Understanding Malaysia's Electricity Distribution Systems

Prepared by,
DR NOR AKMAL MOHD JAMAIL
2016@JEK/FKEE
1
BEF33203– UTILISATIONOF ELECTRICAL ENERGY

Outlines
• Introduction
• Electricity Generation Scenario in Malaysia
• Electric Supply System
• HV Distribution Networks
• LV Distribution Networks
• Hardware for Distribution Systems
• Load Characteristics andTariffs Rate
2

Introduction
• Energy is needed in many areas
of human endeavor such as:
 moving people and goods around -
TRANSPORT
 producing and processing of food -
AGRICULTURE
 manufacturing of useful materials and
artifacts - INDUSTRY
 Powering communication gadgets and
equipment, and going about other
commercial activities - COMMERCE
 maintaining physical comfort and
convenience in our homes -
HOUSEHOLDS
3

• Transportation is the movement
of people and goods from one
place to another.
• Transportation depends on
continuous supply of energy.
• Automobiles are powered by
gasoline (petrol), aeroplanes by
jet fuel (kerosene), and trucks,
trains, and ships by diesel oil.
• Conveyers, cranes, robots and
pipelines use motors and pumps,
which are powered by electricity.
4
Introduction - TRANSPORT

• Agro-industries and processing of
agricultural products require energy.
• Mechanical implements powered by fuel or
electricity are immensely more efficient and
productive than humans and animals.
• In developed countries, a major portion of
electricity used in agriculture powers
irrigation pumps.
• The energy requirements in agriculture are
mainly met using solar energy, fossil fuels
(oil, coal and natural gas), fuel wood and
electricity.
5
Introduction - AGRICULTURE

Introduction - INDUSTRY
• Most of the energy used in industry is used by
the machines and processes, which make the
products of industry.
• Industrial energy-consuming systems include
boiler and other fired systems (furnace, kilns,
incinerators, dryers), compressed air system,
electric motors (for fans, blowers, pumps,
conveyers, etc.) and lighting system.
• Energy is also used to heat or cool the buildings
and to provide hot water and other facilities for
workers.
6

Introduction - COMMERCE
• Highly sophisticated
communication systems both
for the supply of goods and
services, and the maintenance of
organisational cohesion
requires a ready supply of
suitable energy.
• Energy in commerce is basically
use for information processing,
ACMV, and lighting.
• Electrical energy is the most
common form of energy used
and supplemented by chemical
energy from batteries
(renewable energy system).
7

Introduction - HOUSEHOLD
• Energy is required in households
for space heating or cooling,
water heating, cooking, lighting,
ironing, and power appliances
like fridge, washing machines,
sound systems,TV, hair dryers,
shavers, clocks, blenders,
toasters, vacuum cleaners,
sewing machines, etc.
• The energy may come from
direct heating from the sun,
electricity, burning of fossil fuels
or fuel wood.
8

9
Generation Mix Profile in Malaysia

Generation Mix Profile in Malaysia
10

Number of Consumers by Sector
11

SALES OF ELECTRICITY (Peninsular)
12

13
Major
Power
Station
in
Peninsular
Malaysia

Some of Thermal Power Plants in Peninsular
Malaysia
14
LEGEND
Hydro
Thermal
Note:
GT - Open Cycle Gas Turbine
CC - Combined Cycle
CSP - Conventional Thermal
C/G/O - Triple Fuel Coal, Oil & Gas
Dist - Distillate
SOUTH
CHINA
SEA
N Teluk Ewa (68 MW)
GT 2 x 34 MW Dist
PRAI (360 MW)
CSP 3x120 MW Fuel Oil
GELUGOR
CC 1 x 330 MW Gas
SERDANG (625 MW)
GT 3x135 MW Gas
GT 2x110 MW Gas
CONNAUGHT
BRIDGE (832 MW)
GT 4x 130 MW Gas
CC 1x 312 MW Gas
PORT DICKSON (360 MW)
CSP 3x120 MW Gas/Oil
PASIR GUDANG (729MW)
CSP 2x120 MW Oil/Gas
CC 1x269 MW Gas
GT² 2x110 MW Gas
PAKA (1,139 MW)
CC 3x290 MW Gas
CC 1x269 MW Gas
KEV (2,420 MW)
CSP 2x500 MW Coal/G/O
CSP 2x300 MW Coal/G/O
CSP 2x300 MW Gas/Oil
GT² 2x110 MW Gas
MANJUNG (2100 MW)
3 x 700 MW Coal
TANJUNG BIN (2100 MW)
3 x 700 MW Coal

