Superbugs are resistant microorganisms that are resistant to previously effective drugs. They are a growing problem caused by overuse of antibiotics in healthcare, agriculture, and other areas. The most common deadly resistant diseases are HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria. In vitro diagnostics (IVDs) play an important role in determining health by aiding in diagnosis, treatment selection, and treatment monitoring. IVDs help identify specific conditions and resistance, inform treatment decisions, and check treatment effectiveness. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of resistant diseases like multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and drug-resistant HIV is critical for effective treatment. Public bodies and the diagnostics industry are working to address antimicrobial resistance through strategies, policies, test
In 2013, 64 844 cases of TB were reported in 30 EU/EEA countries, which was 6% less than in 2012, reflecting a decrease in 19 countries. The EU/EEA notification rate was 12.7 per 100 000 population, continuing a long-term decreasing trend. The seventh report launched jointly by ECDC and the WHO Regional Office for Europe indicates that, despite notable progress in the past decade, tuberculosis (TB) is still a public health concern in many countries across Europe.
Superbugs are microorganisms that have developed resistance to antibiotics and drugs that were previously effective. Common deadly diseases that often involve drug-resistant strains include HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria. In vitro diagnostics (IVD) play an important role in determining health by aiding in diagnosis, treatment selection, and treatment monitoring. Accurate diagnosis is important for proper treatment, as superbugs recognize no borders. While drug-resistant strains are a growing problem, increased diagnostic testing and international coordination of efforts can help address this threat.
Superbugs and the role of diagnostics explainedeucomed
Realising the role of in vitro diagnostics in tackling antibiotic resistance, the European Diagnostic Manufacturers Association (EDMA) in conjunction with AdvamedDx and GMTA hosted a side-event at the WHO’s World Health Assembly “The Fight Against Antimicrobial Resistance: Are Diagnostics Winning?” The event identified existing gaps in tackling AMR while highlighting the role of diagnostics.
So what is the role of diagnostics in antibiotic resistance? Are diagnostics winning?
This document defines and distinguishes between endemic, epidemic, and pandemic diseases. Endemic diseases occur at low levels in a population. Epidemics occur in large numbers over a specific area. Pandemics spread over several large areas worldwide, such as the Spanish flu or bubonic plague. The document provides examples of diseases that fall into each category and instructs students to classify infectious disease scenarios.
EVALUATION OF THE IMPACTS OF ‘TIME TO DETECTION’ OF A FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE ...EuFMD
- The study evaluated the impacts of early detection of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Central Europe using the EuFMDiS modeling tool.
- Early detection significantly reduced the epidemic size, duration, and economic losses regardless of control measures. Stamping out infected farms along with ring culling within 1km was highly effective at controlling outbreaks.
- The median number of affected countries ranged from 2-3 depending on the scenario and control measures used in the simulation.
This document discusses epidemics of non-typhoidal Salmonella sepsis and meningitis in Africa. It notes that invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease is a major cause of bloodstream infections and death in Africa, with an estimated 681,316 deaths annually. Two novel Salmonella Typhimurium sequence types have caused epidemics in Malawi since the late 1990s. The emergence of these strains has been linked to the spread of antimicrobial resistance and HIV/AIDS. Ongoing surveillance efforts are aimed at understanding reservoirs and transmission modes to help develop public health interventions against iNTS disease in Africa.
Mumps caused by a viral infection can cause sterility in males - Piril ErelPırıl Erel
Mumps is caused by a viral infection and can lead to sterility in males through orchitis (inflammation of the testes). While vaccination programs dramatically reduced mumps cases and complications, some populations have experienced resurgences due to lowered vaccination rates. When less than 75-86% of the population is vaccinated, herd immunity is lost and outbreaks can occur. Recent research suggests the mumps virus may damage testicular tissue through edema and reduced blood flow, inhibiting sperm production. This can result in infertility.
Superbugs are resistant microorganisms that are resistant to previously effective drugs. They are a growing problem caused by overuse of antibiotics in healthcare, agriculture, and other areas. The most common deadly resistant diseases are HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria. In vitro diagnostics (IVDs) play an important role in determining health by aiding in diagnosis, treatment selection, and treatment monitoring. IVDs help identify specific conditions and resistance, inform treatment decisions, and check treatment effectiveness. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of resistant diseases like multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and drug-resistant HIV is critical for effective treatment. Public bodies and the diagnostics industry are working to address antimicrobial resistance through strategies, policies, test
In 2013, 64 844 cases of TB were reported in 30 EU/EEA countries, which was 6% less than in 2012, reflecting a decrease in 19 countries. The EU/EEA notification rate was 12.7 per 100 000 population, continuing a long-term decreasing trend. The seventh report launched jointly by ECDC and the WHO Regional Office for Europe indicates that, despite notable progress in the past decade, tuberculosis (TB) is still a public health concern in many countries across Europe.
Superbugs are microorganisms that have developed resistance to antibiotics and drugs that were previously effective. Common deadly diseases that often involve drug-resistant strains include HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria. In vitro diagnostics (IVD) play an important role in determining health by aiding in diagnosis, treatment selection, and treatment monitoring. Accurate diagnosis is important for proper treatment, as superbugs recognize no borders. While drug-resistant strains are a growing problem, increased diagnostic testing and international coordination of efforts can help address this threat.
