This document provides an overview of communication systems topics including characteristics, examples, transmitting and receiving processes, and issues. It discusses key aspects like protocols, handshaking, networks, topologies, and hardware. Specific communication examples like email, voice mail, and the internet are outlined. Transmission methods such as serial, parallel, analog and digital are defined. The document also examines information processes like collecting, processing and displaying data. Finally, it covers issues relating to communication systems regarding messaging, internet usage, and telecommuting.
1 . introduction to communication systemabhijitjnec
This document provides an introduction to communication systems. It discusses the basic components and elements of a communication system including the input, transmitter, channel, receiver and output. It also covers various modulation techniques used to transmit signals over different types of channels. Finally, it discusses different types of signal propagation including ground waves, sky waves and space waves and how radio frequency spectrum is allocated internationally.
This document discusses the history and principles of communications systems. It covers the stages of communications development from early electrical engineering foundations to modern integrated digital networks. Key topics include automated telephone switching, radio transmission, data transfer rates using parallel and serial communications, Boolean logic operations, bit shifting and masking, and matrix operations for multiple data formats in telecommunications.
A presentation on wired and wireless technologies, it was little hard for me to find out what was necessary for my from slideshare to get , so i made one my own
This document provides an overview of key concepts in communications systems, including:
1) It describes the basic components of a communications system including the input/output transducers, transmitter, channel, and receiver.
2) It discusses different types of signals that can be transmitted through a channel including analog modulation techniques like AM, FM and PM as well as digital modulation.
3) It provides an overview of electromagnetic waves and the electromagnetic spectrum used for wireless communication.
This document provides an overview of basic telecommunication concepts. It defines telecommunication as the transmission of information that allows communication over distance. Examples of telecommunication systems include telephone, satellite, mobile cellular, radar/sonar, and microwave radio. The key components of a telecommunication system are a transmitter that converts a message into a signal, a transmission medium that carries the signal, and a receiver that converts the signal back into usable information.
Lecture 1 introduction to communication systemsavocado1111
This document provides an introduction to communication systems. It defines communication as the exchange of information from a source to a destination. An electronic communication system is defined as the whole mechanism of sending, receiving, and processing information electronically from source to destination. The main objectives of a communication system are to produce an accurate replica of the transmitted information and to transfer information between two or more points with minimum error. The basic elements of a communication system are an information source, transmitter, channel, receiver, and destination. Modulation is the process of modifying a carrier wave systematically by a modulating signal to make it suitable for transmission through a channel. There are two main types of modulation: analog modulation and digital modulation.
1. Digital modulation techniques are used to modulate digital information so that it can be transmitted via different mediums. Common digital modulation methods include binary amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), and phase shift keying (PSK).
2. FSK conveys information by changing the instantaneous frequency of a carrier wave. It is less susceptible to errors than ASK but has a larger spectrum bandwidth. PSK varies the phase of the transmitted signal. BPSK uses two phases while QPSK uses four phases.
3. The performance of digital modulation techniques can be compared using the energy per bit to noise power spectral density ratio (Eb/N0). Lower Eb/N0 values
Wireless LANs (WLANs) allow computers to connect to a local network using radio transmissions rather than wires. They use technologies like Wi-Fi that transmit data over the 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz radio bands. WLANs provide mobility within a limited range and can be used to avoid installing network cables. However, they have less range than wired networks and can experience interference from other devices.
1 . introduction to communication systemabhijitjnec
This document provides an introduction to communication systems. It discusses the basic components and elements of a communication system including the input, transmitter, channel, receiver and output. It also covers various modulation techniques used to transmit signals over different types of channels. Finally, it discusses different types of signal propagation including ground waves, sky waves and space waves and how radio frequency spectrum is allocated internationally.
This document discusses the history and principles of communications systems. It covers the stages of communications development from early electrical engineering foundations to modern integrated digital networks. Key topics include automated telephone switching, radio transmission, data transfer rates using parallel and serial communications, Boolean logic operations, bit shifting and masking, and matrix operations for multiple data formats in telecommunications.
A presentation on wired and wireless technologies, it was little hard for me to find out what was necessary for my from slideshare to get , so i made one my own
This document provides an overview of key concepts in communications systems, including:
1) It describes the basic components of a communications system including the input/output transducers, transmitter, channel, and receiver.
2) It discusses different types of signals that can be transmitted through a channel including analog modulation techniques like AM, FM and PM as well as digital modulation.
3) It provides an overview of electromagnetic waves and the electromagnetic spectrum used for wireless communication.
This document provides an overview of basic telecommunication concepts. It defines telecommunication as the transmission of information that allows communication over distance. Examples of telecommunication systems include telephone, satellite, mobile cellular, radar/sonar, and microwave radio. The key components of a telecommunication system are a transmitter that converts a message into a signal, a transmission medium that carries the signal, and a receiver that converts the signal back into usable information.
Lecture 1 introduction to communication systemsavocado1111
This document provides an introduction to communication systems. It defines communication as the exchange of information from a source to a destination. An electronic communication system is defined as the whole mechanism of sending, receiving, and processing information electronically from source to destination. The main objectives of a communication system are to produce an accurate replica of the transmitted information and to transfer information between two or more points with minimum error. The basic elements of a communication system are an information source, transmitter, channel, receiver, and destination. Modulation is the process of modifying a carrier wave systematically by a modulating signal to make it suitable for transmission through a channel. There are two main types of modulation: analog modulation and digital modulation.
1. Digital modulation techniques are used to modulate digital information so that it can be transmitted via different mediums. Common digital modulation methods include binary amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), and phase shift keying (PSK).
