This presentation described in a National Level Conference in CITM College Jaipur named as POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION TECHNIQUE: A REVIEW. This was presented by Sahid Raja Khan B.Tech. (Electrical Engineering) Hons.
System protection is used to detect problems in power system components and isolate faulty equipment to maintain reliable power. The key elements of a protection system include differential relays to protect generators and transformers from internal faults, overcurrent and distance relays to protect transmission lines from external faults, and bus differential relays to protect distribution buses. Protective devices are needed to maintain acceptable operation, isolate damaged equipment, and minimize harm to personnel and property.
The document outlines various components of a power system protection system. It discusses the need for protection to maintain reliable power supply and minimize equipment damage. The key elements to be protected include generators, transformers, transmission lines, and busbars. Protection schemes for each element are then described, such as differential protection for generators and transformers, Buchholz relays for transformers, and distance and line differential protection for transmission lines.
The document discusses the theory of circuit interruption in power systems. It begins by introducing circuit breakers, which can manually or automatically open a circuit under normal or fault conditions. When contacts within a circuit breaker open under a fault, an arc is produced that must be extinguished to interrupt current flow. There are two main methods for extinguishing arcs: the high resistance method, which lengthens and cools the arc to increase its resistance over time; and the low resistance or current zero method, used for AC circuits, which maintains a low resistance arc until current reaches zero to naturally extinguish the arc.
The power system is protected through a zone protection scheme where the system is divided into sections, with each zone having one or more protective relays coordinated with the overall protection system. The zones are arranged to overlap so that no part of the system remains unprotected, and circuit breakers are located in the overlapped regions. Protective relaying schemes must be reliable, selective, and fast acting. Reliability ensures the relay will operate correctly, selectivity allows the relay to distinguish faults inside and outside its zone, and speed minimizes fault duration and equipment damage. Modern high-speed relays have operating times of 1-2 cycles while circuit breakers have interrupting times of 2.5-3 cycles, resulting in total clearing
This presentation discusses the key protection devices used in electrical substations. It introduces current transformers and potential transformers, which reduce current and voltage levels for protection relays. Relays detect faults by measuring currents and voltages. When a fault is detected, relays signal circuit breakers to isolate the faulty component. Other protection devices discussed include lightning arresters, isolators, and surge diverters. The objective of the substation protection system is to isolate only faulty parts of the network while keeping the rest operational.
This document discusses power system protection settings and provides information on calculating protection settings. It covers the functions of protective relays and equipment protection, the required information for setting calculations such as line parameters and fault studies, and the process of calculating, checking, and implementing protection settings. The goal is to set protections to operate dependably, securely, and selectively during faults while meeting clearance time requirements.
A protective relay is a device that detects abnormal conditions in an electrical circuit, such as a fault, and triggers a circuit breaker to disconnect the faulty part of the circuit. There are several types of relays including definite time, differential, solid state, electromechanical, backup, current, voltage, and frequency relays. A differential relay compares currents on both sides of a power transformer to detect faults. Solid state relays have no moving parts, allowing for high-speed operation. Electromechanical relays use a spring, armature, electromagnet and contacts to close the circuit when energized. Protection schemes use primary and backup relays, with primary relays clearing faults fastest and backup relays removing more of
System protection is used to detect problems in power system components and isolate faulty equipment to maintain reliable power. The key elements of a protection system include differential relays to protect generators and transformers from internal faults, overcurrent and distance relays to protect transmission lines from external faults, and bus differential relays to protect distribution buses. Protective devices are needed to maintain acceptable operation, isolate damaged equipment, and minimize harm to personnel and property.
The document outlines various components of a power system protection system. It discusses the need for protection to maintain reliable power supply and minimize equipment damage. The key elements to be protected include generators, transformers, transmission lines, and busbars. Protection schemes for each element are then described, such as differential protection for generators and transformers, Buchholz relays for transformers, and distance and line differential protection for transmission lines.
The document discusses the theory of circuit interruption in power systems. It begins by introducing circuit breakers, which can manually or automatically open a circuit under normal or fault conditions. When contacts within a circuit breaker open under a fault, an arc is produced that must be extinguished to interrupt current flow. There are two main methods for extinguishing arcs: the high resistance method, which lengthens and cools the arc to increase its resistance over time; and the low resistance or current zero method, used for AC circuits, which maintains a low resistance arc until current reaches zero to naturally extinguish the arc.