Some of Hydro Power Plants in Peninsular
Malaysia
15
Note:
GT - Open Cycle Gas Turbine
CC - Combined Cycle
CSP - Conventional Thermal
C/G/O - Triple Fuel Coal, Oil & Gas
Dist - Distillate
SOUTH
CHINA
SEA
N
LEGEND
Hydro
Thermal
Bersia
3 x 24MW
Kenering
3 x 40MW
Chenderoh
3 x 10.7 MW
1 x 8.4 MW
Cameron Highland
261.9 MW
Sg.Piah
2 x 7.3 MW
2 x 27 MW
Pergau
4 x 150MW
Kenyir
4 x 100MW
Temengor
4 x 87 MW

Maximum Demand and Installed Generation
Capacity
16
(Source: Electricity Supply Industry in Malaysia: Performance and Statistical Information, Suruhanjaya
Tenaga, 2010)

Capacity
17
Tenaga, 2010)

Capacity
18
Tenaga, 2010)

Electricity Forecast (2007 – 2011)
19

22
MAJOR
POWER
STATION
AND
GRID

23
MAJOR
POWER
STATION
AND
GRID

24
Prospective
ASEAN
Power
Grid

Electrical Supply Systems
• Medium/HighVoltage (HV)
 Overhead transmission lines (500 kV, 275 kV).
 Underground cables (132 kV, 66 kV, 33 kV, 22 kV,
11 kV, 6.6 kV).
 For large scale industry customers.
• LowVoltage (LV)
 Voltage level below 1 kV (240V and 415V).
 For residential, commercial, and small industry
applications.
25

Definition of Voltage Levels
26
1 kV 50 kV
Low
Voltage
Medium
Voltage
High
Voltage

Low Voltage (LV System)
• Single-phase, 2-wire, 240V, up to 12 kVA
maximum demand
• Three-phase, 4-wire, 415V, up to 45 kVA
maximum demand
• Three-phase, 4-wire, C.T. metered, 415V, up
to 1000 kVA maximum demand
27
Citation: TNB Electricity Supply Application Handbook, 2nd Edition, March 2007

Medium and High Voltage (MV & HV)
• Three-phase, 3-wire, 11 kV for load of 1000
kVA maximum demand and above
• Three-phase, 3-wire, 22 kV or 33 kV for load
of 5000 kVA maximum demand and above
• Three-phase, 3-wire, 66 kV, 132 kV and 275 kV
for exceptionally large load of above 25 MVA
maximum demand
28

Steady-state Supply Voltage Performance
Voltage Level % variation
415V and 240V -10% & +5%
6.6 kV, 11 kV, 22 kV, 33 kV 5%
132 kV and 275 kV -5% & +10%
29
Under normal conditions
Voltage Level % variation
415V and 240V 10%
6.6 kV, 11 kV, 22 kV, 33 kV +10% & -10%
132 kV and 275 kV 10%
Under contingency conditions
Citation: TNB Electricity Supply Application Handbook,
2nd Edition, March 2007

Security Levels for Distribution Systems
• For voltage levels of 6.6 kV, 11 kV, 22 kV and
33 kV – the average supply restoration is less
than 4 hours.
• For supplies at 240V and 415V – the
restoration period may vary beyond 4 hours
depending on the type of network fault.
30

Overview of Electricity Supply Systems
31

High Voltage Electrical Supply
A. MainTransmission Line Network System
 Connecting the electrical supply source from
electrical generation stations to the main
distribution network system at certain large
areas like states, districts and big towns.
 The main transmission line networks are liked to
each other to form the “National Grid System”.
 The method used in the transmission line
network is the 3ø, 3 lines (R-Y-B) system through
main overhead line tower.
32

B. Primary Distribution Network System
 It receives electrical supply from main
transmission line network system.
 It is located at few selected locations in a state.
 The electrical power is delivered to the users
through 4 distribution levels.
33

American Versus European System
34

 First Level (1) –Transmission Main Intake (TMI) or
Pencawang Masuk Utama (PMU).
 Interconnection point of 132kV or 275kV to the
distribution network.
35
The standard transmission
capacity and voltage
transformation provided at
the PMU are as follows:-
- 132/33kV, 2 x 90 MVA
- 132 /22kV, 2 x 60 MVA
- 132 /11 kV, 2 x 30 MVA

 Second Level (2) – Main Distribution Sub-station
(MDS) or Pencawang PembahagianUtama (PPU).
36
 Main Distribution Sub-
station is normally
applicable to 33kV for
interconnecting 33kV
networks with 11 kV
networks.
 It provides capacity
injection into 11 kV network
through a standardized
transformation of 33/11 kV.

 Third Level (3) – Main Switching Station (MSS) or
Stesyen Suis Utama (SSU).
 SSU at 33kV, 22kV and 11 kV are established to serve
the following function:
37
1. To supply a dedicated bulk
consumer ( 33kV, 22kV, 11
kV)
2. To provide bulk capacity
injection or transfer from a
PMU/PPU to a load center for
further localized distribution.