2. FSK conveys information by changing the instantaneous frequency of a carrier wave. It is less susceptible to errors than ASK but has a larger spectrum bandwidth. PSK varies the phase of the transmitted signal. BPSK uses two phases while QPSK uses four phases.
3. The performance of digital modulation techniques can be compared using the energy per bit to noise power spectral density ratio (Eb/N0). Lower Eb/N0 values
Wireless LANs (WLANs) allow computers to connect to a local network using radio transmissions rather than wires. They use technologies like Wi-Fi that transmit data over the 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz radio bands. WLANs provide mobility within a limited range and can be used to avoid installing network cables. However, they have less range than wired networks and can experience interference from other devices.
This document provides an overview of digital communications and data transmission. It discusses key concepts such as analog to digital conversion (A/D), source coding, channel encoding, and modulation techniques.
The document begins with defining communication as the reliable transfer of data such as voice, video or codes from one point to another. It then outlines the basic components of a communication system including the information source, transmitter, channel, receiver and information sink.
It further explains the processes of analog to digital conversion including sampling, quantization and coding. It discusses how source coding aims to represent transmitted data more efficiently by removing redundant information. Finally, it provides an introduction to channel encoding which aims to control noise and detect/correct errors, as
The document provides an overview of the public switched telephone network (PSTN). It discusses that the PSTN is the interconnected telephone system that uses copper wires to make circuit-switched calls. It then covers the evolution of the PSTN from its invention in 1876 to present digital switches, the use of bandwidth allocation and numbering schemes, and call setup which involves signaling and switching systems to route calls.
Signals travels from the transmitter (object) to the receiver (your eye) along this straight line. This type of travel is called line of sight propagation.
Radio waves with frequencies greater than about 2MHz have line of sight propagation characteristic.
If the earth were flat, everything would be fine with this type of propagation.
This file consists of the following things related to line of sight propagation
INTRODUCTION
LINE OF SIGHT PROPAGATION
NON LINE OF SIGHT PROPAGATION
DISTANCE B/W TWO ANTENNA
RELATIONSHIP B/W HEIGHT OF ANTENNA AND RADIUS OF EARTH
LOS WIRELESS TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENTS
APPLICATION OF LINE OF SIGHT PROPAGATION
LIMITATION OF LINE OF SIGHT PROPAGATION
REFERENCES
Wireless communication allows for freedom from wires and instantaneous communication without physical connections. It provides global coverage for communication that can reach areas where wiring is infeasible or costly. Wireless communication transmits voice and data using radio waves without wires. It uses different frequency channels that can transmit information independently and in parallel. While wireless communication provides mobility and flexibility, it also faces security and physical obstruction issues compared to wired communication.
Human: Thank you for the summary. It effectively captured the key points about wireless communication in just 3 sentences as requested.
Telecommunication involves the transmission of information using technology. It has basic elements including a transmitter, transmission medium, and receiver. Telecommunication occurs through various channels and technologies like telephone networks, cellular networks, and the internet. Common concepts include modulation, multiplexing, circuit switching, and packet switching. Modern cellular technologies progression includes 2G, 3G, LTE, and VoLTE networks that provide improved data speeds and services. ADSL uses frequencies on copper telephone lines to provide faster internet speeds than traditional modems.
Communication channels can be either guided (wired) or unguided (wireless) and are used to transmit data between a transmitter and receiver. Guided channels include twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, and optical fibers which have different bandwidth and transmission properties. Unguided channels include terrestrial microwave, satellite, and broadcast radio which propagate signals through the air. The type of channel used depends on factors like bandwidth needs, data rate, distance, and number of receivers.
An antenna converts radio frequency electric current into electromagnetic waves that are radiated into space. The same antenna can transmit and receive signals. Key antenna concepts include reciprocity, radiation patterns, gain, and polarization. Antenna gain compares its power output to an isotropic antenna. Common antennas include dipole, parabolic reflective, and types are optimized for propagation modes like ground wave, sky wave, and line-of-sight. Signal strength is reduced by factors like free space loss, noise, multipath, and fading over the transmission path.
The document discusses various radio propagation models used for modeling wireless channels. It describes that propagation models are important for determining coverage areas and improving channel quality. It divides models into outdoor and indoor applications. For outdoor models, it provides details of the Okumura and Hata models, including path loss calculations. It explains the Okumura model is based on measurements and widely used. The Hata model represents Okumura data graphically. For indoor models, it discusses factors like building materials and layouts that influence propagation. Models for partition losses, log-distance path loss, and attenuation factors are covered.
1. Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies between 500 MHz and 300 GHz, and wavelengths between 1 cm and 60 cm. They are used for applications like communications, radar, and heating.
2. There are several parameters used to analyze microwave systems including free space path loss, antenna gain, fade margin, and system reliability. Factors like frequency, path length, antenna size, and terrain affect these parameters.
3. Microwave systems have advantages like not requiring rights-of-way between stations and ability to carry large quantities of information due to short wavelengths. Challenges include difficulty in circuit design and implementation at microwave frequencies.
Telecommunication involves the transmission of information over distances using communication systems. A communication system has three main parts: a transmitter that processes the input signal, a transmission channel as the medium, and a receiver that operates on the output signal. Messages can be analog, varying continuously over time like voice, or digital, consisting of discrete symbols. Transducers convert between message forms. Communication channels can be simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex depending on transmission direction. Undesirable effects like noise, distortion, interference and attenuation affect signal quality during transmission. Modulation encodes information onto carrier waves to transmit signals over long distances.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)Gagan Randhawa
The document discusses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), including its principles, advantages, disadvantages and applications. OFDM divides the available spectrum into multiple orthogonal subcarriers, each modulated with a low data rate stream. This makes OFDM robust to multipath fading and intersymbol interference. While OFDM provides high data rates and spectral efficiency, it suffers from issues like high peak-to-average power ratio and sensitivity to frequency errors. OFDM is used in technologies like WiFi, WiMAX and digital audio/video broadcasting.
