The document summarizes epidemiological data on tuberculosis (TB) in Italy and globally. It notes that the TB notification rate in Italy decreased by 7.7% from 2007 to 2012. In 2012, 58.3% of Italian TB cases were in foreign-born individuals and the rate of multi-drug resistant TB was 3%. Globally in 2012, there were an estimated 8.6 million incident TB cases and 1.3 million deaths, with South-East Asia and Africa accounting for most cases and deaths. Major ongoing challenges include TB/HIV co-infection, multi-drug resistant TB, and improving detection of "missing" TB cases.
After the successful NSP 2017-2025,Goi is lauching NSP 2017-2025 for elimination of TB on 24th march( World TB day ) 2017. Module is on MOHFW site but i have try to keep it brief,hope its ll be useful specially for academic and administrative purposes.
After the successful NSP 2017-2025,Goi is lauching NSP 2017-2025 for elimination of TB on 24th march( World TB day ) 2017. Module is on MOHFW site but i have try to keep it brief,hope its ll be useful specially for academic and administrative purposes.
India is the highest TB burden country in the world & accounts for nearly 1/5th (20 per cent) of global burden of tuberculosis, 2/3rd of cases in SEAR. Every year approximately 1.8 million persons develop tuberculosis, of which about 0.8 million are new smear positive highly'- infectious cases.Annual risk of becoming infected with TB is 1.5 % and once infected there is 10 % life-time risk of developing TB disease
Standards for TB care in India, RNTCP challenges: India, Maharashtra & Mumbai...Amol Patil
This presentation contains TB statistics- Global, India, Maharashtra and Mumbai till 2015.
Details of TB control strategies will be covered in Subsequent parts.
DRUG RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS,DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENTDr.Lalit Kumar
VERY USEFUL PRESENTATION TO LEARN THE BASICS OF MDR/XDR-TB AS WELL AS THEIR MANAGEMENT.MOST OF THE CONTENT ARE BASED ON THE RNTCP GUIDELINES AND WHO 2013 UPDATE....
Factors associated adherence to TB treatment in Georgia report (eng)Ina Charkviani
Tuberculosis (TB) is a widely spread disease globally that causes millions of people’s death worldwide. Treatment for TB is complex and usually involves taking several antibiotics at once for a long time (sometimes up to two years). Considering the severity of the treatment regimen, it becomes hard for the patients to adhere and complete proposed treatment and particularly for those who are infected with drug-resistant strain of TB.
Fast-track the end of AIDS in the EU - practical evidence-based interventions.
Presentation by: Valerie Delpech, Public Health Engand
In a two-day meeting under the auspices of the Maltese Presidency of the Council of the European Union (30-31 January 2017), HIV experts from across the European Union discussed how to reverse this trend and how to prepare Europe to achieve the set target of ending AIDS by 2030.
Towards TB elimination - Giovanni Battista MiglioriWAidid
Professor G. B. Migliori - WHO Collaborating Centre for TB and Lung Disease, Fondazione S. Maugeri, Care and Research Institute Tradate, Italy
Find out more on http://goo.gl/8GUwwL
Presentation delivered by Dr Masoud Dara, Programme Manager a.i., Tuberculosis and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, Division of Communicable Diseases, Health Security and Environment at the 65th session of the WHO Regional Committee for Europe (Vilnius, Lithuania, 14–17 September 2015)
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
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Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
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Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
1. Epidemiologia
della
tubercolosi
1°
Convegno
Interdisciplinare
Milano,
21-‐22
Marzo
2014
GLOBAL TB
PROGRAMME
Alberto
Ma4eelli
Global
TB
Programme
World
Health
Organiza7on
Geneva,
Switzerland
2. TB
no8fica8on
rate
Italy
2007
-‐
2012
Source
ECDC/EURO
TB
report
2014
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Δ
N
Rate
N
Rate
N
Rate
N
Rate
N
Rate
N
Rate
Italy
4525
7.7
4418
7.4
4244
7.1
4692
7.8
3521
5.8
3142
5.2
-‐7.7
Δ =
VariaGon
2007-‐2012
In
2012
TB
incidence
(reported)
=
5.2/100,000
TB
prevalence
(es8mated)
=
9.4/100,000
TB
mortality
=
0.7/100,000
%
in
foreign
borne
58.3%
%
MDR
(from
surveillance)
3%
4. Tuberculosis
in
Italy
-‐
2012
Source
ECDC/EURO
TB
report
2014
New
pulmonary
confirmed
cases
650/1,035
62.8%
All
laboratory
confirmed
cases
677/3,142
21.5%
(this
trend
is
decreasing)
Italy
does
not
provide
data
on:
• Treatment
outcome
• HIV
co-‐infec8on
• Drug
resistance
5. Es8mated
number
of
cases
Es8mated
number
of
deaths
1.3
million*
• 74.000
in
children
• 410.000
in
women
8.6
million
• 0.5
m
in
children
• 2.9
m
in
women
450,000
All
forms
of
TB
Mul8drug-‐resistant
TB
HIV-‐associated
TB
1.1
million
(13%)
320,000
Source:
WHO
Global
Tuberculosis
Report
2013
*
Including
deaths
aSributed
to
HIV/TB
The
global
burden
of
TB
-‐2012
170,000
6. South-‐East
Asia
39%
Western
Pacific
19%
Africa
27%
E.
