2. • It is an acute, highly contagious, world organization for
animal health (WOAH-OIE) notifiable and economically
important transboundary viral disease of sheep and goats
associated with high morbidity and mortality.
• Characterized by high fever (pyrexia), conjunctivitis,
oculo-nasal discharges, necrotizing and erosive stomatitis,
diarrhea and bronchopneumonia followed by either death
of the animal or recovery
3. Synonyms
• Also known as
• KATA,
• Stomatitis pneumoenteritis complex
• Pseudo rinderpest of sheep and goat
• Contagious pustular stomatitis
• Goat palgue
4. Etiology
• It is an enveloped RNA virus belongs to the
genus Morbillivirus of the family Paramyxoviridae (sub
family Paramyxovirinae) under the order Mononegavirales [
• Antigenically related to rinderpest virus (RPV), measles virus
(MV), canine distemper virus.
• The PPRV is genetically grouped into four lineages (I, II, III,
and IV) based on the F and N gene sequences analyses
• Lineages I–III circulate in Africa, while lineage IV is generally
found in Asia
5. Epidemiology
• PPR was first reported in the Ivory Coast, West Africa , and
later from other parts of the world namely sub-Saharan Africa,
the Middle East and Indian subcontinent . Spread of disease to a
number of new countries in Africa.
• . The first confirmed outbreak of PPR in sheep with 25 %
mortality was reported in Arasur village, Villipuram district of
Tamil Nadu during 1987, where characteristic clinical signs
pertaining to PPR were noticed .
6. Transmission
• Mainly by aerosol,
• Also secrete in saliva , feces, ocular discharge , nasal discharge
and urine can contaiminate fomites
• Natural infected goat can shed virus upto 1 month in faeces
after vaacination and 2 month without vaccination
• Kids over 4 months and under 1 year of are most susceptible
• Recovered animal have lifetime immunity
8. Clinical Sign
• Disease can be peracute , acute and subacute
• Peracute and acute is common in goats while subscute in sheep
• High fever , dullness , sneezing , serous discharge from eyes
and nostril
• Later necrotic lesion in mouth and extend over the whole
mucosa forming diphtheric membrane
• Halitosis , mucopurulent discharge from nose and eyes
,exudate dries up , matting the eyes and occolude the nares
• Diarrhoea developed 3-4 days after onset of fever
9. • It is profuse and contain
mucous and blood .
• Dyspnoea and coughing
occur later secondary
bacterial infection
• Death within 1 week
• Subacute case in sheep are
common
10. Necropsy findings
• Consolidation, changes in colour of lungs and
sometimes, frothy mucus is observed in cut
pieces of lung on squeezing, antero-ventral
areas of right lung are frequently involved.
• The involvement of respiratory system in PPR
is remarkable and pneumonia is a
predominant sign in PPR
• In the posterior part of colon and rectum,
discontinuous streaks of congestion like
Zebra strips typical of PPR
12. Isolation of virus
• “gold standard” for diagnosis of PPR.
• isolated and grown in vitro in primary bovine and sheep cells as
well as established cell lines such as Vero (African green monkey
kidney) cells and Marmoset B-lymphoblastoid-B95a cells
• manifests specific cytopathic effect (CPE) after 3–5 days of
infection, which include initial rounding of the infected cells in
grape-bunch-like clusters, followed by vacuolation, granulation of
the cell cytoplasm, fusion of the monolayer cells and formation of
syncytia, which are characteristics of PPRV.
13. • Virus neutralizatio test , AGID , Counter immunoeletrophoresis used
as convetional test
• Recently neutralizing MAbs against H protein of PPRV for specific
detection of PPRV antibodies in competitive ELISA (c-ELISA) and
blocking ELISA (B-ELISA) for antibody detection.
• The sensitivity and specificity of B-ELISA was found to be 90.4 and
98.8 %, respectively when compared to VNT.
• The s-ELISA kit developed at Division of Virology, IVRI,
Mukteswar, India uses a MAb (4G6) directed against an epitope of
N protein of PPRV , which is the routinely being used In india .
14. • RT - PCR assays target the N gene which detect all 4 lineages in
tissue , occular and nasal swabs , tissue and blood sample
• A simple dot-ELISA has also been developed using either anti-M
protein MAb for the detection of PPRV antigen in tissue
homogenate/swab materials of sheep and goats origin.
• Useful for screening of large number of clinical sample and could
be used as a penside test for diagnosis of PPR.
• Relative diagnostic sensitivity (82.5 %) and specificity (91 %)
compared to s-ELISA
15. Prevention and control
• Best way to control is through vaccination
• The first homologous PPR vaccine was developed using live attenuated
Nigerian strain PPRV Nig 75/1 after 63 passages in Vero cells produced a
solid immunity for 3 years
• Three other homologous PPR vaccines using Indian isolates of
PPRV(goat origin-Sungri-1996 and Coimbatore(CBE)-1997; sheep
origin-Arasur-1987) formed recently by Indian veterinary research
institute (IVRI) and Tamil Nadu university of veterinary and animal
science (TANUVAS), Chennai It is necessary that each animal to be
vaccinated should receive a minimum recommended dose (OIE) i.e.,
103TCID50.
16. • In India , lyophilizes thermo - adapted
vaccines developed that keeps fro 24-26 days
at ambient temperature
• Kids and lambs vaccinated at 3-4 months of
age by which maternal antibodies start to
wane
• To fulfill DIVA concept , recombinant
vaccines has been develped from capripox
and vaccinia virus.
17. Steps to control PPR
• Focus vaccination in high risk population of sheep and goat
• Mass vaccination tu achieve 70-89% herd immunity
• An understanding of socioeconomic and cultural
circumstances of owner
• A keen watch in endemic nature of ppr in neighboring
countries
• Coordinated efforts from all stack holders
• Proper functioning and execution of control programs