Superbugs and the role of diagnostics explainedeucomed
Realising the role of in vitro diagnostics in tackling antibiotic resistance, the European Diagnostic Manufacturers Association (EDMA) in conjunction with AdvamedDx and GMTA hosted a side-event at the WHO’s World Health Assembly “The Fight Against Antimicrobial Resistance: Are Diagnostics Winning?” The event identified existing gaps in tackling AMR while highlighting the role of diagnostics.
So what is the role of diagnostics in antibiotic resistance? Are diagnostics winning?
This document defines and distinguishes between endemic, epidemic, and pandemic diseases. Endemic diseases occur at low levels in a population. Epidemics occur in large numbers over a specific area. Pandemics spread over several large areas worldwide, such as the Spanish flu or bubonic plague. The document provides examples of diseases that fall into each category and instructs students to classify infectious disease scenarios.
EVALUATION OF THE IMPACTS OF ‘TIME TO DETECTION’ OF A FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE ...EuFMD
- The study evaluated the impacts of early detection of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Central Europe using the EuFMDiS modeling tool.
- Early detection significantly reduced the epidemic size, duration, and economic losses regardless of control measures. Stamping out infected farms along with ring culling within 1km was highly effective at controlling outbreaks.
- The median number of affected countries ranged from 2-3 depending on the scenario and control measures used in the simulation.
This document discusses epidemics of non-typhoidal Salmonella sepsis and meningitis in Africa. It notes that invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease is a major cause of bloodstream infections and death in Africa, with an estimated 681,316 deaths annually. Two novel Salmonella Typhimurium sequence types have caused epidemics in Malawi since the late 1990s. The emergence of these strains has been linked to the spread of antimicrobial resistance and HIV/AIDS. Ongoing surveillance efforts are aimed at understanding reservoirs and transmission modes to help develop public health interventions against iNTS disease in Africa.
Mumps caused by a viral infection can cause sterility in males - Piril ErelPırıl Erel
Mumps is caused by a viral infection and can lead to sterility in males through orchitis (inflammation of the testes). While vaccination programs dramatically reduced mumps cases and complications, some populations have experienced resurgences due to lowered vaccination rates. When less than 75-86% of the population is vaccinated, herd immunity is lost and outbreaks can occur. Recent research suggests the mumps virus may damage testicular tissue through edema and reduced blood flow, inhibiting sperm production. This can result in infertility.
1) Cancer causes more deaths globally than tuberculosis, malaria and AIDS combined, with 8.2 million, 1.5 million and 1.2 million deaths respectively from those diseases compared to over 8 million cancer deaths in 2012.
2) Approximately half of all new cancer cases occur in Asia, Africa and Latin America, where 44 developing countries have no access to radiotherapy treatment.
3) A $1 investment in radiotherapy yields a $4 return in terms of lives saved and health care costs avoided, showing it is a cost-effective intervention.
90%
The document summarizes Ellen White's life and contributions to health reform. It shows that through visions in 1854 and 1863, she advocated a vegetarian diet, abstinence from alcohol and tobacco, regular exercise, adequate rest, and the benefits of hydrotherapy. Her writings influenced the establishment of health institutions like the Battle Creek Sanitarium. Later studies showed Adventists had lower mortality rates from cancer, lung disease, and other ailments compared to the general population, demonstrating the positive health effects of following her counsel.
Parasitic worms may hold key to cutting spread of hiv researchersBladimir Viloria
Researchers have found that a parasitic worm called schistosomiasis, which infects over 250 million people in developing nations, may be contributing to the spread of HIV. The worms can cause lesions when they lay eggs in women's genital areas, making women three times more likely to contract HIV. Treating the parasitic worm could help reduce HIV transmission, as the drug is inexpensive and donated by the WHO. Additionally, men infected with the worms had HIV viral loads in their semen 10 times higher than uninfected men, but levels returned to normal after treatment. Experts believe addressing this neglected risk factor could significantly help in fighting the HIV epidemic.
Washington Global Health Alliance Discovery Series
Supamit Chinsuttiwat
May 22, 2008
'Response to Avian Influenza and Preparedness for Pandemic Influenza: Thailand's Experience'
Who severe-malaria-tmih-supplement-2014internaunsrat
Severe malaria is caused primarily by Plasmodium falciparum infections and progresses through stages from asymptomatic parasitemia to uncomplicated illness and potentially severe malaria and death. The epidemiology of severe malaria is difficult to determine precisely due to factors like many cases occurring at home without medical attention. An estimated 2 million cases of severe malaria occur globally each year, with around 90% affecting young children in sub-Saharan Africa. The clinical features of severe malaria differ between children and adults, and patterns vary with transmission intensity within Africa. Increased control measures like insecticide-treated bednets and effective drugs have contributed to a decline in estimated malaria mortality in recent years.