 Fourth Level (4) – Distribution Substation (DS) or
Pencawang Elektrik (PE).
 Distribution sub-stations are capacity injection
points from 11 kV, 22kV and sometimes 33kV
systems to the low voltage network (415V, 240V).
38
Typical capacity ratings are
1000kVA, 750kVA, 500kVA
and 300kVA.

 Under ground cables are used in the delivery
system from level 1 – 4.
Types : 3C x 300 mm sq/ 3C240 mm sq/ 3C185 mm
sq, XLPE (cross-linked Polyethylene), Aluminum.
 Block diagram:
39
132kV/33
kV/11kV
33 kV/22 kV
33kV/22
kV/11 kV
…
11kV/415 V
(LV)
1 2 3
33kV/11kV
22 kV/11kV
4

C. Secondary Distribution Network System
 Begins whenever the HighVoltage electrical
supply (11KV) received at DS is converted to Low
Voltage electrical supply (415V).
 Method used is the 4 lines (R-Y-B-N) through
step-down transformer.
 The number of DS is depends on the total load
demands (VA) requested by the user.
 Type of DS : Single Chamber (200 A) and Double
Chambers (600 A).
40

 Number of chamber indicating the number of
transformers needed. (2 chambers type can be
recognised with 2 doors of the size of 2400 mm
wide X 3000 mm high)
 Type of transformer :
Oil ImmersedType, cheap but low efficiency (for
small users).
Cast Resin - Dry, more expensive but higher
efficiency (larger customers).
 NominalVolt-Ampere capacity of the transformer:
300 kVA, 500 kVA, 750 kVA, and 1000 kVA.
41

 What are inside the DS?
1) Switch gear
2) Transformer
3) LowVoltage Distribution Board
 The 415V supply will then connected to the kWh
metering system (user side) through LV
underground cables.
42

 Layout of an DS (Single Chamber):
43
Outgoing Points

D. Types of Electrical Supply Users:
 HV – Higher institutions, shopping complexes,
large factories (owned the MDS, MSS, DS).
 LV – Domestic users, shop lots, public buildings.
46

Low Voltage Electrical Supply
• Types:
 3ø, 4 wires + E – 415V
 1ø, 2 wires + E – 240V
• Types of LV electrical installation:
 Small Industry Buildings.
 Small Commercial Building (shop, office, restaurant).
 Small Residential Building (Condo,Terrace, Apartment).
 Small Public Building (wet market, bus station,….)
 Public Utilities (Street lights, traffic lights,…..)
47

• Main components in a LV electrical supply
distribution system (building):
 kWh meterTNB
 Main Switch Board (MSB)
 Sub Switch Board (SSB)
 Distribution Board (DB)
48

• Example of residential connection:
49
TNB Consumers

• Example of industry connection:
50
DS
MSS
FACTORY
MSB
HT Switch Room
HT Meter Room
HT Switch Room
User’s
Transformer Room
Main
Switch Board
SSB

• Example: Double-storey House
53
Lighting Power
DB2
Lighting Power
DB1
M
1st
Floor
Ground Floor
Incoming TNB
kWH meter
TNB

• Example:Terrace house installation
54
Terrace House
TH 1 TH 2 TH 3 TH 4
Service
Cable
kWH
Meter
Road
M
M M M
Tap- off Unit

Economic Aspects
• Utility company must plans for the electricity
demand in advance as requested by its
consumers.
• Common terms used:
 Connected load
 Maximum demand
 Demand factor
 Average demand
 Load factor
 Diversity factor
55

Economic Aspects
• Connected Load – sum of the rated
maximum values of all loads used by
consumer. It may be expressed in watts, kW,
A, hp, kVA etc.
• Maximum Demand – highest or peak
demand for a specified time (might be in
hour, day, month, or year).
• Demand Factor (DF)
56
load
Connected
demand
Actual
DF 

Economic Aspects
• Average Demand – Sum of the total demand
(in kWh) divided by the demand period (hr).
• Load Factor (LF) -The ratio of the average
load over the peak load. LF is always ≤ 1.
57
(hr)
period
Demand
demand
Maximum
(kWh)
load
Average
LF
or
demand
Maximum
kW)
(in
demand
Average
LF




Economic Aspects
• Diversity Factor (Div F) -The ratio of the sum
of the individual maximum demands in a
distribution system to the maximum demand
of the whole distribution system.
• For consumer – Div. F < 1.0
• For generation supplier – Div. F > 1.0
58
Demand
Max.
Group
Demand
Max.
Ind.
F
Div