Mediterranean
8%
Europe
4%
Americas
3%
38%
in
India
+
China
26%
in
India
Ref:
Global
TB
Control
Report
2013
Es8mated
TB
incidence
rate,
2012
8. Global
incidence,
prevalence
and
mortality
rates
2012
vs
2015
targets
Falling 2.2% per year,
2010-2011
37% decline since 1990 45% decline since 1990
Target Target
Incidence Prevalence Mortality
MDG achieved/on track Not on track Target within reach
Rateper100,000population
1990 2010 1990 2015 1990 2015
0
50
100
150
100
0
200
300
0
10
20
30
Falling 2% per year
9. TB
cases
and
deaths,
1990–2012:
achievements
of
control
efforts
with
available
tools
(absolute
numbers)
Mortality
Total
mortality
peaked
early
2000s
at
1.8
million
1.3
million
in
2012
5
Incidence
peaked
at
9
million
in
early
2000s
8.6
million
in
2012
Incidence
Ref:
Global
TB
Control
Report
2013
11. Current
major
challenges
at
global
level
TB/HIV co-infection
Multi drug-resistant TB
The «missing» cases
12. 8.6
5.7
Global
no8fica8ons
Es8mated
incidence
The
case
detec8on/no8fica8on
gap,
2012
Nearly
3
million
TB
cases
either
not
no8fied
or
not
detected
NO
elimina8on
without
“capturing”
them
2.9
million
missed
Ref:
Global
TB
Control
Report
2013
13. Percentage
of
new
TB
cases
with
MDR-‐TB
Globally
3.6%
(95%
CI:
2.1–5.1%)
Ref:
Global
TB
Control
Report
2013
14. Percentage
of
previously
treated
TB
cases
with
MDR-‐TB
Globally
20.2%
(95%
CI:
13.3–27.2%)
GLOBAL TB
Ref:
Global
TB
Control
Report
2013
15. MDR-‐TB,
2012
~ 300,000
MDR-TB
cases among
notified
pulmonary TB
patients
~ 450,000 incident cases
~ 680,000 prevalent cases
80% in 12 countries
2/3 in top 5
56% in top 3
GLOBAL TB
PROGRAMME
16. MDR-‐TB
cases
detected
and
started
on
treatment
94,000
Enrolled on treatment
77,000
Detected among notified Doubling in detection and
treatment, 2009‒2012
Increasing gap between
detection and treatment
Still large detection gap:
§ About 1 in 3 TB patients
with MDR-TB detected
§ About 1 in 4 on treatment
GLOBAL TB
PROGRAMME
17. 92
countries
no8fied
at
least
one
case
of
XDR-‐TB
Ref:
Global
TB
Control
Report
2013
18. Treatment
outcome
of
all
MDR-‐TB
cases
(including
XDR-‐TB)
ager
36
months,
EU/EEA
countries,
2007–2009
Van
der
Werf,
Eurosurveillance
2014
19. The
case
of
Mumbai
and
the
“TDR-‐TB
outbreak”
Udwadia
ZF,
Amale
RA,
Ajbani
KK,
Rodrigues
C.
Totally
drug-‐resistant
tuberculosis
in
India.
Clin
Infect
Dis.
2012
Feb
15;54(4):579–81.