1. Wireless communication has existed for millennia using smoke signals, light signals, and flags but long-distance wireless communication was not possible until the 19th century.
2. In the late 19th century, scientific discoveries by Maxwell, Hertz, Tesla, and Marconi laid the foundation for modern radio-based wireless communication using electromagnetic waves.
3. The 20th century saw rapid advances including the first radio broadcasts, development of cell phone networks beginning in the late 1940s-1950s, and the introduction of digital cellular standards like GSM in the 1980s-1990s that enabled international roaming.
Concept of Diversity & Fading (wireless communication)Omkar Rane
This document discusses concepts related to fading and diversity in wireless communication systems. It introduces fading as signal variations caused by multipath interference from multiple signal propagation paths. It describes two types of fading: large-scale fading due to path loss and shadowing, and small-scale fading which includes fast fading due to mobility and slow fading due to shadowing. It also discusses different diversity techniques that can be used to combat fading, including space, polarization, frequency and time diversity.
The document discusses different types of noise that affect communication systems, including thermal noise, shot noise, flicker noise, excess resistor noise, and popcorn noise. It provides details on thermal noise generation and its relation to temperature and resistance. The analysis section examines thermal noise in resistors in series and parallel and defines signal-to-noise ratio and noise factor. Additive white Gaussian noise is described as noise that is additive, has a constant spectral density (white), and has a Gaussian amplitude distribution.
This document provides an overview of microwave engineering and describes key concepts such as transmission lines, scattering parameters, couplers, and filters. The objectives are to provide the basic theory of microwaves and examine applications in modern communication systems. Microwave engineering involves the design of systems like radar, satellite communications, and wireless networks that operate in the microwave frequency range from 300 MHz to 300 GHz.
The document discusses amplitude modulation (AM), which is the simplest and earliest form of modulation. AM involves varying the amplitude of a carrier signal based on the instantaneous amplitude of an information signal. It describes the basic principles of AM, including modulation index and different types of AM such as double sideband suppressed carrier AM and single sideband AM. Advantages of AM include its simplicity of implementation, while disadvantages include inefficiency in power and bandwidth usage and susceptibility to noise.
Introduction for telecommunication technology basic terms and concepts.
Referring the wikipedia, Slideshare and lecture note of Fudan university.
I got a reference documents from Google.
Here is a note explaining the ISO reference model for Open System Interconnection with diagrams:
The ISO reference model for Open System Interconnection (OSI model) is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the communication functions of a telecommunication or computing system without regard to their underlying internal structure and technology. It defines a framework for implementing protocols in seven layers, from the physical layer dealing with transmission systems up to the application layer, dealing directly with end-user processes.
The seven layers of the OSI model are:
1. Physical layer - Defines the physical and electrical specifications for devices. It is concerned with the transmission and reception of unstructured raw bit streams over a communication channel.
2. Data link layer -
This document provides an overview of topics related to communication systems, including: characteristics of communication systems such as protocols, handshaking, and transmission speed; examples of communication systems like email and smartphones; transmitting and receiving processes involving serial and parallel transmission, synchronous and asynchronous communication, and common protocols like Ethernet and TCP/IP; and issues related to communication systems. The document is divided into sections covering these topics and includes additional information on concepts like encapsulation, error checking, and network hardware.
This document provides an overview of topics related to communication systems, including characteristics, examples, transmitting/receiving processes, and issues. The topics are divided into sections that describe key aspects like the 5 basic components of any communication system (data source, transmitter, transmission medium, receiver, destination). Examples of communication systems include email, voice mail, and the internet. The document also discusses transmitting methods like serial/parallel, synchronous/asynchronous, and transmission direction. Protocols like Ethernet, TCP/IP, and handshaking are covered as well.
This document provides an overview of digital communications and data transmission. It discusses key concepts such as analog to digital conversion (A/D), source coding, channel encoding, and modulation techniques.
The document begins with defining communication as the reliable transfer of data such as voice, video or codes from one point to another. It then outlines the basic components of a communication system including the information source, transmitter, channel, receiver and information sink.
It further explains the processes of analog to digital conversion including sampling, quantization and coding. It discusses how source coding aims to represent transmitted data more efficiently by removing redundant information. Finally, it provides an introduction to channel encoding which aims to control noise and detect/correct errors, as
The document provides an overview of the public switched telephone network (PSTN). It discusses that the PSTN is the interconnected telephone system that uses copper wires to make circuit-switched calls. It then covers the evolution of the PSTN from its invention in 1876 to present digital switches, the use of bandwidth allocation and numbering schemes, and call setup which involves signaling and switching systems to route calls.
Signals travels from the transmitter (object) to the receiver (your eye) along this straight line. This type of travel is called line of sight propagation.
Radio waves with frequencies greater than about 2MHz have line of sight propagation characteristic.
If the earth were flat, everything would be fine with this type of propagation.
