Carbon and oxygen are two of the most abundant elements on Earth. Carbon is found in all living things and is the basis of organic molecules. It cycles continuously between the atmosphere, living things, oceans, and geologic reservoirs. Oxygen is produced through photosynthesis and is essential for cellular respiration. It cycles between the atmosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere through natural processes. Disruptions to these elemental cycles can impact climate and ecosystems.

3. Properties of Carbon
• The atomic symbol is C
• The atomic number is 6
– The atomic number is the number of
protons in an atom.
• The atomic mass is 12.01g
– The mass number is the total protons and
neutrons in an atom‟s nucleus.
• The freezing point is 3500 C
• The boiling point is 4827 C

4. Electron Configuration Diagrams
• Carbon has 6 electrons, 6
neutrons, and 6 protons.
• The electron
configuration of carbon is
[He] 2s2 2p2
• The atomic radius is 77
pm or 0.91Å
• Its oxidation states are 4
and 2

5. Carbon Compounds
• Graphite (2 types of graphite)
• Alpha
• Beta
• Diamond
• Fullerines
• “White” Carbon
– It was discovered in 1969. It is a
transparent birefringent material.

6. Carbon dioxide Characteristics
• The chemical formula is CO2
• The molecule weight is 44
• The Triple point is -56°C 4.28 bar rel.
• The sublimation temperature (atm) is 78.9°C
• The critical temperature is 31°C
• The critical pressure is 73.96 bar rel.
• The sublimation heat at -78.9°C is 136,89 cal/kg
• The specific weight in the gaseous phase at 0°C
and at atm is 1.977 kg/m³

7. Molecular Structure of Carbon

8. Facts about Carbon
• In 1990, the cost of carbon 13 was
about $700 per gram
• It is abundant in the sun, stars, comets,
and the atmospheres of most planets.
• Diamonds are a form of carbon. It is
found in kimberlite of ancient volcanic
„pipes‟ found in South America.

9. The Carbon Cycle
 Carbon atoms continually move through living
organisms, the oceans, the atmosphere, and the
rocks that make up the earth system. This
movement is known as the carbon cycle.
 The paths taken by carbon atoms through this
cycle are extremely complex, and may take
years to millions of years to come full circle.
 In the cycle there are various sinks, or stores, of
carbon and fluxes, or processes, by which the
various sinks exchange carbon on various time
scales.

10. The Carbon Cycle
Evaporation Weathering
Carbon Carbon In Carbon In
In Ocean Water Atmosphere Rocks
Dissolution Tectonics
Decomposition
Photosynthesis Combustion
Respiration
Plants Soil Fossil
Phytoplankton Marine Sediment Lithification Fuels
“Biomass” Consumption “Organic Matter”
Boxes are carbon sinks Arrows are carbon fluxes

11. Why is Carbon so Important?
1. All life, from a whale to a redwood tree,
down to a lady bug, to an amoeba, down
to our cells, even to the components
inside our cells — all of it contains
carbon. Carbon is the “duct tape of life,”
It holds us together.
2. Carbon is the main source of food
3. Hydrocarbon Moleculeseat carbon molecules
energy. When you (coal oil, natural gas)
are the primary sources of energy in our
(plantssociety.
modern and animals), the digestive juices
4. Carbon Molecules (CO2 and the4) in the bonds
in your stomach break CH carbon
inside andare greenhouseenergy andthe form
atmosphere release the gasses in are
play a key role in climate change.
of calories.

12. What’s so Special About
Carbon?
 Carbon is one of the
most important elements
in the earth system.
 The carbon atom has
four valence electrons
e-
and has the ability to e-
form bonds with as many
as four other atoms e- C e-
including other carbon
atoms. e-
e-

14. Problem Description
• Have you ever seen a greenhouse?
Most greenhouses look like a small
glass house. Greenhouses are used to
grow plants, especially in the winter.
Greenhouses work by trapping heat
from the sun. The glass panels of the
greenhouse let in light but keep heat
from escaping. This causes the
greenhouse to heat up, much like the
inside of a car parked in sunlight, and
keeps the plants warm enough to live
in the winter.

15. • The Earth’s atmosphere is all around
us. It is the air that we breathe.
Greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere behave much like the
glass panes in a greenhouse.
Sunlight enters the Earth's
atmosphere, passing through the
blanket of greenhouse gases. As it
reaches the Earth's surface, land,
water, and biosphere absorb the
sunlight’s energy. Once absorbed,
this energy is sent back into the
atmosphere. Some of the energy
passes back into space, but much of
it remains trapped in the
atmosphere by the greenhouse
gases, causing our world to heat up.

16. The greehouse effect

17. Causes
• The main causes are:
• The big amount of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere.
• The release of greenhouse gases like CO2, s,etc.
• Accelerated usages of fosil fuels.
• Lack of education to save eletricity at home and
therefore less releases of greenhouse gases to
the atmosphere by energy plants.

18. Causes

19. Effects
• Temperature increase in the
whole planet.
• Climate change due to the
increase of heat in the earth.
• Increase in sea levels due to
the ice melting .
• Forestal burnings.