The power system is protected through a zone protection scheme where the system is divided into sections, with each zone having one or more protective relays coordinated with the overall protection system. The zones are arranged to overlap so that no part of the system remains unprotected, and circuit breakers are located in the overlapped regions. Protective relaying schemes must be reliable, selective, and fast acting. Reliability ensures the relay will operate correctly, selectivity allows the relay to distinguish faults inside and outside its zone, and speed minimizes fault duration and equipment damage. Modern high-speed relays have operating times of 1-2 cycles while circuit breakers have interrupting times of 2.5-3 cycles, resulting in total clearing
This presentation discusses the key protection devices used in electrical substations. It introduces current transformers and potential transformers, which reduce current and voltage levels for protection relays. Relays detect faults by measuring currents and voltages. When a fault is detected, relays signal circuit breakers to isolate the faulty component. Other protection devices discussed include lightning arresters, isolators, and surge diverters. The objective of the substation protection system is to isolate only faulty parts of the network while keeping the rest operational.
This document discusses power system protection settings and provides information on calculating protection settings. It covers the functions of protective relays and equipment protection, the required information for setting calculations such as line parameters and fault studies, and the process of calculating, checking, and implementing protection settings. The goal is to set protections to operate dependably, securely, and selectively during faults while meeting clearance time requirements.
A protective relay is a device that detects abnormal conditions in an electrical circuit, such as a fault, and triggers a circuit breaker to disconnect the faulty part of the circuit. There are several types of relays including definite time, differential, solid state, electromechanical, backup, current, voltage, and frequency relays. A differential relay compares currents on both sides of a power transformer to detect faults. Solid state relays have no moving parts, allowing for high-speed operation. Electromechanical relays use a spring, armature, electromagnet and contacts to close the circuit when energized. Protection schemes use primary and backup relays, with primary relays clearing faults fastest and backup relays removing more of
The document discusses power system protection methods. It explains that protection schemes aim to isolate only faulted parts of the electrical network while keeping the rest operational. Protection systems typically include current and voltage transformers, protective relays, circuit breakers, and batteries. Relays sense faults and trigger circuit breakers to disconnect the faulty section. Fuses also provide protection for some distribution systems. The objective is to protect assets and ensure continuous energy supply.
FUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
FUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
A switchgear or electrical switchgear is a generic term which includes all the switching devices associated with mainly power system protection. It also includes all devices associated with control, metering and regulating of electrical power system. Assembly of such devices in a logical manner forms a switchgear. This is the very basic definition of switchgear.
⋗To get more with details
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC2SvKI7eepP241VLoui1D5A
How is power transformer protected??? This provides a basic understanding of power transformer. Furthermore, the protective relay application on power transformer is included.
A substation is a high-voltage electric facility used to switch generators, equipment, and circuits in and out of a system. It also changes AC voltages and converts between AC and DC. Substations can be classified by their service, mounting, function, type of apparatus, and control. They include transformers, switches, circuit breakers, and other equipment to distribute power at appropriate voltages for transmission and utilization.
Protection of transmission lines(encrypted)Rohini Haridas
This document discusses protection methods for transmission lines. It describes:
1. Transmission lines require more protective schemes than other equipment due to their long lengths and exposure, making faults more common.
2. Key methods of transmission line protection include time-graded overcurrent protection, differential protection, current-graded overcurrent protection, and distance protection.
3. Distance protection uses impedance relays that can discriminate between faults along the line and those near the end, providing more selective operation than overcurrent protection alone. It describes implementations using simple impedance, reactance, and mho relays.
Unit I: Introduction to Protection System:
Introduction to protection system and its elements, functions of protective relaying, protective zones, primary and backup protection, desirable qualities of protective relaying, basic terminology.
Relays:
Electromagnetic, attracted and induction type relays, thermal relay, gas actuated relay, design considerations of electromagnetic relay.
Unit-II: Relay Application and Characteristics:
Amplitude and phase comparators, over current relays, directional relays, distance relays, differential relay.
Static Relays: Comparison with electromagnetic relay, classification and their description, over current relays, directional relay, distance relays, differential relay.
Unit-III Protection of Transmission Line:
Over current protection, distance protection, pilot wire protection, carrier current protection, protection of bus, auto re-closing,
Unit-IV: Circuit Breaking:
Properties of arc, arc extinction theories, re-striking voltage transient, current chopping, resistance switching, capacitive current interruption, short line interruption, circuit breaker ratings.