This file consists of the following things related to line of sight propagation
INTRODUCTION
LINE OF SIGHT PROPAGATION
NON LINE OF SIGHT PROPAGATION
DISTANCE B/W TWO ANTENNA
RELATIONSHIP B/W HEIGHT OF ANTENNA AND RADIUS OF EARTH
LOS WIRELESS TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENTS
APPLICATION OF LINE OF SIGHT PROPAGATION
LIMITATION OF LINE OF SIGHT PROPAGATION
REFERENCES
Wireless communication allows for freedom from wires and instantaneous communication without physical connections. It provides global coverage for communication that can reach areas where wiring is infeasible or costly. Wireless communication transmits voice and data using radio waves without wires. It uses different frequency channels that can transmit information independently and in parallel. While wireless communication provides mobility and flexibility, it also faces security and physical obstruction issues compared to wired communication.
Human: Thank you for the summary. It effectively captured the key points about wireless communication in just 3 sentences as requested.
Telecommunication involves the transmission of information using technology. It has basic elements including a transmitter, transmission medium, and receiver. Telecommunication occurs through various channels and technologies like telephone networks, cellular networks, and the internet. Common concepts include modulation, multiplexing, circuit switching, and packet switching. Modern cellular technologies progression includes 2G, 3G, LTE, and VoLTE networks that provide improved data speeds and services. ADSL uses frequencies on copper telephone lines to provide faster internet speeds than traditional modems.
Communication channels can be either guided (wired) or unguided (wireless) and are used to transmit data between a transmitter and receiver. Guided channels include twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, and optical fibers which have different bandwidth and transmission properties. Unguided channels include terrestrial microwave, satellite, and broadcast radio which propagate signals through the air. The type of channel used depends on factors like bandwidth needs, data rate, distance, and number of receivers.
An antenna converts radio frequency electric current into electromagnetic waves that are radiated into space. The same antenna can transmit and receive signals. Key antenna concepts include reciprocity, radiation patterns, gain, and polarization. Antenna gain compares its power output to an isotropic antenna. Common antennas include dipole, parabolic reflective, and types are optimized for propagation modes like ground wave, sky wave, and line-of-sight. Signal strength is reduced by factors like free space loss, noise, multipath, and fading over the transmission path.
The document discusses various radio propagation models used for modeling wireless channels. It describes that propagation models are important for determining coverage areas and improving channel quality. It divides models into outdoor and indoor applications. For outdoor models, it provides details of the Okumura and Hata models, including path loss calculations. It explains the Okumura model is based on measurements and widely used. The Hata model represents Okumura data graphically. For indoor models, it discusses factors like building materials and layouts that influence propagation. Models for partition losses, log-distance path loss, and attenuation factors are covered.
1. Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies between 500 MHz and 300 GHz, and wavelengths between 1 cm and 60 cm. They are used for applications like communications, radar, and heating.
2. There are several parameters used to analyze microwave systems including free space path loss, antenna gain, fade margin, and system reliability. Factors like frequency, path length, antenna size, and terrain affect these parameters.
3. Microwave systems have advantages like not requiring rights-of-way between stations and ability to carry large quantities of information due to short wavelengths. Challenges include difficulty in circuit design and implementation at microwave frequencies.
Telecommunication involves the transmission of information over distances using communication systems. A communication system has three main parts: a transmitter that processes the input signal, a transmission channel as the medium, and a receiver that operates on the output signal. Messages can be analog, varying continuously over time like voice, or digital, consisting of discrete symbols. Transducers convert between message forms. Communication channels can be simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex depending on transmission direction. Undesirable effects like noise, distortion, interference and attenuation affect signal quality during transmission. Modulation encodes information onto carrier waves to transmit signals over long distances.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)Gagan Randhawa
The document discusses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), including its principles, advantages, disadvantages and applications. OFDM divides the available spectrum into multiple orthogonal subcarriers, each modulated with a low data rate stream. This makes OFDM robust to multipath fading and intersymbol interference. While OFDM provides high data rates and spectral efficiency, it suffers from issues like high peak-to-average power ratio and sensitivity to frequency errors. OFDM is used in technologies like WiFi, WiMAX and digital audio/video broadcasting.
1. Wireless communication has existed for millennia using smoke signals, light signals, and flags but long-distance wireless communication was not possible until the 19th century.
2. In the late 19th century, scientific discoveries by Maxwell, Hertz, Tesla, and Marconi laid the foundation for modern radio-based wireless communication using electromagnetic waves.
3. The 20th century saw rapid advances including the first radio broadcasts, development of cell phone networks beginning in the late 1940s-1950s, and the introduction of digital cellular standards like GSM in the 1980s-1990s that enabled international roaming.
Concept of Diversity & Fading (wireless communication)Omkar Rane
This document discusses concepts related to fading and diversity in wireless communication systems. It introduces fading as signal variations caused by multipath interference from multiple signal propagation paths. It describes two types of fading: large-scale fading due to path loss and shadowing, and small-scale fading which includes fast fading due to mobility and slow fading due to shadowing. It also discusses different diversity techniques that can be used to combat fading, including space, polarization, frequency and time diversity.
The document discusses different types of noise that affect communication systems, including thermal noise, shot noise, flicker noise, excess resistor noise, and popcorn noise. It provides details on thermal noise generation and its relation to temperature and resistance. The analysis section examines thermal noise in resistors in series and parallel and defines signal-to-noise ratio and noise factor. Additive white Gaussian noise is described as noise that is additive, has a constant spectral density (white), and has a Gaussian amplitude distribution.
This document provides an overview of microwave engineering and describes key concepts such as transmission lines, scattering parameters, couplers, and filters. The objectives are to provide the basic theory of microwaves and examine applications in modern communication systems. Microwave engineering involves the design of systems like radar, satellite communications, and wireless networks that operate in the microwave frequency range from 300 MHz to 300 GHz.