Dr. Lindsey Holmstrom - Feral Swine and Foreign and Emerging Animal DiseasesJohn Blue
Feral Swine and Foreign and Emerging Animal Diseases - Dr. Lindsey Holmstrom; Diagnostic Epidemiologist, Center for Foreign Animal and Zoonotic Center, from the 2013 NIAA Merging Values and Technology conference, April 15-17, 2013, Louisville, KY, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2013-niaa-merging-values-and-technology
Genomic epidemiology of Rift Valley fever in East Africa: A data driven inter...ILRI
Poster by John Juma, Samuel Oyola, Bernard Bett and Rosemary Sang prepared for the Centre for Arbovirus Discovery, Diagnostics, Genomics and Epidemiology (CADDE) genomic epidemiology workshop, São Paulo, Brazil, 2–6 December 2019
HOW DO YOU DEFINE A FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE OUTBREAK IN AN ENDEMIC CONTEXT? ...EuFMD
This study examines inconsistencies in defining and reporting foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks in Nakuru County, Kenya. Through workshops with local veterinarians, the researchers developed a working definition of an FMD outbreak as a farmer-reported index case with subsequent cases on neighboring farms. However, discrepancies exist between county-level reports and national laboratory data due to different serotyping results. Additionally, intergovernmental organizations report varying national outbreak numbers. The inconsistencies suggest disease control programs are based on inaccurate surveillance data. The researchers conclude a standardized outbreak definition is needed to support Kenya's FMD control programs.
This document summarizes various health indicators and statistics for Angola. It shows data on under-five mortality rates, maternal mortality ratios, deaths from HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis declining from 1990 to 2012. It also includes data on population, demographics, health expenditures, immunization rates, risk factors, causes of death, burden of disease, and probabilities of dying. Diarrheal diseases were the top cause of death in Angola in 2012, killing 37.5 thousand people.
Gravity model, Epidemiology and Real-time reproduction number (Rt) estimation...Bhoj Raj Singh
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) originated in China during the mid of December 2019 caused global havoc. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 as an International Public Health Emergency on 30th January 2020 and subsequently as a pandemic on 11th March 2020. The disease has affected almost all the countries of the world and as on 30th July 2020 there were 16.5 million cases and 0.65 million deaths are reported. The members of South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka sharing 3% of the world's area and 21% of the world's population. We analysed the COVID-19 data as on 1st July 2020 retrieved from publically available databases. The gravity model is primarily used in the transportation industry and gaining importance in the modelling of the spread of infectious diseases. In this analysis, we observed that higher personal freedom or movement of people is having the greatest effect on the spread of COVID-19 (coefficient = 2.1). The correlation analysis was carried out with COVID-19 cases, health expenditure, poverty, and BCG vaccination, literacy, and population density of the SAARC countries. The COVID-19 positive cases showed a significant (p<0.001) positive correlation (r=0.99) with mortality rate. Similarly, the COVID-19 deaths showed a significant positive correlation with health expenditure (% GDP) (r = 0.58, p<0.05). The other epidemiological factors such as population density/sq km, literacy %, adult population %, and poverty % didn’t show any significant correlation with COVID-19 cases and deaths. The estimation of weekly Real-time reproduction number (Rt) among SAARC countries showed the highest Rt in India (Rt =2.1; 95% CI 2.05 – 2.2) followed by Bangladesh (Rt =1.6; 95% CI 1.5– 1.6). The comparison of Rt indicated that a decrease in the Rt value was noticed in the later stage of the period (past few weeks) among all the SAARC countries compared with the initial stage of infection except Nepal. The analysis indicates that implementation of restrictions, large scale screening and intensive monitoring is mandatory in all countries in order to reduce the Covid-19 spread.
The document introduces the Vernacare maceration system from its exclusive Polish representative, CZM Cezal S.A. It provides an overview of what Vernacare is, as well as background information on the socioeconomic burden of hospital-acquired infections from several cited sources. The document then notes that Vernacare provides a comprehensive solution.
GS43_03. Transboundary disease risks in the European regionEuFMD
The document discusses transboundary disease risks in the European region. It provides an overview of the Foot and Mouth Disease situation in various subregions like South East Europe, East Mediterranean, and North Africa between 2013-2019. It also summarizes outbreak data for diseases like peste des petits ruminants, lumpy skin disease, Rift Valley fever, and bovine ephemeral fever in the Middle East and North Africa regions. Finally, it identifies priorities like early warning systems, information sharing, networking, training, and emergency vaccine supplies to reduce transboundary disease risks in the future.
Professor Quarraisha Abdool Karim will take you on a journey showing how knowledge and science have made an incredible impact on battling the HIV virus on the African content. Through empowering women to help fight this deadly disease, Professor Karim’s work has managed to translate scientific research and knowledge into people-centred solutions and prevention programmes to reduce the factors making young people so vulnerable to HIV infection. Be inspired by this story and prepared to embrace your own challenges to transform them into positive actions.
This document provides health statistics for Chad from 1990 to 2015. It shows that under-five mortality and maternal mortality have decreased substantially but remain high. The population is young, rural, and growing rapidly. Health services coverage and health outcomes lag behind the WHO African region average. The top causes of death are lower respiratory infections, diarrheal diseases, and malaria.