Testing Of Circuit Breaker: Classification, testing station and equipments, testing procedure, direct and indirect testing.
Unit-V Apparatus Protection:
Protection of Transformer, generator and motor.
Circuit Breaker: Operating modes, selection of circuit breakers, constructional features and operation of Bulk Oil, Minimum Oil, Air Blast, SF6, Vacuum and d. c. circuit breakers.
Feeder protection systems aim to safely and reliably isolate faults while maintaining power supply. Unit and non-unit schemes are used. Non-unit schemes include time-graded overcurrent protection which operates relays closer to faults first. Distance and impedance relays also detect faults within a set distance. Earth fault protection separately monitors ground faults. Protection coordination is important to isolate only faulty areas.
Power flow through overhead transmission lines is limited by concerns over electrical phase shift, voltage drop, and thermal effects. Specifically:
- Surge impedance loading limits power flow to prevent excessive phase shift, which can cause instability. This limit depends on system voltage and transmission line characteristics.
- Voltage drop limits power flow to maintain voltage levels within 5-10% of the sending voltage. This usually limits lines 50-150 miles long.
- Thermal limits prevent overheating of conductors and maintain structural integrity. This usually determines the limit for lines under 50 miles. Longer lines are limited by phase shift or voltage drop first.
The document discusses electromagnetic relays used in power systems. It describes two main operating principles for electromagnetic relays: electromagnetic attraction and electromagnetic induction. Electromagnetic attraction relays operate using an armature attracted to magnet poles, and include attractor-armature, solenoid, and balanced beam types. Electromagnetic induction relays operate on induction motor principles using a pivoted disc and alternating magnetic fields, and include shaded-pole, watt-hour meter, and induction cup structures. The document also defines important relay terms like pick-up current, current setting, and time-setting multiplier.
This document discusses relays, including their basic components, design, operation, applications, advantages, and disadvantages. Relays are electrical devices that use electromagnets to open or close circuits. They have a coil, armature, contacts, and frame. When voltage is applied to the coil, it creates a magnetic field that moves the armature to open or close the contacts. Relays allow low power circuits to control high power circuits and are used for protection, regulation, and auxiliary functions in power systems.
Relays sense abnormal voltage and current conditions and send signals to circuit breakers to isolate faulty parts of a power system. Electromagnetic induction relays use eddy currents produced in a disc to generate torque. There are different types of overcurrent and directional relays. Distance relays use impedance, reactance, or mho principles. Transformer and feeder protection uses overcurrent, distance, or pilot wire schemes. Circuit breakers use oil, air, sulfur hexafluoride, or vacuum to extinguish arcs and open faulty circuits. Instrument transformers reduce high voltages and currents to safer, measurable levels for meters and relays.
Presentation on 132/33 KVSubstation Training Sakshi Rastogi
This is a presentation based on the 132/33 KV substation. At which I have done my vocational Training. this presentation uncovers all the aspects related to the substation.
1. 61 electrical engineering students from Government College of Engineering, Aurangabad visited the 400kV substation in Ranjangaon, Aurangabad to learn about its operations.
2. The students toured various areas of the substation including the 400kV and 220kV bus bars, auxiliary substation, battery room, and control room.
3. Substation officials explained the purpose and function of key equipment like transformers, circuit breakers, isolators, instrument transformers, lightning arrestors, and the single line diagram.
Differential protection relays operate by comparing electrical quantities on both sides of a circuit. They provide precise unit protection for equipment. There are several types, including current, voltage, biased, and voltage balance differential relays. Current differential relays compare currents entering and leaving a system, while voltage balance relays use pilot wires and current transformers to compare voltages induced at both ends of a protected feeder. Differential relays have advantages like fast operation for very close internal faults and less incorrect operation during external faults.
The document discusses protective relays used in power systems. It describes how electrical energy is generated, transmitted, and distributed and some common causes of faults like weather, equipment failures, and human errors. It explains different types of faults and their effects. The need for protection systems is outlined to minimize equipment damage, safety hazards, and power interruptions. Components of a protection system like current transformers, potential transformers, relays, and circuit breakers are identified. The document discusses various types of protection schemes and relay functions. It describes zones of protection, selectivity, and speed requirements of relays. Reliability aspects like dependability and security are also covered.