The document discusses amplitude modulation (AM), which is the simplest and earliest form of modulation. AM involves varying the amplitude of a carrier signal based on the instantaneous amplitude of an information signal. It describes the basic principles of AM, including modulation index and different types of AM such as double sideband suppressed carrier AM and single sideband AM. Advantages of AM include its simplicity of implementation, while disadvantages include inefficiency in power and bandwidth usage and susceptibility to noise.
Introduction for telecommunication technology basic terms and concepts.
Referring the wikipedia, Slideshare and lecture note of Fudan university.
I got a reference documents from Google.
Here is a note explaining the ISO reference model for Open System Interconnection with diagrams:
The ISO reference model for Open System Interconnection (OSI model) is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the communication functions of a telecommunication or computing system without regard to their underlying internal structure and technology. It defines a framework for implementing protocols in seven layers, from the physical layer dealing with transmission systems up to the application layer, dealing directly with end-user processes.
The seven layers of the OSI model are:
1. Physical layer - Defines the physical and electrical specifications for devices. It is concerned with the transmission and reception of unstructured raw bit streams over a communication channel.
2. Data link layer -
This document provides an overview of topics related to communication systems, including: characteristics of communication systems such as protocols, handshaking, and transmission speed; examples of communication systems like email and smartphones; transmitting and receiving processes involving serial and parallel transmission, synchronous and asynchronous communication, and common protocols like Ethernet and TCP/IP; and issues related to communication systems. The document is divided into sections covering these topics and includes additional information on concepts like encapsulation, error checking, and network hardware.
This document provides an overview of topics related to communication systems, including characteristics, examples, transmitting/receiving processes, and issues. The topics are divided into sections that describe key aspects like the 5 basic components of any communication system (data source, transmitter, transmission medium, receiver, destination). Examples of communication systems include email, voice mail, and the internet. The document also discusses transmitting methods like serial/parallel, synchronous/asynchronous, and transmission direction. Protocols like Ethernet, TCP/IP, and handshaking are covered as well.
Communications made easy_spectrumtechnologiesParveen Sultana
This document provides an overview of topics within the unit on communication systems, including characteristics of communication systems, examples of systems, transmitting and receiving processes, other information processes, and issues related to systems. The topics are divided into subsections that describe components like protocols, network hardware, and specific issues around messaging, internet use, and telecommuting.
This document discusses communication systems and their components. It covers topics such as characteristics of communication systems, examples of different systems, and how transmitting and receiving works. Specifically, it outlines five basic components needed for any communication system: a data source, transmitter, transmission medium, receiver, and destination. It also discusses how data is broken into packets and layered with protocols during transmission.
This document provides information about communication systems, including:
1. It outlines the main topics covered which are the characteristics, examples, transmitting/receiving processes, and issues related to communication systems.
2. It then discusses characteristics like protocols, handshaking, transmission speed and error checking. It also provides examples of communication systems like email, voice mail and the internet.
3. The document explains transmitting and receiving processes involving senders, receivers, protocols, encapsulation using the OSI model, and network hardware components.
This document discusses communication systems and includes the following topics:
1. Characteristics of communication systems such as protocols, transmission speed, and error checking.
2. Examples of communication systems like email, voice mail, and the Internet.
3. Components of transmitting and receiving in communication systems including protocols, handshaking, networks, topologies, and transmission media.
This document discusses communication systems and includes the following topics:
1. Characteristics of communication systems such as protocols, transmission speed, and error checking.
2. Examples of communication systems like email, voice mail, and the Internet.
3. Components of transmitting and receiving in communication systems including protocols, handshaking, networks, topologies, and transmission media.
This document discusses communication systems and includes topics such as characteristics, examples, transmitting and receiving data, and issues related to communication systems. It provides information on components of communication systems like transmitters, receivers, and transmission mediums. Examples are given for different types of communication systems including email, voice mail, and video conferencing. The document also outlines concepts around transmitting data serially and in parallel, as well as synchronous and asynchronous transmission.
This document discusses communication systems and includes the following topics:
1. Characteristics of communication systems such as protocols, transmission speed, and error checking.
2. Examples of communication systems like email, voice mail, and the Internet.
3. Components of transmitting and receiving in communication systems including protocols, handshaking, networks, topologies, and transmission media.
This document discusses communication systems and contains information on various topics within this subject area. It includes sections on characteristics of communication systems, examples of systems, transmitting and receiving processes, and issues related to systems. Specific topics covered are protocols, handshaking, network hardware, transmission media, and the impacts of internet usage, messaging, telecommuting, and online banking. Diagrams illustrate concepts such as network topologies, encapsulation, and the OSI model.
This document discusses communication systems and contains a menu of topics including characteristics, examples, transmitting and receiving processes, and issues related to communication systems. It provides information on various components of communication systems such as protocols, handshaking, transmission speed and media. Examples of communication systems like email, voice mail and the internet are provided. The document also outlines the basic requirements for transmitting and receiving data as well as topics around network hardware, software and administration.
1) Peer-to-peer protocols allow for the transfer of data between layers, with lower layers exchanging protocol data units to transfer service data units to the destination layer.
2) Service models for peer-to-peer protocols can be either connection-oriented, requiring connection establishment, or connectionless, simply sending data units independently.
3) Reliability and sequencing of data transfer can be provided through error detection and retransmission protocols.
This document discusses computer networks and their basic components. It begins by defining a computer network as a group of interconnected computers that allows sharing of resources and information. It then covers communication models including simplex, half-duplex and full-duplex transmission. The document also categorizes networks by scale, structure, topology and media. Finally, it discusses important network concepts such as internetworking, intranets and the development of the Internet.