The document discusses current transboundary animal diseases (TADs) in the Asia-Pacific region from the perspective of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). It identifies the top 5 priority TADs as foot and mouth disease, highly pathogenic avian influenza, classical swine fever, peste des petits ruminants, and rabies. For each disease, it provides maps showing global and regional distribution and trends over time in the percentage of countries reporting the disease as present or absent. It also discusses OIE standards, reporting systems, and role in facilitating safe international trade in animals and animal products.
Discovering novel pathways of cross-species pathogen transmissionEFSA EU
Presentation of the EFSA's second scientific conference, held on 14-16 October 2015 in Milan, Italy.
DRIVERS FOR EMERGING ISSUES IN ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH
The misunderstood epidemiological determinants of covid 19, problems and solu...Bhoj Raj Singh
The document discusses several misunderstood determinants of COVID-19 that have been claimed but lack epidemiological evidence. It questions correlations that have been proposed between COVID-19 outcomes and factors like median age, BCG vaccination rates, religion, and disease burdens. While some correlations appear convincing based on statistics alone, the document argues they ignore important context and exceptions. There have been very few rigorous epidemiological studies of COVID-19 to determine true disease modulators and spread, and many studies have misused non-epidemiological data.
Q magazine is a UK music magazine published by Bauer Media with a median reader age of 29, mostly male. It has a circulation of 89,450 and readership of 547,000 who are mostly in higher socioeconomic groups. Bauer Media also publishes other magazines spanning topics like lifestyle, sports, hobbies and B2B titles. The document discusses the audience and publishers of Q magazine and notes some potential issues with the magazine cover design and choice of cover star.
PPT Casali "the health care systems response"StopTb Italia
This document discusses responses of health systems. It begins by defining health systems according to the WHO as organizations, people and actions aimed at promoting, restoring or maintaining health. It notes key elements of health systems include governance, financing, human resources, information services and management. The document references several other sources that discuss these components in more detail.
1) Cancer causes more deaths globally than tuberculosis, malaria and AIDS combined, with 8.2 million, 1.5 million and 1.2 million deaths respectively from those diseases compared to over 8 million cancer deaths in 2012.
2) Approximately half of all new cancer cases occur in Asia, Africa and Latin America, where 44 developing countries have no access to radiotherapy treatment.
3) A $1 investment in radiotherapy yields a $4 return in terms of lives saved and health care costs avoided, showing it is a cost-effective intervention.
90%
The document summarizes Ellen White's life and contributions to health reform. It shows that through visions in 1854 and 1863, she advocated a vegetarian diet, abstinence from alcohol and tobacco, regular exercise, adequate rest, and the benefits of hydrotherapy. Her writings influenced the establishment of health institutions like the Battle Creek Sanitarium. Later studies showed Adventists had lower mortality rates from cancer, lung disease, and other ailments compared to the general population, demonstrating the positive health effects of following her counsel.
Parasitic worms may hold key to cutting spread of hiv researchersBladimir Viloria
Researchers have found that a parasitic worm called schistosomiasis, which infects over 250 million people in developing nations, may be contributing to the spread of HIV. The worms can cause lesions when they lay eggs in women's genital areas, making women three times more likely to contract HIV. Treating the parasitic worm could help reduce HIV transmission, as the drug is inexpensive and donated by the WHO. Additionally, men infected with the worms had HIV viral loads in their semen 10 times higher than uninfected men, but levels returned to normal after treatment. Experts believe addressing this neglected risk factor could significantly help in fighting the HIV epidemic.
Washington Global Health Alliance Discovery Series
Supamit Chinsuttiwat
May 22, 2008
'Response to Avian Influenza and Preparedness for Pandemic Influenza: Thailand's Experience'
Who severe-malaria-tmih-supplement-2014internaunsrat
Severe malaria is caused primarily by Plasmodium falciparum infections and progresses through stages from asymptomatic parasitemia to uncomplicated illness and potentially severe malaria and death. The epidemiology of severe malaria is difficult to determine precisely due to factors like many cases occurring at home without medical attention. An estimated 2 million cases of severe malaria occur globally each year, with around 90% affecting young children in sub-Saharan Africa. The clinical features of severe malaria differ between children and adults, and patterns vary with transmission intensity within Africa. Increased control measures like insecticide-treated bednets and effective drugs have contributed to a decline in estimated malaria mortality in recent years.
Dr. Lindsey Holmstrom - Feral Swine and Foreign and Emerging Animal DiseasesJohn Blue
Feral Swine and Foreign and Emerging Animal Diseases - Dr. Lindsey Holmstrom; Diagnostic Epidemiologist, Center for Foreign Animal and Zoonotic Center, from the 2013 NIAA Merging Values and Technology conference, April 15-17, 2013, Louisville, KY, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2013-niaa-merging-values-and-technology
Genomic epidemiology of Rift Valley fever in East Africa: A data driven inter...ILRI
Poster by John Juma, Samuel Oyola, Bernard Bett and Rosemary Sang prepared for the Centre for Arbovirus Discovery, Diagnostics, Genomics and Epidemiology (CADDE) genomic epidemiology workshop, São Paulo, Brazil, 2–6 December 2019
HOW DO YOU DEFINE A FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE OUTBREAK IN AN ENDEMIC CONTEXT? ...EuFMD
This study examines inconsistencies in defining and reporting foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks in Nakuru County, Kenya. Through workshops with local veterinarians, the researchers developed a working definition of an FMD outbreak as a farmer-reported index case with subsequent cases on neighboring farms. However, discrepancies exist between county-level reports and national laboratory data due to different serotyping results. Additionally, intergovernmental organizations report varying national outbreak numbers. The inconsistencies suggest disease control programs are based on inaccurate surveillance data. The researchers conclude a standardized outbreak definition is needed to support Kenya's FMD control programs.
