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A. ABDUL SHUMZ, Kendriya Vidyalaya Kanjikode, profile picture
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Nazism and the Rise of Hitler, History class 9, CBSE

Hitler rose to power in Germany through his skills as an orator and by staging elaborate rallies. He gained support from industrialists who wanted a strong Germany and saw Hitler as protecting against communism. While other parties struggled to form a united opposition, Hitler was appointed chancellor in 1933. He then consolidated power by suppressing opposition through violence, blaming the Reichstag fire on communists to pass emergency decrees, and gaining a majority in elections. The Enabling Act allowed Hitler to rule by decree, eliminating democracy. Further consolidating power, Hitler carried out the Night of Long Knives to eliminate rivals within his own party. He established totalitarian control over society through the education system, youth groups, propaganda, and censorship. Jews and

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Nazism and the rise of Hitler
The Rise of Hitler  Hitler was a brilliant orator who was very effective at public speaking  Public meetings were carefully staged managed with floodlights, military music and marches by nazi supporters  To rouse the people into supporting Hitler without the faintest idea of what they were agreeing to
The Rise of Hitler  Hitler managed to get the support of some wealthy industrialists  Thought that a Nazi Germany would be strong and thus good for the economy  Worried also about the growing support for communism  Thought that Hitler would be the best defence against communism
The Rise of Hitler  Eventually Hitler came to power  Other parties could not resolve their differences to unite against him  The President, Hindenburg, had no choice but to appoint Hitler as Chancellor in Jan 1933  Beginning of the end for Weimar Germany and the start of the “Third Reich” (the third German empire)
The Rise of Hitler  The First Reich refers to the rule of the Holy Roman Empires (800-1806)  The Second Reich refers to the rule of the German Emperors (1871 – 1918)  The Third Reich refers to the rule of Adolf Hitler (1933 – 1945)
You will learn…….. • How Hitler established political control (power) • How Hitler established social control • How Hitler established economic control
POLITICAL CONTROL  A “thousand year Reich”  But Hitler’s Third Reich only lasted 12 years  Ended with Germany’s defeat and Hitler’s suicide amidst the ruins of Berlin  This lesson looks at what happened inside Germany in the years before WWII broke out
Why Hitler was supported?  Hitler : Chancellor in Jan 1933  Supported by President, German army and many politicians  Hoped for a strong govt and a solution to Germany’s economic problems  Then they will get rid of Hitler
How Hitler consolidated his power?  Hitler, however, was determined to stay  Went about making sure he had complete power  How?
1. Use of Violence  Stopped newspapers from criticizing the Nazis  Dismissed officials who opposed him  Use his unformed followers to break up meetings of other parties and beat up his opponents (SA & SS)  Extreme Nazi violence throughout the election campaign, especially against the communists
2. The Reichstag Fire  A week before the elections, the Reichstag building in Berlin went up in flames  Hitler blamed the fire on the communists  Used this as an excuse to issue an emergency law
The Reichstag Fire  This law removed freedoms promised by the Weimar Republic  Right to a fair trial  Free press  The fire was almost certainly started by the Nazis though the Germans did not know this then
3. Election Campaign  Called for new elections for the Reichstag (parliament)  Although the Nazi Party was the single largest party in the Reichstag, Hitler wanted an overall majority
Results of the Election Campaign  Results of election  Nazis obtained 43%  With the help of the Nationalist party, managed to scrap through an overall majority of 51%
4. The Enabling Act, 1933  Hitler now schemed to have the Reichstag give up its powers and rule as a dictator  To do this, the Reichstag had to pass an “Enabling Act” which required 2/3 majority  Hitler achieved this.  How do you think he did it?
The Enabling Act, 1933 3 WAYS 1. Banned communist deputies from coming to the Reichstag so they could not use their votes – Reichstag Fire 2. Persuaded the Centre Party to vote for the Act by giving vague promises 3. Using the votes of his allies, the Nationalist Party
Effects of Enabling Act  Because of the Enabling Act, democracy died in Germany  Other political parties were banned  Trade Unions taken over by the Nazis  Press, radio and cinema placed under total Nazi control
The End of Democracy in Germany  Opponents arrested, imprisoned or killed  Concentration camps and forced labour camps  SS and Gestapo struck terror into many Nazi opponents  Many fled the country eg Albert Einstein and the writer Thomas Mann
5. The Night of the Long Knives 1934 • Hitler wanted to have complete power within his own party • Ernst Rohm, leader of the SA, was disappointed – Not given a more important role in the new government – Started to create trouble for Hitler • Hitler decide to get rid of him and many of his followers • How would you do that if you were Hitler?