System protection detects problems on the power system like short circuits, abnormal conditions, and equipment failures. It protects components like generators, transformers, transmission lines, buses, and capacitors. Protective relays monitor current and voltage to detect issues. Current and potential transformers scale currents and voltages for relay inputs. Generator protection methods include differential, impedance, and voltage relays. Transformer protection uses fuses, overcurrent, and differential schemes. Transmission line protection employs overcurrent, directional, distance, and pilot schemes like blocking and permissive transfer trip to isolate faults.
basicprotectionandrelayingbysomaliajaldas-121126030037-phpapp01.pptThien Phan Bản
This document discusses basic protection and relaying schemes used in electric power systems. It begins by explaining why protection is needed to maintain reliable operation during both small and severe disturbances. The key elements of a protection system are then introduced, including protective relays, circuit breakers, and current/voltage sensors. Common types of faults that can occur on power systems are described. The document proceeds to explain various basic protection schemes such as overcurrent, directional, and differential relaying and how they are applied to protect different power system components. Digital relays are noted as having advantages like multifunctionality and adaptability over traditional electromechanical relays.
The document discusses power system protection methods. It explains that protection schemes aim to isolate only faulted parts of the electrical network while keeping the rest operational. Protection systems typically include current and voltage transformers, protective relays, circuit breakers, and batteries. Relays sense faults and trigger circuit breakers to disconnect the faulty section. Fuses also provide protection for some distribution systems. The objective is to protect assets and ensure continuous energy supply.
FUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
FUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONFUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
A switchgear or electrical switchgear is a generic term which includes all the switching devices associated with mainly power system protection. It also includes all devices associated with control, metering and regulating of electrical power system. Assembly of such devices in a logical manner forms a switchgear. This is the very basic definition of switchgear.
⋗To get more with details
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC2SvKI7eepP241VLoui1D5A
How is power transformer protected??? This provides a basic understanding of power transformer. Furthermore, the protective relay application on power transformer is included.
A substation is a high-voltage electric facility used to switch generators, equipment, and circuits in and out of a system. It also changes AC voltages and converts between AC and DC. Substations can be classified by their service, mounting, function, type of apparatus, and control. They include transformers, switches, circuit breakers, and other equipment to distribute power at appropriate voltages for transmission and utilization.
Protection of transmission lines(encrypted)Rohini Haridas
This document discusses protection methods for transmission lines. It describes:
1. Transmission lines require more protective schemes than other equipment due to their long lengths and exposure, making faults more common.
2. Key methods of transmission line protection include time-graded overcurrent protection, differential protection, current-graded overcurrent protection, and distance protection.
3. Distance protection uses impedance relays that can discriminate between faults along the line and those near the end, providing more selective operation than overcurrent protection alone. It describes implementations using simple impedance, reactance, and mho relays.
Unit I: Introduction to Protection System:
Introduction to protection system and its elements, functions of protective relaying, protective zones, primary and backup protection, desirable qualities of protective relaying, basic terminology.
Relays:
Electromagnetic, attracted and induction type relays, thermal relay, gas actuated relay, design considerations of electromagnetic relay.
Unit-II: Relay Application and Characteristics:
Amplitude and phase comparators, over current relays, directional relays, distance relays, differential relay.
Static Relays: Comparison with electromagnetic relay, classification and their description, over current relays, directional relay, distance relays, differential relay.
Unit-III Protection of Transmission Line:
Over current protection, distance protection, pilot wire protection, carrier current protection, protection of bus, auto re-closing,
Unit-IV: Circuit Breaking:
Properties of arc, arc extinction theories, re-striking voltage transient, current chopping, resistance switching, capacitive current interruption, short line interruption, circuit breaker ratings.
Testing Of Circuit Breaker: Classification, testing station and equipments, testing procedure, direct and indirect testing.
Unit-V Apparatus Protection:
Protection of Transformer, generator and motor.
Circuit Breaker: Operating modes, selection of circuit breakers, constructional features and operation of Bulk Oil, Minimum Oil, Air Blast, SF6, Vacuum and d. c. circuit breakers.
Feeder protection systems aim to safely and reliably isolate faults while maintaining power supply. Unit and non-unit schemes are used. Non-unit schemes include time-graded overcurrent protection which operates relays closer to faults first. Distance and impedance relays also detect faults within a set distance. Earth fault protection separately monitors ground faults. Protection coordination is important to isolate only faulty areas.
Power flow through overhead transmission lines is limited by concerns over electrical phase shift, voltage drop, and thermal effects. Specifically:
- Surge impedance loading limits power flow to prevent excessive phase shift, which can cause instability. This limit depends on system voltage and transmission line characteristics.