This document summarizes various health indicators and statistics for Angola. It shows data on under-five mortality rates, maternal mortality ratios, deaths from HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis declining from 1990 to 2012. It also includes data on population, demographics, health expenditures, immunization rates, risk factors, causes of death, burden of disease, and probabilities of dying. Diarrheal diseases were the top cause of death in Angola in 2012, killing 37.5 thousand people.
Gravity model, Epidemiology and Real-time reproduction number (Rt) estimation...Bhoj Raj Singh
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) originated in China during the mid of December 2019 caused global havoc. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 as an International Public Health Emergency on 30th January 2020 and subsequently as a pandemic on 11th March 2020. The disease has affected almost all the countries of the world and as on 30th July 2020 there were 16.5 million cases and 0.65 million deaths are reported. The members of South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka sharing 3% of the world's area and 21% of the world's population. We analysed the COVID-19 data as on 1st July 2020 retrieved from publically available databases. The gravity model is primarily used in the transportation industry and gaining importance in the modelling of the spread of infectious diseases. In this analysis, we observed that higher personal freedom or movement of people is having the greatest effect on the spread of COVID-19 (coefficient = 2.1). The correlation analysis was carried out with COVID-19 cases, health expenditure, poverty, and BCG vaccination, literacy, and population density of the SAARC countries. The COVID-19 positive cases showed a significant (p<0.001) positive correlation (r=0.99) with mortality rate. Similarly, the COVID-19 deaths showed a significant positive correlation with health expenditure (% GDP) (r = 0.58, p<0.05). The other epidemiological factors such as population density/sq km, literacy %, adult population %, and poverty % didn’t show any significant correlation with COVID-19 cases and deaths. The estimation of weekly Real-time reproduction number (Rt) among SAARC countries showed the highest Rt in India (Rt =2.1; 95% CI 2.05 – 2.2) followed by Bangladesh (Rt =1.6; 95% CI 1.5– 1.6). The comparison of Rt indicated that a decrease in the Rt value was noticed in the later stage of the period (past few weeks) among all the SAARC countries compared with the initial stage of infection except Nepal. The analysis indicates that implementation of restrictions, large scale screening and intensive monitoring is mandatory in all countries in order to reduce the Covid-19 spread.
The document introduces the Vernacare maceration system from its exclusive Polish representative, CZM Cezal S.A. It provides an overview of what Vernacare is, as well as background information on the socioeconomic burden of hospital-acquired infections from several cited sources. The document then notes that Vernacare provides a comprehensive solution.
GS43_03. Transboundary disease risks in the European regionEuFMD
The document discusses transboundary disease risks in the European region. It provides an overview of the Foot and Mouth Disease situation in various subregions like South East Europe, East Mediterranean, and North Africa between 2013-2019. It also summarizes outbreak data for diseases like peste des petits ruminants, lumpy skin disease, Rift Valley fever, and bovine ephemeral fever in the Middle East and North Africa regions. Finally, it identifies priorities like early warning systems, information sharing, networking, training, and emergency vaccine supplies to reduce transboundary disease risks in the future.
Professor Quarraisha Abdool Karim will take you on a journey showing how knowledge and science have made an incredible impact on battling the HIV virus on the African content. Through empowering women to help fight this deadly disease, Professor Karim’s work has managed to translate scientific research and knowledge into people-centred solutions and prevention programmes to reduce the factors making young people so vulnerable to HIV infection. Be inspired by this story and prepared to embrace your own challenges to transform them into positive actions.
This document provides health statistics for Chad from 1990 to 2015. It shows that under-five mortality and maternal mortality have decreased substantially but remain high. The population is young, rural, and growing rapidly. Health services coverage and health outcomes lag behind the WHO African region average. The top causes of death are lower respiratory infections, diarrheal diseases, and malaria.
The document discusses current transboundary animal diseases (TADs) in the Asia-Pacific region from the perspective of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). It identifies the top 5 priority TADs as foot and mouth disease, highly pathogenic avian influenza, classical swine fever, peste des petits ruminants, and rabies. For each disease, it provides maps showing global and regional distribution and trends over time in the percentage of countries reporting the disease as present or absent. It also discusses OIE standards, reporting systems, and role in facilitating safe international trade in animals and animal products.
Discovering novel pathways of cross-species pathogen transmissionEFSA EU
Presentation of the EFSA's second scientific conference, held on 14-16 October 2015 in Milan, Italy.
