This document discusses Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) systems. It provides an introduction to DAB and describes some of its key features like providing CD quality audio, robust reception, and ability to transmit ancillary data. It also discusses different DAB standards and specifications like Eureka 147, IBOC, and OFDM modulation. The document outlines the history of DAB and digital radio broadcasting. It provides block diagrams and descriptions of DAB and IBOC system implementations as well as challenges of radio signal propagation in mobile environments.

1. Digital Audio Broadcasting
(DAB) systems
Shahab adin Rahmanian
Nov,2005
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Digital Audio Broadcasting systems
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2. Outline
Introduction
DAB species
History of DAB
DAB specification
IBOC DAB
OFDM
CDMA
Future work
References
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3. Introduction
Replace the existing AM and FM audio
broadcast services
Very well suited for mobile reception
High robustness against Multipath
reception
High quality digital audio services (near
CD quality)
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4. Introduction
Ancillary data transmission (e.g. travel
and traffic information, still and moving
pictures, etc.)
Larger coverage area than current FM
and AM systems
Efficient frequency spectrum use
Low transmitting power
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5. DAB species
DAB (Eureka 147 project)
ETSI standard
In Band On Channel (IBOC) DAB
(High definition radio project)
NRSC standard
ISDB
Japanese standard
Digital TV & audio
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6. History of DAB
In 1980s the first digital sound broadcasting
systems providing CD like audio quality for
satellite delivery.
Frequency band 10 to 12GHz
Little sound data compression
Not aimed at mobile reception
In 1987 the Eureka-147 project was born
First DAB standard was achieved in 1993
In 1995 the ETSI adopted DAB as the only
European standard for digital radio
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7. DAB specification
1.5 MHz bandwidth
Frequency band between 30MHz to
3GHz
1.5 Mbit/s signal rate
8-384 kbit/s audio rate
Up to 63 mono audio channel or 12
stereo audio channel
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8. Block diagram
[6]
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9. Important block
24 or 48 Khz
PCM audio signal
To RF Unit
Mpeg II
Encoder
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Energy
dispersal
scrambler
Covoloutio
nal
Encoder
Time
Interleaving
QPSK
symbol
Mapper
Digital Audio Broadcasting systems
OFDM
symbol
Gernerator
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10. DAB World Coverage Map
[6]
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11. IBOC DAB
Permit a smooth evolution from current
analog radio broadcasting to fully digital radio
broadcasting.
Allow broadcaster to keep current analog
transmission
No new spectrum required for AM or FM
transmission
Near CD Quality for FM
FM stereo quality sound for AM station
No new tower or transmitter site
New data capabilities for AM and FM stations
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12. IBOC DAB History
2001
iBiquity was born
2002
IBOC technology approved by the FCC
2003
First AM and FM stations begin
broadcasting with HD Radio
April, 2005
IBOC DAB Standard (NRSC-5) approved
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13. IBOC DAB
RF/transmission subsystem
Coding and interleaving
Mapping
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
(OFDM) modulation
Up-conversion to the AM or FM band
Transport and service multiplex
Takes the audio and data information
Generate stream of packets
Audio and data input subsystems
Audio source coding
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14. Block diagram
[1]
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15. Transmission subsystem
Interface Layer
Transfer PDU frames
Logical Channels
specify grade of service
Channel Coding
Scrambling (Energy dispersal)
Channel Encoding
Interleaving
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16. Transmission subsystem
Subcarrier Mapping and Modulation
QPSK, 16QAM,64QAM
2048 OFDM modulation
Pulse shaping
Up conversion
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17. IBOC DAB
Hybrid waveform
Extended hybrid
waveform
[1]
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18. IBOC DAB
All digital waveform
[1]
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19. Mobile radio channels
Attenuation
Multipath Effects
Doppler Shift
[2]
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20. Radio Propagation Effects
[3]
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21. Attenuation source
Any objects which obstruct the line of
sight signal
Diffract off the boundaries of obstructions
Low frequencies diffracting more than high
frequency signals
High frequency signals, require line of
sight for adequate signal strength
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22. Multipath effects
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23. Fast fading
Relative phase of multiple reflected signals can cause
constructive or destructive interference at the receiver
[3]
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24. Rayleigh Fading
Rayleigh distribution describes the
probability of the signal level being
received due to fading.