- Voltage drop limits power flow to maintain voltage levels within 5-10% of the sending voltage. This usually limits lines 50-150 miles long.
- Thermal limits prevent overheating of conductors and maintain structural integrity. This usually determines the limit for lines under 50 miles. Longer lines are limited by phase shift or voltage drop first.
The document discusses electromagnetic relays used in power systems. It describes two main operating principles for electromagnetic relays: electromagnetic attraction and electromagnetic induction. Electromagnetic attraction relays operate using an armature attracted to magnet poles, and include attractor-armature, solenoid, and balanced beam types. Electromagnetic induction relays operate on induction motor principles using a pivoted disc and alternating magnetic fields, and include shaded-pole, watt-hour meter, and induction cup structures. The document also defines important relay terms like pick-up current, current setting, and time-setting multiplier.
This document discusses relays, including their basic components, design, operation, applications, advantages, and disadvantages. Relays are electrical devices that use electromagnets to open or close circuits. They have a coil, armature, contacts, and frame. When voltage is applied to the coil, it creates a magnetic field that moves the armature to open or close the contacts. Relays allow low power circuits to control high power circuits and are used for protection, regulation, and auxiliary functions in power systems.
Relays sense abnormal voltage and current conditions and send signals to circuit breakers to isolate faulty parts of a power system. Electromagnetic induction relays use eddy currents produced in a disc to generate torque. There are different types of overcurrent and directional relays. Distance relays use impedance, reactance, or mho principles. Transformer and feeder protection uses overcurrent, distance, or pilot wire schemes. Circuit breakers use oil, air, sulfur hexafluoride, or vacuum to extinguish arcs and open faulty circuits. Instrument transformers reduce high voltages and currents to safer, measurable levels for meters and relays.
Presentation on 132/33 KVSubstation Training Sakshi Rastogi
This is a presentation based on the 132/33 KV substation. At which I have done my vocational Training. this presentation uncovers all the aspects related to the substation.
1. 61 electrical engineering students from Government College of Engineering, Aurangabad visited the 400kV substation in Ranjangaon, Aurangabad to learn about its operations.
2. The students toured various areas of the substation including the 400kV and 220kV bus bars, auxiliary substation, battery room, and control room.
3. Substation officials explained the purpose and function of key equipment like transformers, circuit breakers, isolators, instrument transformers, lightning arrestors, and the single line diagram.
Differential protection relays operate by comparing electrical quantities on both sides of a circuit. They provide precise unit protection for equipment. There are several types, including current, voltage, biased, and voltage balance differential relays. Current differential relays compare currents entering and leaving a system, while voltage balance relays use pilot wires and current transformers to compare voltages induced at both ends of a protected feeder. Differential relays have advantages like fast operation for very close internal faults and less incorrect operation during external faults.
The document discusses protective relays used in power systems. It describes how electrical energy is generated, transmitted, and distributed and some common causes of faults like weather, equipment failures, and human errors. It explains different types of faults and their effects. The need for protection systems is outlined to minimize equipment damage, safety hazards, and power interruptions. Components of a protection system like current transformers, potential transformers, relays, and circuit breakers are identified. The document discusses various types of protection schemes and relay functions. It describes zones of protection, selectivity, and speed requirements of relays. Reliability aspects like dependability and security are also covered.
System protection detects problems on the power system like short circuits, abnormal conditions, and equipment failures. It protects components like generators, transformers, transmission lines, buses, and capacitors. Protective relays monitor current and voltage to detect issues. Current and potential transformers scale currents and voltages for relay inputs. Generator protection methods include differential, impedance, and voltage relays. Transformer protection uses fuses, overcurrent, and differential schemes. Transmission line protection employs overcurrent, directional, distance, and pilot schemes like blocking and permissive transfer trip to isolate faults.
basicprotectionandrelayingbysomaliajaldas-121126030037-phpapp01.pptThien Phan Bản
This document discusses basic protection and relaying schemes used in electric power systems. It begins by explaining why protection is needed to maintain reliable operation during both small and severe disturbances. The key elements of a protection system are then introduced, including protective relays, circuit breakers, and current/voltage sensors. Common types of faults that can occur on power systems are described. The document proceeds to explain various basic protection schemes such as overcurrent, directional, and differential relaying and how they are applied to protect different power system components. Digital relays are noted as having advantages like multifunctionality and adaptability over traditional electromechanical relays.