Example 1 – Economic Aspects
A load rises from zero to 10 kW instantaneously and
stays constant for 1 minute, then rises to 20 kW and
remains constant for 1 minute, continues at this rate of
rise until it reaches a maximum value of 50 kW for 1
minute, then instantly falls to zero for 1 minute, after
which it again rises in 10 kW steps at 1 minute intervals to
a maximum of 50 kW and returns to zero for 1 minute. If
the load continues to vary in these steps:
i. What is the average demand over the first 15 minutes?
ii. Over the second 15 minutes?
iii. Over the 30 minutes demand interval?
59

Solution:
60
10
20
30
40
50
kW
15 minutes
Time (minute)

Solution (Cont.):
(i)
Total demand
= (10 kW x 3 + 20 kW x 3 + 30 kW x 3 + 40 kW
x 2 + 50 kW x 2)
= 360 kW
Average demand over 15 minutes
= 360 kW/15 minutes
= 24 kW.
61

Solution (Cont.):
(ii)Total demand for the second 15 minutes
= 390 kW
Average demand = 390 kW/15 minutes
= 26 kW
(iii)Total demand over 30 minutes
= 360 kW + 390 kW = 750 kW
Average demand = 750 kW/30 minutes
= 25 kW
62

A factory consumes 425,200 kVAh in a year
with the yearly average power factor, 0.86. If
the half-an-hour demand was 120 kW, find,
i. The average load demand
ii. Annual load factor
iii. If the factory decided to increase the
electricity usage to 450,000 kWh and the
load factor to 65%, what will be the
maximum demand?
63

Solution:
(i) Average load demand
= (425,200 x 0.86) kWh/ (365 x 24) hr
= 41.74 kW.
(ii) Load factor = 41.74 kW/ 120 kW = 35%.
(iii) Maximum demand
= 450,000 kWh/ (8,760 x 0.65) = 79.03 kW.
64

A group of Parit Raja consumers has a total
annual individual maximum demand of 132 kVA
supplied from a single phase distribution
transformer. If the average diversity factor
between the group of consumers is 2.8,
determine the nearest standard size of the
distribution transformer that serving the
consumers.
65

Solution:
The size of the transformer is determined
according to the maximum demand of the
whole group.
Group Maximum demand,
= Annual individual maximum demand/ DF
= 132 kVA/ 2.8
= 47.14 kVA.
 Nearest standard size = 50 kVA.
66

Tariffs
• The rate of charging for electrical energy
supplied by the utility company to its
consumer.
• Tariff charge is depends on various factors:
 Type of consumer (industrial, commercial, or
domestic)
 Type of service (lighting, heating, etc)
 Total fixed running annual charges of the utility
company
 Facility for calculating the bill
67

Tariffs
• Definition of electricity tariff:
• 3 types of tariffs:
i. Residential
ii. Commercial
iii. Industrial
68
[kWh]
consumer
the
to
supplied
energy
Total
[RM]
running)
(fixed
charges
actual
Total
Tariff



TNB Tariffs
• Refer to “TNBTariffs Book” (updated 2011).
• Power FactorTariff (Low Power Factor Penalty):
Below 0.85 and up to 0.75 lagging, 1.5% of the bill for
that month for each one-hundredth (0.01).
Below 0.75 lagging, A supplementary charge of 3%
of the bill for that month for each one-hundredth
(0.01).
69

Example 4 – Power Factor Tariff
A medium voltage industrial consumer having
the following data for its monthly electricity bill:
• Total electricity consumption in kWh
- 160,000 units
• The reactive power consumption in kVArh
- 120,000 units
• The monthly load factor - 68%
• For each kilowatt of maximum demand per month
= RM 25.30/ kW
• For all kWh = 28.8 cents/ kWh
70

i. Determine the monthly maximum demand
for this consumer. [take 30 days/month]
ii. What is the total monthly bill charge for this
consumer?
iii. Recalculate the total monthly bill charge if
the reactive power consumption is increased
to 150,000 units.
71

Solution:
(i) Monthly max. demand
= 160,000 kWh/(0.68)(30 x 24) = 326.80 kW.
(ii) Monthly bill without PF consideration,
= 326.80 kW x RM 25.30 + 160,000 kWh x RM 0.288
= RM 54,348.04
PF = cos (tan-1 120,000/160,000) = 0.8
Poor PF charge = 1.5% x (0.85 - 0.8) x 100 x RM54,348.04
= RM 4,076.10
Total monthly bill charge = RM 58,424.14
72

73
Solution:
(iii) Monthly bill without PF consideration,
= 326.80 kW x RM 25.30 + 160,000 kWh x RM 0.288
= RM 54,348.04
PF = cos (tan-1 150,000/160,000) = 0.73
Poor PF charge = [1.5% x (0.85 - 0.75) + 3.0% x (0.75 - 0.73)]
x 100 x RM54,348.04 = RM 11,413.09
Total monthly bill charge = RM 65,761.13

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