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25. Frequency Selective Fading
Channel spectral response is not flat
Deep nulls in the received signal power
For narrow bandwidth entire signal can
be lost
This can overcome in two ways:
Transmitting a spread spectrum as CDMA
Split the transmission into many small
bandwidth carriers (OFDM)
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26. Delay Spread
Time spread between the arrival of
the first and last multipath signal
Lead to inter-symbol interference
ISI can be minimized by CDMA or
OFDM
[3]
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27. Doppler Shift
When a wave source and a receiver are
moving relative to one another the
frequency of the received signal changed
Significant problems
If transmission technique is sensitive to
carrier frequency offsets (COFDM)
Relative speed is very high
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28. OFDM
Similar to FDM but OFDM uses the spectrum
much more efficiently
Multicarrier technique
Divides the spectrum
into many carriers
Sub carrier are orthogonal to each other
bandwidth of each channel is typically 10kHz30kHz (for voice communications)
Multipath tolerance (by guard interval)
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29. OFDM generation
[3]
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30. OFDM
Noise performance was depend on the
modulation technique used for modulating
each carrier
Minimum SNR required for BPSK was ~7dB,
~12dB for QPSK and ~25dB for 16PSK
Total immunity to multipath delay spread
when reflection time is less then the guard
period
Delay Spreads of up to 100µsec could be
tolerated, corresponding to multipath
reflections of 30km
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31. OFDM
It is very sensitive to frequency, and
phase errors between the transmitter
and receiver
phase noise of the transmitter
Frequency offset errors between the
transmitter and receiver
This problem can be overcome by
synchronizing the clocks or by reducing
the number of carriers used.
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32. OFDM
Clipping of the OFDM signal have little
effect on the performance
Allowing the peak power of the signal
to be clipped up to 6 - 9dB
Tolerance to clipping reduces the
dynamic range overhead
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33. Adding Guard interval to OFDM
Robustness against multipath delay
spread
The level of robustness, can be
increased more by the addition of a
guard period
Cyclic extension effectively extends the
length of the symbol without loss of
orthogonality
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34. OFDM system implementation
Using general purpose DSPs
most of the processing is required in
performing the fast fourier transform
(FFT)
The complexity of performing an FFT is
dependent on the size of the FFT.
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35. Complexity of FFT
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36. Required Processing Power
Example
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37. CDMA
What is CDMA (Code Division Multiple
Access)
Spread spectrum technique
Narrow band message is multiplied by a
pseudo random noise code (PN code)
All channels use the same frequency
band and transmit simultaneously
Signal is recovered by correlating the
received signal with the PN code used
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38. CDMA DAB
[3]
Signal hiding and non-interference with
existing systems.
Accurate Ranging
Multiple User Access
Multipath tolerance
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39. CDMA generation
[3]
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40. CDMA
Data to be
transmitted is
spread by
modulating the
data using a PN
code.
Received signal is
recovered by
multiplying the
signal by the
original spreading
code
[3]
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41. Comparison
OFDM was found to perform very well
compared with CDMA
OFDM allow up to 2-10 times more
channel than CDMA
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42. Reference
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
NRSC-5 standard: “In-Band on Channel Digital Radio
Broadcasting Standard NRSC-5,” April, 2005.
H. U. Bilbao, “DAB Transmission System Simulation,”M.Sc
Thesis, August 2004.
E. Lawrey, “The suitability of OFDM as a modulation
technique for wireless telecommunications, with a CDMA
comparison” M.SC Thesis
S.Y. Yeo, M.S. Beak, M.J. Kim, Y.H. You, "High capacity and
reliability techniques for digital audio broadcasting system,"
IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. 50, no. 2,
MAY 2004.
H. C. Papadopoulos, C. W. Sundberg, “Postcanceling
techniques for simultaneous broadcasting of analog FM and
digital data," IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 51,
no. 1, January 2003[3]
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43. References
6.
ETSI EN 300 401 “Radio Broadcasting Systems
Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) to mobile,
portable and fixed receivers”
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44. Questions?
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