DRIVERS FOR EMERGING ISSUES IN ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH
The misunderstood epidemiological determinants of covid 19, problems and solu...Bhoj Raj Singh
The document discusses several misunderstood determinants of COVID-19 that have been claimed but lack epidemiological evidence. It questions correlations that have been proposed between COVID-19 outcomes and factors like median age, BCG vaccination rates, religion, and disease burdens. While some correlations appear convincing based on statistics alone, the document argues they ignore important context and exceptions. There have been very few rigorous epidemiological studies of COVID-19 to determine true disease modulators and spread, and many studies have misused non-epidemiological data.
Q magazine is a UK music magazine published by Bauer Media with a median reader age of 29, mostly male. It has a circulation of 89,450 and readership of 547,000 who are mostly in higher socioeconomic groups. Bauer Media also publishes other magazines spanning topics like lifestyle, sports, hobbies and B2B titles. The document discusses the audience and publishers of Q magazine and notes some potential issues with the magazine cover design and choice of cover star.
PPT Casali "the health care systems response"StopTb Italia
This document discusses responses of health systems. It begins by defining health systems according to the WHO as organizations, people and actions aimed at promoting, restoring or maintaining health. It notes key elements of health systems include governance, financing, human resources, information services and management. The document references several other sources that discuss these components in more detail.
This document summarizes key information about tuberculosis (TB), including:
- TB remains a global health problem, infecting around one third of the world's population and killing millions each year. It is one of the top infectious disease killers worldwide.
- The largest number of TB cases occur in Asia, with India and China accounting for over half of all global cases. Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest rates of cases and deaths per capita.
- TB is closely linked to HIV/AIDS, with those coinfected being at much higher risk of falling ill from TB. Over 80% of TB cases among people living with HIV reside in Africa.
This document summarizes the global burden of tuberculosis (TB) in 2011. Some key points:
- An estimated 1.4 million people died from TB that year, with over 80% of TB/HIV co-infections occurring in Africa.
- TB incidence rates were highest in Africa, linked to high HIV infection rates. People living with HIV are 20-40 times more likely to develop active TB.
- About 630,000 cases of multi-drug resistant TB were estimated, with over 60% occurring in 5 countries: India, China, Russia, Philippines, and Pakistan.
- 500,000 women and 65,000 children died from TB in 2011, and 10 million children were left orphaned
The document discusses communicable diseases and human security. It provides an overview of communicable diseases, outlining their importance and selected diseases of public health concern such as tuberculosis, malaria, HIV/AIDS, and avian influenza. It discusses the global response required, including approaches such as public health interventions, regulations, and partnerships. The World Bank plays a role in mounting a global response by collaborating with other organizations as part of global health partnerships.
This document provides a summary of the 2009 AIDS epidemic update published by UNAIDS and the WHO. It finds that the number of people living with HIV globally continues to rise and reached 33.4 million in 2008. An estimated 2.7 million new HIV infections and 2 million AIDS-related deaths occurred in 2008. While the epidemic has stabilized in most regions, prevalence continues to rise in Eastern Europe and Central Asia and parts of Asia. Sub-Saharan Africa remains most heavily affected, accounting for 71% of new infections globally in 2008. The report examines trends by region and finds evidence of successes in HIV prevention in some countries.
This document provides an overview of communicable diseases and their impact on human security. It defines communicable diseases as conditions transmitted directly or indirectly from infected people or animals. Selected diseases discussed include tuberculosis, malaria, HIV/AIDS, and avian influenza. These diseases place a significant burden on low and middle income countries and can have social, economic, and security impacts. Approaches to control discussed include personal responsibility, public health interventions, regulations and laws, and partnerships. Effective response requires a global approach as communicable diseases respect no borders in an increasingly interconnected world.
The document provides an overview of communicable diseases and approaches to mounting an effective global response. It defines communicable diseases and discusses their importance, impact and burden. Key diseases discussed include tuberculosis, malaria, HIV/AIDS and avian influenza. Challenges in controlling these diseases are outlined. Approaches to intervention discussed include personal responsibility, utilitarian approaches, regulations and laws, and partnerships. The role of the World Bank in financing responses is summarized.
The document provides an overview of communicable diseases and approaches to mounting a global response. It defines communicable diseases and their modes of transmission. Key points made include that communicable diseases account for a significant global disease burden, especially in low and middle income countries. Effective response requires approaches like strengthening health systems, partnerships, regulations, and personal responsibility. Selected diseases discussed in more detail include tuberculosis, malaria, HIV/AIDS, avian influenza, and neglected tropical diseases.
A presentation on tuberculosis control efforts in Cuba vs. Haiti. Presented for my class Intensive Study of Public Health Services in Cuba, June 25, 2015.
This 45-year-old male from a low socioeconomic background presented with symptoms of weight loss, appetite loss, evening fever, cough for over 3 weeks, and hemoptysis. He was diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis based on his symptoms and socioeconomic risk factors. Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and remains a major global infectious disease, with 8 million new cases and 2 million deaths annually worldwide according to the WHO. Risk factors include HIV/AIDS, poverty, and crowded living conditions.