The document discusses four main types of computer networks: local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), the Internet, and intranets. It compares the characteristics of these networks such as transmission media, bandwidth, geographical spread, and functions. Common network devices like hubs, switches, and routers are also explained. Legal issues regarding computer networks like privacy, copyright infringement, and data protection are outlined.
The document discusses four main types of computer networks: local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), the Internet, and intranets. It compares the characteristics of these networks such as transmission media, bandwidth, geographical spread, and functions. Common network devices like hubs, switches, and routers are also explained. Legal issues regarding computer networks like privacy, copyright, and data protection are outlined.
The document discusses four main types of computer networks: local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), the Internet, and intranets. It compares the characteristics of these networks such as transmission media, bandwidth, geographical spread, and functions. Common network devices like hubs, switches, and routers are also explained. Legal issues regarding computer networks like privacy, copyright infringement, and data protection are outlined.
- The document discusses computer networks and networking concepts such as goals, applications, reference models, hardware, software, protocols, and switching techniques.
- It covers topics like OSI and TCP/IP models, LAN, MAN and WAN network types and topologies, protocol hierarchies, connection-oriented and connectionless services, and circuit switching, message switching, and packet switching.
- The document also discusses peer-to-peer and client-server network models, and different network topologies like bus, star, and ring.
The document discusses the basic components of communication systems and data transmission methods. It explains that every communication system has 5 basic requirements: a data source, transmitter, transmission medium, receiver, and destination. It then describes serial and parallel transmission methods and how asynchronous transmission is the most common type of serial data transfer as it allows packet switching and bandwidth sharing. Finally, it discusses different network topologies like bus, ring, and star and compares their advantages and disadvantages.
This document provides an introduction to data communication. It discusses key topics such as:
- Data communication involves the exchange of data between devices via transmission media.
- Common transmission modes include simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex.
- Communication channels include narrowband, voice band, and broadband channels.
- Computer networks allow simultaneous access to shared data and devices from multiple nodes.
This document provides information about 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines. It defines a 2-stroke engine as completing its cycle in one crankshaft revolution, while a 4-stroke engine takes two revolutions. The basic parts of each engine are described, along with their working principles. Advantages of 2-stroke engines include higher power density, while disadvantages include lower fuel efficiency. A comparison notes that 4-stroke engines have higher volumetric efficiency but lower power density than 2-stroke engines.
A brief explanation of both two stroke diesel engine and two stroke petrol engine with appropriate figures. It can also submitted to professor at the time of submission.
This document provides instructions for assembling the clutch and flywheel in a Volkswagen car. It begins with an acknowledgment of those who provided assistance. It then provides an index and outlines of the document, which includes an introduction to the workshop, Volkswagen, the clutch, flywheel, and Polo car. It discusses analyzing the problem identified with the clutch assembly in a Polo and resolving it by changing the flywheel's dimension and material.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
2. Hanuwantsingh R Dewal
Communications
Systems
The topics within this unit are:
Characteristics of communication systems.
Examples of communication systems.
Transmitting and receiving in communication
systems.
Other information processes in communication
systems.
Issues related to communication systems.
3. Hanuwantsingh R Dewal
TOPICS MENU
Characteristics of Communication Systems
Examples of Communication Systems
Transmitting and Receiving
Other Information Processes
Issues Related To Communication Systems
Click on the topic of your choice
6. Hanuwantsingh R Dewal
More Information
must be a Sender and Receiver
A protocol is a set of rules which governs the transfer of
data between computers. Protocols allow communication
between computers and networks.
Handshaking is used to establish which protocols to use.
Handshaking controls the flow of data between computers
protocols will determine the speed of transmission, error
checking method, size of bytes, and whether synchronous
or asynchronous
Examples of protocols are: token ring, CSMA/CD, X.25,
TCP/IP
Characteristics of
Communication
Systems
7. Hanuwantsingh R Dewal
5 Basic Components
Every communication system has 5 basic requirements
•Data Source (where the data originates)
•Transmitter (device used to transmit data)
•Transmission Medium (cables or non cable)
•Receiver (device used to receive data)
•Destination (where the data will be placed)
9. Hanuwantsingh R Dewal
•Bandwidth:The amount of data which can be
transmitted on a medium over a fixed amount of time
(second). It is measured on Bits per Second or Baud
•Bits per Second (bps): A measure of
transmission speed. The number of bits (0 0r 1) which
can be transmitted in a second (more)
•Baud Rate: Is a measure of how fast a change of
state occurs (i.e. a change from 0 to 1) (more)
Transmission Media Speed
10. Hanuwantsingh R Dewal
This file has now been broken into four packets
PACKET
Packets
Transmissions are broken up into
smaller units or data transmissions
called packets
PACKET PACKET PACKET
Example
A data file is divided into packets.
It does not matter what the transmission is. It could be Word
document, a PowerPoint or an MP3. Imagine this Green box
is a file for transfer
11. Hanuwantsingh R Dewal
Packets and OSI
After the file is divided into packets
extra information is required to make
sure it all goes back together correctly.
The OSI model helps to look after this.
The OSI model also provides much
more information which is included with
each package.
12. Hanuwantsingh R Dewal
More Information on OSI
OSI 7 Layer Model
•OSI “Open System Interconnection”
•OSI is not a protocol but a list of protocols
divided between 7 layers with each layer having
a different set of functions.
•Each packet is layered/packaged with
protocols from each of the layers as it is
processed.
•The process of layering the protocols around
each package is called encapsulation. The final
encapsulated data packet is called a frame.