20. DRAFT
Post-‐2015
TB
Strategy
at
a
glance
§ A
WORLD
FREE
OF
TB
§ Zero
deaths,
disease
and
suffering
due
to
TB
§ End
the
Global
TB
Epidemic
§ 95%
reduc8on
in
TB
deaths
(compared
with
2015)
§ 90%
reduc8on
in
TB
incidence
rate
(<10/100,000)
§ 75%
reduc8on
in
TB
deaths
(compared
with
2015)
§ 50%
reduc8on
in
TB
incidence
rate
(<
than
55/100,000)
§ No
affected
families
face
catastrophic
costs
due
to
TB
VISION:
GOAL:
TARGETS
FOR
2035:
MILESTONES
FOR
2025:
21. Integrated,
pa8ent-‐
centered
TB
Care
and
Preven8on
Early
diagnosis
of
TB
including
universal
drug-‐suscep7bility
tes7ng
;
systema7c
screening
of
contacts
and
high-‐risk
groups
Treatment
of
all
forms
of
TB
including
drug
-‐resistant
TB,
and
pa7ent
support
Collabora7ve
TB/HIV
ac7vi7es
and
management
of
co-‐morbidi7es
Preven7ve
treatment
for
high-‐risk
groups
and
vaccina7on
of
children
Bold
policies
and
suppor8ve
systems
Government
stewardship
,
commitment,
and
adequate
resources
for
TB
care
and
control
with
monitoring
and
evalua7on
Engagement
of
communi7es
,
civil
society
organiza7ons,
and
all
public
and
private
care
providers
Universal
health
coverage
policy;
and
regulatory
framework
for
case
no7fica7on,
vital
registra7on,
quality
and
ra7onal
use
of
medicines,
and
infec7on
control
Social
protec7on,
poverty
allevia7on,
and
ac7ons
on
other
determinants
of
TB
Intensified
Research
and
Innova8on
Discovery,
development
and
rapid
uptake
of
new
tools,
interven7ons
and
strategies
Opera7onal
research
to
op7mize
implementa7on
and
impact,
and
promote
innova7ons
Targets:
95%
reduc8on
in
deaths
and
90%
reduc8on
in
incidence
(<
10
cases
/
100,000
popula8on)
by
2035
Post-‐2015
Global
TB
Strategy
Proposed
Pillars
22. Integrated,
Pa8ent-‐centred
Care
and
Preven8on
A.
Early
diagnosis
of
TB
including
universal
drug
suscep8bility
tes8ng;
systema8c
screening
of
contacts
and
high-‐risk
groups
B.
Treatment
of
all
people
with
TB
including
drug-‐resistant
TB,
and
pa8ent
support
C.
Collabora8ve
TB/HIV
ac8vi8es;
and
management
of
co-‐morbidi8es
D.
Preven8ve
treatment
for
persons
at
high-‐risk
and
vaccina8on
for
TB
PILLAR
I
AND
COMPONENTS
New additions to or enhancements of the current strategy are shown in yellow
23. Bold
Policies
and
Suppor8ve
Systems
A.
Poli8cal
commitment
with
adequate
resources
for
TB
care
and
preven8on
B.
Engagement
of
communi8es,
civil
society
organiza8ons,
and
public
and
private
care
providers
C.
Universal
health
coverage
policy;
and
regulatory
frameworks
for
case
no8fica8on,
vital
registra8on,
quality
and
ra8onal
use
of
medicines,
and
infec8on
control
D.
Social
protec8on,
poverty
allevia8on
and
ac8ons
on
other
determinants
of
TB
PILLAR
II
AND
COMPONENTS
New additions to or enhancements of the current strategy are shown in yellow
24. Intensified
Research
and
Innova8on
A.
Discovery,
development
and
rapid
uptake
of
new
tools,
interven8ons,
and
strategies
B.
Research
to
op8mize
implementa8on
and
impact,
promote
innova8ons
PILLAR
III
AND
COMPONENTS
New additions to or enhancements of the current strategy are shown in yellow
25. Projected acceleration of TB incidence decline
to target levels
Business
as
usual
Op8mize
current
tools,
pursue
universal
health
coverage
and
social
protec8on
Introduce
new
vaccine,
new
prophylaxis
Average
-‐10%/year
-‐5%/year
Current
trend:
-‐2%/year
Average
-‐17%/year