same side, rotation of the spine to
the opposite side; bilaterally – extension of the spine
Semispinalis capitis
› Origin: transverse process of C5 to T6
› Insertion: occipital bone
› Action: unilaterally – lateral flexion of the neck to the same side, rotation of the head
and neck to the opposite side; bilaterally – extension of the head and neck
66. Erectus Spinae Group - Superfical
Iliocostalis lumborum
› O: thoracolumbar fascia from the sacrum to spinous process of T11 to L5
› I: rib 6 to 12
› A: unilaterally – lateral flexion of the spine to the same side; bilaterally –
extension of the spine
Iliocostalis thoracis
› O: rib 6 to 12
› I: rib 1 to 6
› A: unilaterally – lateral flexion of the spine to the same side; bilaterally –
extension of the spine
Iliocostalis cervicis
› O: rib 3 to 6
› I: transverse process of C4 to C6
› A: unilaterally – lateral flexion of the spine to the same side; bilaterally –
extension of the spine
67. Erectus Spinae Group - Superfical
Longissimus thoracis
› O: thoracolumbar fascia on the lumbar spine
› I: transverse process of T1 to T12 and rib 6 to 12
› A: unilaterally – lateral flexion of the spine to the same side; bilaterally – extension
of the spine
Longissimus cervicis
› O: transverse process of T1 to T5
› I: transverse process of C2 to C6
› A: unilaterally – lateral flexion of the spine to the same side; bilaterally – extension
of the spine
Longissimus capitis
› O: transverse process of C4 to T5
› I: mastoid process
› A: unilaterally – lateral flexion and rotation of the head to the same side; bilaterally –
extension of the head and neck
68.
69. Muscles of the Spine – Superficial
Quadratus lumborum (QL)
› O: posterior iliac crest
› I: 12th rib and transverse process of L1 to L4
› A: unilaterally - Spine
lateral flexion,
bilaterally – aids
Spine extension
70. Muscles of the Spine - Deep
Multifidus
› O: sacrum, transverse process of L1 to T12 and
the articular process of C4 to C7
› I: spinous process of all vertebrae except C1
spanning 2 to 3 intervertebral spaces
› A: stabilization of the spine; unilaterally –
rotation of the spine to the opposite side.
lateral flexion of the spine to the same side;
bilaterally – extension of the spine