Originally Created by Bob Baker
Modified 2006
Graham Betts
13. Hanuwantsingh R Dewal
File
OSI Reference model
Layer 7 application
Layer 6 presentation
Layer 5 session
Layer 4 transport
Layer 3 network
Layer 2 data link
Layer 1 physical
Transmission Medium
File
Sender Receiver
File
Each file
is divided
into
packets
The received
frame is then
unpacked
in the
opposite order
Open Systems
Interconnection
Originally Created by Bob Baker
Modified 2006
Graham Betts
Each Packet
will
then be
Encapsulated
with
PROTOCOLS
The protocols
Will be added
systematically
Layer
By layer
The encapsulated
Packet is called
a frame
14. Hanuwantsingh R Dewal
Layer 7 application
Layer 6 presentation
Layer 5 session
Layer 4 transport
Layer 3 network
Layer 2 data link
Layer 1 physical
Identification, authentication
Format conversion
Set-up coordinate conversation
Ensures error-free transfer
Routing of data through network
Error control and synchronisation
Placing signals on the carrier
Originally Created by Bob Baker
Modified 2006
Graham Betts
Services Performed at
Each Layer
15. Hanuwantsingh R Dewal
Examples of protocols
Layer 7 application
Layer 6 presentation
Layer 5 session
Layer 4 transport
Layer 3 network
Layer 2 data link
Layer 1 physical
E-mail, Web browser, Directory
POP, SMTP, FTP, HTTP, DNS
Sockets
TCP
IP
PPP, Ethernet, Token ring
100baseT
More on Protocols
Originally Created by Bob Baker
Modified 2006
Graham Betts
16. Hanuwantsingh R Dewal
Encapsulation
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
data
Device 1 Device 2
dataH6 T6
dataH5 T5
dataH4 T4
(packet)H3 data T3
H2 data T2
H1 data T1
carrier FRAME
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
A typical frame
Destination
Address
Source
Address
Data Padding CRCPreamble
FRAME FRAME FRAME
(Packet)
Originally Created by Bob Baker
Modified 2006
Graham Betts
17. Hanuwantsingh R Dewal
• Parity bit check
• Check sum
* data transmitted in blocks, each block added
to give a total – checksum
* used in X Modem protocol
• Cycle redundancy check
Error Checking Methods
More on internet
19. Hanuwantsingh R Dewal
Examples of Communication Systems
- E-mail
- Voice Mail - Fax
- Smart Phone - Instant Messaging
- Telecommuting - Video-conferencing
- Groupware - Telephony
- E-Commerce - The Internet
- Bulletin board system - The Web
- Global positioning system
20. Hanuwantsingh R Dewal
HSC Topic 3.4
Transmitting and
Receiving in
Communication Systems
Communication concepts
(transmission of data, protocols and handshaking, networks, LANs and
WANs,Topologies, Network Access Methods)
Network Hardware
(NICs, Servers, Routers and Switches, Bridges and gateways, Hubs,
Transmission media
Network Software
NOSs, Network Operating System Tasks, Logon and Logoff Procedures,
Intranets and Extranets
21. Hanuwantsingh R Dewal
Any transmission May be:
•analog or digital
•Serial or parallel
Communication
Concepts
22. Hanuwantsingh R Dewal
Sender transmitted
Data is transmitted, on a single channel, one bit at a
time one after another
- Much faster than parallel because of way bits
processed (e.g. USB and SATA drives)
Receiver received
Serial Transmission
101 0 0 1 1 0
23. Hanuwantsingh R Dewal
Receiverreceived
-each bit has it’s own piece of wire along which it travels
- often used to send data to a printer
Parallel Transmission
Sendertransmitted
All bits are sent simultaneously
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
24. Hanuwantsingh R Dewal
Why Not use Parallel
Instead of serial?
Due to inconsistencies on channels data
arrives at different times
Because of the way it is transmitted packet
switching cannot be used
The above two points makes parallel slower
than serial and requires higher bandwidth.
Parallel transmissions are rarely used
anymore
25. Hanuwantsingh R Dewal
Synchronous Transmission
all data sent at once and no packet switching
Asynchronous Transmission
•Uses stop/ start bits
•most common type of serial data transfer
•Allows packet switching
•Allows sharing of bandwidth (i.e. talk on phone
while another person is using internet)
Synchronous Vs
AsynchronousTransmissions
29. Hanuwantsingh R Dewal
•Ethernet (Ethernet Network)
-Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection
(CSMA/CD)
-TCP/IP
3 Common Protocols
30. Hanuwantsingh R Dewal
Ethernet
Developed at Xerox in 1976.
First protocol approved as an industry
standard protocol 1983
LAN protocol used on bus and star
Most popular LAN protocol
Inexpensive
31. Hanuwantsingh R Dewal
Carrier Sense Multiple
Access/Collision
Detection (CSMA/CD)
- Used on bus networks to avoid data
collisions.
32. Hanuwantsingh R Dewal
• Developed in 1973 for use on the
ARPANET which was a defense force
research network.
-Adopted in 1983 as the Internet standard.
all hosts on the Internet are required to use
TCP/IP.
- Allows transfer of data using packet
switching
TCP/IP
33. Hanuwantsingh R Dewal
LANs Vs WANs
LAN is “local Area network” which is a
network confined to a small geographic
area which is a building or a group of
buildings.
WAN is “wide area network” which is a
network spread over a large geographic
area. The largest WAN is the internet.
35. Hanuwantsingh R Dewal
Uses an empty data
packet called a token
and a special protocol
called “token ring”.
Packets travel around
the ring in a clockwise
direction. Clients
require an empty token
to transmit data.
Advantages
- no collisions
because all data travels
in same direction.
