The document discusses the carbon cycle, detailing how carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. It explains the formation of coal from ancient vegetation, the production of petroleum from decomposed organisms, and the role of carbonates in water and shells. Additionally, it highlights the processes of photosynthesis and respiration that contribute to the cycling of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and notes the increase in atmospheric CO2 levels since the industrial revolution due to fossil fuel burning.

2.  The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical
cycle by which carbon is exchanged among
the biosphere, hydrosphere,
and atmosphere of the Earth.
 Carbon, like water, is cycled repeatedly
through different forms by the various
physical and biological activities

3. Some
Terminology
and
Definitions- I
-Raechel Rose

4. CO2 in the atmosphere
Organic Compounds (Plants)
CoalOrganic
Compounds
in Plants

5. Organic compounds are the complex compounds of carbon.
Because carbon atoms bond to one another easily, the basis
of most organic compounds is comprised of carbon chains
that vary in length and shape. Hydrogen, nitrogen, and
oxygen atoms are the most common atoms that are
generally attached to the carbon atoms.

6. Coal was formed from the remains of vegetation
that grew as long as 400 million years ago. It is
often referred to as "buried sunshine," because
the plants which formed coal captured energy
from the sun through photosynthesis to create
the compounds that make up plant tissues. The
most important element in the plant material is
carbon, which gives coal most of its energy.

7. CO2 in the atmosphere
Carbonates in Water
Limestone

8. Carbonates in Water
In geology and mineralogy, the term "carbonate" can
refer both to carbonate minerals and carbonate rock.
Carbonate minerals are extremely varied and
ubiquitous in chemically precipitated sedimentary rock.
The most common are calcite or calcium carbonate,
CaCO3, the chief constituent of limestone . Carbonates
are widely used in industry, e.g. in iron smelting, as a
raw material for Portland cement and lime
manufacture, in the composition of ceramic glazes,
and more.

9. Lime Stone:
Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed largely
of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are
different crystal forms of calcium
carbonate(CaCO3). Most carbon grains in limestone
are skeletal fragments of marine organisms such
as coral or foraminifera.

10. Some
Terminology
and
Definitions- II
-Bhakti Kalkani

11. `
Organic compounds in plants.
Organic Compounds (Animals)
Inorganic
Carbonates (Shells)
Petroleum.

12. Organic Compounds (Animals)
Organic Compounds are complex forms of carbon.
Hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen atoms are the most
common atoms that are generally attached to the carbon
atoms. First, plants receive them through photosynthesis
and convert them into carbohydrates. Animals in turn get
them through the consumption of these plants.

13. Petroleum.
Petroleum is made primarily of mixtures of hydrocarbons, compounds of
carbon, and hydrogen. When tiny organisms die, they sink to the bottom of
the sea and are mixed with mud and silt. Over time, hundreds of feet of
mud containing the organisms accumulate. Bacteria removes most of the
oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur, leaving mainly hydrogen and
carbon. Lack of oxygen keeps the animals and plants from decaying
completely. The partially decomposed organisms create a slimy mass,
which is then covered with layers of sediments. Over millions of years,
many layers of sediment pile on top of the once-living organisms. The
weight of the sediment compresses the mud into a fraction of its original
thickness. When the depth of burial reaches about 10,000 feet, heat, time
and pressure turn the organisms into different types of petroleum.

14. Inorganic Carbonates (Shells):
Shells are made up of a mineral called calcium
carbonate. Seashells are the exoskeletons of mollusks
such as snails, clams, oysters and many others. So when
these organisms decompose, their exoskeleton over time,
form shells. Exoskeletons contain chitin and calcium
carbonate, which gives it its strength and hardness.

17.  The carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is
consumed by the plants during the process of
photosynthesis.
 At the same time, carbon dioxide dissolves in
water to form carbonates.

18.  After the plants die, they decay over a long
period of time, to form coal.
 The carbonates in water in turn form
limestone.

19.  Animal indirectly consume carbon dioxide
through the plants they consume or through
the herbivorous animals they eat.
 This takes place on land as well as in water.

20.  Through respiration, animals give out carbon-
dioxide which goes back to the atmosphere.
 When the animals die, their dead and decayed
bodies get compressed under high pressure
and we get crude oil, from which petroleum is
obtained. Plants also contribute to this
process. Under the sea, shells are made.
During both these processes carbon dioxide is
released which goes back to the atmosphere.

21. Jemima Mathen

22. • Elemental form of carbon-
&

23. • Combined State is carbon dioxide
in the atmosphere.

24. • Life forms are based on carbon
containing molecules like-

29. Endoskeleton

30. • An endoskeleton is an internal support
structure of an animal, composed
of mineralized tissue. Endoskeleton develops
within the skin or in the deeper body tissues.
The vertebrate is basically an endoskeleton
made up of two types of tissues (bone and
cartilage).

31. • The endoskeletons and exoskeletons of
various animals are also formed from
carbonate salts.
• Carbon is incorporated into life-forms through
the basic process of photosynthesis which is
performed in the presence of Sunlight by all
life-forms that contain chlorophyll.

32. • This process converts carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere or dissolved in water into glucose
molecules.
• These glucose molecules are either converted
into other substances or used to provide
energy for the synthesis of other biologically
important molecules

33. -Garima Gulati

34.  The utilization of glucose to provide
energy to living things involves the
process of respiration in which oxygen
may or may not be used to convert
glucose back into carbon dioxide. This
carbon dioxide

35. o Another process that adds to the carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere is the process of
combustion where fuels are burnt to
provide energy for various needs like
heating, cooking, transportation & industrial
process.
o In fact, the percentage of carbon dioxide
in the atmosphere is said to have doubled
since the industrial revolution when human
beings started burning fossil fuels on very
large scale.