The Night of the Long Knives 1934 • Hitler called the leaders of the SA to a special conference • During the night, he had them dragged out of bed and shot • On the same night, many other opponents all over Germany suffered the same fate • No public protests – demonstrated Hitler’s power and the people’s fear • This became known as the Night of the Long Knives
6. Establishing post of Fuhrer • 2 months later, President Hindenberg died • Hitler combined the jobs of Chancellor and President – Fuhrer (Leader) • He also became commander in chief of the armed forces • He was now the supreme dictator of Germany
1. Education  Aim of education – train young people up to be Nazis and loyal citizens of Nazi Germany  Education was carefully controlled  There was Race Studies as well as German History and Geography  Strict curriculum’ indoctrinated with Nazi ideas
2. Youth Movements Hitler Youth Movements:  Girls and boys (14-18 yrs) encouraged to join this organisation  Divided into different sections according to age  Those who did not join found it difficult to get in the University or to find jobs after leaving school  Military styled training / motherhood – women to stay at home and produce babies
3. Propaganda  Controlled by Ministry of People’s Enlightenment and Propaganda  Helped Germans agree with Nazi Germany  E.g. posters – images of Hitler throughout Germany  E.g. Radio to broadcast Hitler’s ideas, books, music, etc.
4. Censorship  Banned undesired books  Burnt books  Newspapers tightly controlled  News slanted in favour of the Nazis
5. Strict control of people  Nazi Party – many ways of controlling the lives and influencing the thoughts of the German people  People were watched everywhere – at work, at school, even at home!  A PARTY REPRESENTATIVE in every street  Gestapo or Secret Police  SS – security forces as well as control of the police force
Strict control of the people  Declared Nazis the Aryan race – against undesirable – Jews, homosexuals, disabled people, etc.  Nazi controlled National Reich Church – celebrated Aryanism
The Jews  Nazis had always attacked the Jews  Jews were blamed for all of Germany’s problems  Once in power, the Nazis began a campaign of anti- semitic persecution
The Jews  Jews were arrested and beaten up  Many forced out of their jobs  Jewish shops had slogans painted over their windows  People were discouraged from buying their goods  Many left Germany but most stayed  They had nowhere else to go
The Jews  Between 1933 and 1938, laws discriminating against Jews were passed  Jews were not allowed in the civil service and the judiciary  Jews were not considered German citizens  Jews could not take part in economic activity  Jews had to carry identity cards and passports which identified them as Jews
The Jews  1935 – Nuremberg Laws  forbade Jews to marry non-Jews  Persecution turned violent in 1938  Mass murder of Jews – what the Nazis called “The Final Solution” to the “Jewish problem” did not take place until after the outbreak of WWII
The Economy  Hitler needed a strong economy to sustain his large army  He knew his Nazi Party would win more support if he could revive the economy and reduce unemployment
The Economy  Introduced road-building as one measure to solve Germany’s economic problems  Provided jobs for large numbers of people  Had the income to buy more goods which provided work for others  Other measures : reclaim waste land and pull down slums in the cities  In this way, Hitler was able to reduce the number of unemployed
Bridge over Rhine River near Köln- Rodenkirchen (A4) (photo taken in 1995)
The Economy  Rearmament started in 1934 - Greater demand for armaments – jobs for people in the arms factories  A large party bureaucracy was set up, providing thousands of jobs  Purges of Jews and anti-Nazis from the civil service created more jobs for the other Germans
The Economy  Growth in German army also provided jobs  Conscription reintroduced in 1935  6 million unemployed in 1933 reduced to 2.5 million in 1935 to 250,000 in 1939  Made Hitler immensely popular with many Germans
Conclusion  Having fulfilled his promise of economic recovery, and knowing he had the German people’s support, Hitler was now ready for his next plan of action  To extend Germany’s border and prove to the world Germany’s superiority
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