20. Effects

21. Possible Solutions
• Saving energy at home, turning off the lights
when they are not being used and trying to
use the microwave oven the less possible.
• Don’t use the car unless you are gonna go to a
place far from your house, not to go to the
corner.
• Don’t do littering, because an acumulation of
garbage produces methane, that is one of the
greenhouses gases.

22. Conclusions
• The conclusions according to me, is that we
have to start to think about our planet
because it’s the only place that we have to
live and if our planet is destroyed we wouldn’t
have a place where to go so we have to do the
preventive measures to help to stop this
problem.

23. Green House Gases:
An Introduction

24. Definition
 Earth gets energy from the Sun mostly from visible light
 Half of this energy is passed through Earth’s atmosphere
since the atmosphere is transparent to visible light
 Energy that reaches the Earth is absorbed by the surface
as heat
 Earth's surface radiates heat energy back out as infrared
waves
 Greenhouse gases, not transparent to infrared, trap and
absorb earth’s returning infrared radiations
 This delicate system prevents the wild swings in
temperature between day and night that planets with no
green house gases experience

25. The Problem is the Balance
 Too many green house gases and the
earth warms up
 Venus, with lots of CO2 , heats up to 872 F
 Too few green house gases and the earth
cools off, and day and night temperatures
swing more wildly

26. THE GREENHOUSE GASES
C nrb to soGr H u eGa es
o ti ui n f een o s s
 Water vapor • NF3
 Carbon Dioxide • Ozone
 Methane
CO er
Ft s
NO s
Ch • CFC-12
 Nitrous Oxidee
Oo
zn
Mh e
et an • CFC-11
C bn
ar o Wat r
e
do d
i xi e v o
ap r

27. Rise in Greenhouse Gases

28. Rise in Greenhouse Gases
 International Energy Commission estimates
Green House Gas emissions must rise by 45
percent by the year 2030 last 650,000 years 6.1
 Held steady at 180 to 300 ppm over the last
650,000 years
 By the end of the 21st century, CO2
concentrations will rise to 490 ppm to 1260 ppm
(75-350% above the pre-industrial
concentration)

29. Rises in
Greenhouse
Gases: 5000
Years

30. Increase in Some Green House Gases
Increase since
Preindustrial Current Level 1750
Gas Level
Carbon 280 ppm 384 ppm 104 ppm
Dioxide
Methane 700 ppm 1745 ppm 1045 ppm
Nitrous 270 ppb 314 ppb 44 ppb
Oxide
CFC12 -- -- 553 ppt 553 ppt

31. Where
They From 1990 to 2007, overall
In 2008, a white paper from the
U.S. green house gas
Chinese government admitted
Come emissions have rise by green
China’s contributions of14.7
From percent. the had exceeded
house gasesUnited States 10.2
those of the United States 10.1

33.  Oxygen is a chemical element with
symbol O and atomic number 8. Its name
derives from the Greek roots) ("acid",
literally "sharp", referring to the sour
taste and - ("producer", literally
"begetter"), because at the time of
naming, it was mistakenly thought that all
acids required oxygen in their
composition. Atstandard temperature and
pressure, two atoms of the
element bind to form dioxygen, a
colorless, odorless,
tasteless diatomic gas with the
formula O2.

36.  The oxygen cycle is the biogeochemical
cycle that describes the movement
of oxygen within its three main reservoirs:
the atmosphere(air), the total content of
biological matter within the biosphere (the
global sum of all ecosystems), and
the lithosphere (Earth's crust). Failures in
the oxygen cycle within
the hydrosphere (the combined mass of
water found on, under, and over the
surface of a planet) can result in the
development of hypoxic zones.

37. Oxygen Cycle
 Movement of oxygen between the
atmosphere and the biota
 21% of atmosphere
 Released by photosynthesis
 Consumed by respiration

40. Oxygen Cycle

41. Ozone
O3

42. The Ozone Layer
absorbs most of
UV light from
sun in
stratosphere.

43. How ozone is formed
UV or lightning
splits an oxygen
(O2) - these join
other O2 to form O3

45. Breaking apart CFCs
takes10-20 yrs for
CFC molecules to
reach stratosphere

47. Solar Radiation Types
1. UV-A – milding
irritating
2. UV-B – most harmful to
organisms
3. UV-C – deadly ; does
not reach Earth’s
surface

48. Dec 2007

49. Sept 2007

51. The Ozone Hole
ozone thinning
over
Antarctica

52. Breaking apart CFCs
1Cl atom can
destroy 100,000
ozone
molecules!

54. Ozone Eaters
1. CFCs
(Chlorofluorocarbons):
CClF3
coolants in refrig. &
a.c.

55. Sept 2006

56. Effects of Ozone Thinning
1. More UV light passes
through, damaging
DNA, causing
mutations, skin
cancer, cataracts.

57. Effects of Ozone Thinning
2. UV-B – kill some
species of plants
and microbes

58. Effects of Ozone Thinning
-Limiting factor for coral
communities
-Reduced productivity of
aquatic ecosystems