There is generally a positive relationship between the wealth of a country and the quality of healthcare available. Wealthier countries, known as MEDCs, typically spend a higher percentage of their total expenditures on healthcare and have greater access to resources. However, some exceptions exist, such as the United States, which has high healthcare spending but many uninsured citizens who lack access. Less wealthy LEDCs often have less access to healthcare, though countries like Cuba provide universal healthcare through socialized medicine despite lower spending per person.
This document lists and provides brief descriptions of five original papers that form the basis of the thesis. Paper I examines TB knowledge and health-seeking behavior among rural Vietnamese adults with cough for at least three weeks. Paper II assesses TB knowledge and treatment awareness among new pulmonary TB patients in northern and central Vietnam. Paper III surveys TB knowledge and reported practices among basic health care staff in rural Vietnam. Paper IV studies the prevalence and case detection of smear-positive pulmonary TB using population-based data from Vietnam. Paper V examines excess mortality and TB among individuals with prolonged cough using longitudinal population data from Vietnam.
Malaria Control & the RTS,S Vaccine-under-trial: Matters Arising by Dr. IdokokoAbraham Idokoko
The document discusses malaria control and the RTS,S vaccine currently under trial. It provides an overview of the global malaria situation, the situation in sub-Saharan Africa and Nigeria specifically. It outlines the key components of malaria control including case management, vector control methods, and monitoring and evaluation. Progress made in malaria control from 2000-2011 is highlighted, along with current challenges such as funding shortages and insecticide and drug resistance. The development of malaria vaccines including the RTS,S vaccine currently undergoing trials is also discussed.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the epidemiology of trachoma in Ethiopia. It finds that trachoma is highly prevalent in Ethiopia, disproportionately affecting rural areas and women. The country accounts for 1/3 of the global burden of the disease. Control efforts have included mass antibiotic distribution, facial cleanliness promotion, and trichiasis surgery. However, trachoma remains widespread due to factors like limited access to water and sanitation. The presentation recommends that the Ethiopian government increase investment to strengthen prevention and treatment programs to eliminate trachoma.
This document discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It defines emerging diseases as those caused by new infectious agents or known agents that are increasing in incidence. Re-emerging diseases are those previously controlled but rising again as a health problem. Factors contributing to emergence and re-emergence include evolution of infectious agents, environmental changes, and human behavior. Controlling disease reservoirs, interrupting transmission, strengthening surveillance, and encouraging research are important for prevention. Public health authorities play a key role through legislation, awareness campaigns, and prevention measures.
TB and HIV epidemics are closely linked, with each exacerbating the other. People with HIV are at much higher risk of developing active TB disease. TB is also a leading cause of death among people with HIV. Integrated and collaborative efforts are needed globally using the "Three I's" approach of intensified TB case finding, isoniazid preventive therapy, and infection control to reduce the burden of TB among people living with HIV and HIV among TB patients.
The document summarizes successes and challenges in rolling out antiretroviral therapy (ART) in low-income countries. Key successes include increasing ART access through lowered drug prices and expanded treatment guidelines by the WHO. However, challenges remain such as late treatment initiation leading to high mortality, low pediatric diagnosis rates, limited second-line treatment options, and loss to follow up. Ongoing efforts are needed to further scale up and improve ART programs.
PERTUSSIS PROTECTION - CURRENT SCHEDULES IN EUROPEWAidid
Slide set by Professor Susanna Esposito, president WAidid, presented at the 3rd ESCMID Conference on Vaccines, held in Lisbon (Portugal), 6- 8 March 2015. Learn more: http://goo.gl/8GUwwL
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Part I
Health-related
Millennium Development Goals
12
3 WHO Child Growth Standards. Length/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age: Methods and
development. WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2006, page 312.
www.who.int/childgrowth/publications/en/
Summary of status and trends
With only five years remaining to 2015, there are signs of progress in many countries in achieving the
health-related Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). In other countries, progress has been limited
because of conflict, poor governance, economic or humanitarian crises, and lack of resources. The
effects of the global food, energy, financial and economic crises on health are still unfolding, and action
is needed to protect the health spending of governments and donors alike.
Undernutrition is an underlying cause in about one third of all child deaths. Over the past year,
rising food prices coupled with falling incomes have increased the risk of malnutrition, especially
among children. Although the percentage of children under 5 years of age who are underweight
(compared to the WHO Child Growth Standards3) declined globally from 25% in 1990 to 18% in
2005, subsequent progress has been uneven. In some countries, the prevalence of undernutrition has
increased, and worldwide stunted growth still affected about 186 million children under 5 years of age
in 2005.
Globally, child mortality continues to fall. In 2008, the total annual number of deaths in children
under 5 years old fell to 8.8 million – down by 30% from the 12.4 million estimated in 1990.
Mortality in children under 5 years old in 2008 was estimated at 65 per 1000 live births, which is
a 27% reduction from 90 per 1000 live births in 1990 (Figure 1). Recent encouraging trends also
indicate an acceleration of the rate of decline in all regions since 2000 (Table 1).
WHO region 1990–1999 2000–2008
African Region 0.9 1.8
Region of the Americas 4.2 4.6
South-East Asia Region 2.5 3.8
European Region 3.6 5.6
Eastern Mediterranean Region 1.5 1.7
Western Pacific Region 2.5 5.7
GLOBAL 1.2 2.3
Table 1: Average annual rate of decline (%) in mortality in children under 5 years old –
1990–1999 and 2000–2008
13
Despite these encouraging trends, regional and national averages mask considerable inequities.