Disadvantages
- fails if an individual
node in the network
fails
Ring
36. Hanuwantsingh R Dewal
A bus is a form of Ethernet. Nodes linked by a cable known as the
bus. Bus transmits in both directions and uses CSMA/CD protocol
BUS TOPOLOGY
Advantages
- Easy to set up and maintain
failure of one node does not affect
network
Disadvantages
-Higher rate of data collision than
with a bus network
-fails if there is any damage to the
bus
37. Hanuwantsingh R Dewal
All data is sent from
one client to another
through the server.
Advantages
- If one client fails no
other clients are
affected.
Disadvantages
- If central file server
fails the network fails.
Star
39. Hanuwantsingh R Dewal
A network is a number of computers and
peripheral devices connected together so as
to be able to communicate (i.e. transfer
data)
Each device in a network is called a
node.
Terminals are data entry points which
can also display.
What is a Network?
40. Hanuwantsingh R Dewal
LAN – a network that connects computers in a limited
geographical area.
MAN – a backbone that connects LANs in a metropolitan
area such as a city and handles the bulk of communications
activity across that region.
WAN – covers a large geographical area such as a city or
country. Communication channels include telephone lines,
Microwave, satellites, etc.
NETWORKS: categorized
by size
42. Hanuwantsingh R Dewal
Large networks can be separated into two or more smaller
networks using a bridge. This is done to increase speed and
efficiency. This type of network is called a segmented LAN and
has largely been superseded by the use of switches which can
transfer data straight to a computer and thus avoid bottleneck jams
which bridges were designed to fix.
Bridge
Bridge
43. Hanuwantsingh R Dewal
Often used to connect a LAN with a WAN. Gateways join two or
More different networks together.
Gateway
Gateway
44. Hanuwantsingh R Dewal
Internet
public/international network which is used to access
information, e-shopping, e-banking, email
Intranet
private network (LAN or WAN) used to share resources in secure
environment
uses web pages (HTML to view) and TCP/IP protocols (to make
connection)
Extranet
intranet that has been extended to include access to or from selected
external organizations such as customers, but not general public.
Note: Connections via leased lines, or network interconnections.
Internet, Intranet, Extranet
45. Hanuwantsingh R Dewal
Transmission Media
twisted pair – telephone cable
coaxial cable –Thick black cable used for
higher bandwidth communications than
twisted pair (i.e. Optus cable)
fibre optic – data transferred through
pulses of light. Extremely fast.
Non cable methods such as satelite,
microwave, wireless and bluetooth
More on internet
46. Hanuwantsingh R Dewal
SERVERS: Help to manage the network and the resources
of that network. On larger networks servers commonly have
specialised tasks such as: File Servers: stores and manages
files, Print Servers: manages printers and print jobs, Mail
Server: Manages email, Web Server: manages web access.
Routers: connects multiple networks and are protocol
independent. can be used in place of a switch or bridge.
Switches: smart hubs which transmit packets to the
destination port only
Hubs: like double adapters /power boards in the home
except instead of plugging in extension cords we are plugging
in computers to allow them to communicate.
Network Hardware
More on Internet
47. Hanuwantsingh R Dewal
- adding/removing users
- assigning users to printers
- giving users file access rights
- installation of software and sharing with users
- client installation and protocol assignment
- logon and logoff procedures
- network based applications
Some Network
Administration Tasks
48. Hanuwantsingh R Dewal
Other Information
Processes in
Communication
Systems
Collecting: phone as collection device with voice mail,
EFTPOS terminal as a collection device for electronic
banking
processing: sending of attachments with e-mail,
encoding and decoding methods, including: analog data
to analog signal, digital data to analog signal, digital
data to digital signal, analog data to digital signal, client-
server architecture: the client controls the user interface
and the application logic server controls access to the
database
49. Graham Betts
Collecting: The following are collection devices:
ATMs for internet banking, EFTPOS for stores,
microphone and video camera for video conferencing.
Data can be analog or digital
Collecting
50. Hanuwantsingh R Dewal
Processing
Processing: Is the manipulation or
changing the data into a more useable
format. The processing may include
changing the appearance of the data,
the file type or storage options.
52. Hanuwantsingh R Dewal
Issues related to
Communication Systems
Messaging Systems (social context, Danger of Misinterpretation, Power
Relationships, Privacy and confidentiality, power relationships, electronic junk
mail, information overload)
Internet (Internet trading, taxation, employment, nature of business, trade
barriers, censorship, child protection, internet banking, security, changing
nature of work, branch closures and job losses, radio and video)
Telecommuting (work from home), blurring between work and home,
more stress, advantagesand disadvantages)
53. Hanuwantsingh R Dewal
•‘netiquette’ is etiquette/ manners on net
•Many people rely on messaging systems more
than spoken or face to face communication.
•written word only recipient miss out on (e.g. body
language and voice inflection)
•privacy (employers have right to read e-mail at
work)
•Spam is overloading mailboxes
•Work/ information overload from ever growing
number of emails
Issues relating to
messaging systems
54. Hanuwantsingh R Dewal
Issues relating to
internet trading
employment ramifications
Effect on trade barriers and
taxation laws
Phishing and security
55. Hanuwantsingh R Dewal
•branch closures and job losses
•decreasing number of bank branches
•job losses
•changing nature of work
•security of banking details
Issues relating to
internet banking
56. Hanuwantsingh R Dewal
Physical boundaries
telecommuting is working from home
virtual organisations
national trade barriers
57. Hanuwantsingh R Dewal
Acknowledgements
Slides 11-15 were originally created by
Bob Baker and have been modified by
Graham Betts
A number of slides have been adapted
from a slide show by Loretta Kocovska
around 2001 especially the illustrations
on slides 18,39,40, 41, 42 and 43