The greatest reductions in child mortality have been recorded among the wealthiest households and
in urban areas. Concerted efforts will be needed to achieve the MDG target of a 67% reduction from
1990 levels by the year 2015, especially in countries facing economic crises or conflicts. Low-income
countries would need to increase their annual average rate of decline from 1.9% to 10.9% in order to
achieve the target. Reducing child mortality increasingly depen.
The document presents information on tuberculosis (TB) including its definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical features, treatment guidelines, and nursing interventions. It provides data on the TB burden in Ethiopia and discusses the country's TB control strategies. The presentation aims to increase understanding of TB for health professionals.
Similar to PPT Besozzi "TB: a system disease" (20)
PPT Rizzardini "HAART, sostenibilità di un miracolo"StopTb Italia
This document discusses the sustainability of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for HIV/AIDS treatment. It begins by recounting the history of HAART from initial hope to "miracle" outcomes. However, it notes the global economic crisis challenges sustainability of healthcare systems. Charts show rising healthcare costs as a percentage of GDP in many nations by 2030 and 2050. Italy faces a large national debt and rising healthcare spending. The document questions if the HAART miracle can continue given these economic pressures and need to control costs.
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This document summarizes a presentation on immunological testing for tuberculosis (TB) and HIV co-infection. It discusses the clinical utility of interferon gamma release assays (IGRAs) for detecting latent TB infection (LTBI) in HIV-infected individuals. While IGRAs perform similarly to the tuberculin skin test (TST) in identifying those who could benefit from LTBI treatment, important questions remain about their use in HIV-positive populations with different CD4 counts. The document also examines the diagnostic value of IGRAs for active TB, finding no evidence they are more sensitive than the TST, especially in low- and middle-income countries.
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Mercurius is named after the roman god mercurius, the god of trade and science. The planet mercurius is named after the same god. Mercurius is sometimes called hydrargyrum, means ‘watery silver’. Its shine and colour are very similar to silver, but mercury is a fluid at room temperatures. The name quick silver is a translation of hydrargyrum, where the word quick describes its tendency to scatter away in all directions.
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1. G. Besozzi Monza, 14-15 ottobre 2011 Tubercolosi: una malattia complessa Tubercolosi: malattia di sistema
2.
3. Estimated TB incidence rate (2007) 25 to 49 50 to 99 100 to 299 < 10 10 to 24 300 or more No Estimate per 100 000 population
4. MDR-TB prevalence in new cases, 1994-2003 Estonia Russia (Ivanovo) Latvia China (Henan) China (Liaoning) Dominican Rep Russia (Tomsk) Israel Ivory Coast Ecuador Kazakhstan Uzbekistan Lithuania Iran 4.9 7.8 10.4 6.6 12.2 5.0 14.2 5.3 14.2 9.3 9.4 9.0 13.7 13.2
5. Countries with XDR-TB Confirmed cases to date Czech Republic The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the WHO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. WHO 2005. All rights reserved Ecuador Georgia Argentina Bangladesh Germany Rep of Korea Armenia Russian Federation South Africa Portugal Latvia Mexico Peru USA Brazil UK Spain Thailand Chile Based on MMWR March 2006 data, and information provided to WHO Stop TB Department. December 2006
6. Global Tuberculosis Control. WHO Report 2003 . WHO/CDS/TB/2003.316 Stime della distribuzione della co-infezione TB-HIV negli adulti, 2003 50 000 450 000 SS Africa: 9.5 million 150 000 50 000 100 000 400 000 SE Asia: 2.3 million 5 000 Totale: 13 Milioni Le dimensioni della duplice epidemia TB 2 Miliardi In Europa le stime di co-infezione HIV-tubercolosi in soggetti adulti sono di circa 50.000 casi al 2002, con tassi di prevalenza pari a 10-99/100.000 HIV 34 Milioni
9. 2004: highest estimated TB rates per capita were in Africa 25 - 49 50 - 99 100 - 299 < 10 10 - 24 No estimate per 100 000 pop 300 or more Global Tuberculosis Control. WHO Report 2006 . WHO/HTM/TB/2006.361 World Health Organization
11. La tubercolosi si può curare e può essere guarita con i farmaci che abbiamo a disposizione nel 95% dei casi. Tuttavia si registrano ancora due milioni di morti all'anno. La terapia costa circa 20 €
12. E' chiaro che di fronte a questi numeri, non si tratta più di affrontare un problema sanitario, ma un problema che è anche sociale, economico, politico, etico. La tubercolosi è una patologia del sistema.
13.
Editor's Notes
It is helpful to set the European epidemic in a global context. WHO and UNAIDS estimate that at the end of 2003, between 34 and 46 million people were living with HIV/AIDS. Although most of these are in sub-Saharan Africa between 1.7 and 2.5 million are in Europe. The vast majority of these are in Eastern Europe
The slides is self-explanatory. The TB rates in sub-Saharan Africa are impressive. As we will see, they will drive the overall trend.