basicprotectionandrelayingbysomaliajaldas-121126030037-phpapp01.pptThien Phan Bản
This document discusses basic protection and relaying schemes used in electric power systems. It begins by explaining why protection is needed to handle both small and severe disturbances. The key elements of a protection system are then introduced, including protective relays, circuit breakers, and current/voltage transducers. Common fault types and the high currents they produce are described. The document goes on to explain various basic protection schemes like overcurrent, directional, distance, and differential protection. It also covers relay types, applications of inverse-time relays, and coordination between protection devices. Digital relays provide benefits like multifunctionality, adaptability, and reduced equipment burden. Protection schemes are crucial to maintain reliable power system operation during normal and fault
Lecture 1. INTRODUCTION TO BASIC PROTECTION AND RELAYING SCHEMES.pptxssuserb444c3
The document discusses power system protection and protective relaying. It covers the need for protection systems to maintain reliable power supply and prevent damage during faults. The key elements of a protection system include protective relays, circuit breakers, transducers, and communication channels. Relays detect faults using principles like overcurrent, directional overcurrent, distance and differential protection. Coordination between primary and backup protection is also discussed. Digital relays offer advantages like multifunctionality, adaptability and reduced maintenance over electromechanical relays. The document emphasizes the importance of properly designing protection schemes for reliable power system operation.
This document outlines the syllabus for a Power System Protection course, including 5 units: introduction, relay operating principles and characteristics, apparatus protection, theory of circuit interruption, and circuit breakers. It provides an overview of key concepts like faults and fault currents in power systems, the importance of protective schemes, and components of protection systems like relays, circuit breakers, and batteries. The document also shares diagrams to illustrate power system configurations and protective devices.
The document discusses various protection schemes for generators. It describes (1) differential protection that protects the stator winding from internal faults, (2) rotor earth fault protection that protects the rotor winding, and (3) loss of excitation protection that protects the power system from instability if the generator loses its field excitation. Various other protections discussed include overcurrent, overvoltage, temperature, and reverse power protections. The document provides details on the operating principles and components of these various generator protection schemes.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
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An electrical substation uses components like circuit breakers, busbars, and insulators to control the transmission, transformation, and distribution of power. There are two main types of substation insulation systems: air insulated (AIS) and gas insulated (GIS). AIS uses air as insulation between live components, while GIS uses sulfur hexafluoride gas to insulate live components within a sealed metal enclosure. GIS systems require less space than AIS but have higher installation costs. Protective devices in substations include circuit breakers, disconnectors, earthing switches, and surge arresters, which work to isolate faulty sections of the electrical network to prevent damage.
This document provides an introduction to designing electrical power systems. It outlines several key factors to consider, including safety, reliability, flexibility, maintenance, and cost. Safety of equipment and personnel is the most important design consideration. The system should also be reliable, easy to operate and maintain, and able to accommodate future load and equipment changes. Additional topics covered include power sources, supply systems, climate conditions, load calculations, and basic electrical theory concepts needed for design such as Ohm's law, voltage, current, resistance, inductance, and capacitance.
The switchyard functions to transmit power from generating stations to the electrical grid at incoming voltages and allow for switching via switchgears. It interfaces between the power plant and grid. There are two main types of switchyards: air insulated and gas insulated. The switchyard contains various equipment like busbars to distribute power, insulators to support conductors, surge arresters to protect from overvoltage, isolators to isolate lines, wave traps to prevent communication interference, and circuit breakers and relays to isolate faulty lines. Differential protection relays compare currents at the boundaries of protected equipment like power lines or transformers to accurately and quickly detect internal faults.
There are three main aspects of power system protection: normal operation, prevention of electrical failures, and mitigation of failure effects. Protective relaying is one feature aimed at minimizing equipment damage and service interruptions when failures occur. Relays have evolved from electromechanical to static and digital types. Overcurrent protection is used for phase and earth faults, with inverse-time curves allowing coordination between relays. Adequate grading margins must be provided between relay operations.
The document discusses protection of alternators from various faults. It describes 7 types of faults that alternators require protection from: (1) failure of prime mover, (2) failure of field, (3) overcurrent, (4) overspeed, (5) overvoltage, (6) stator winding faults, and (7) unbalanced loading. It then provides details on differential protection and the Merz-Price circulating current scheme, which is commonly used to protect against stator winding faults. It also discusses limitations of this scheme and modified schemes for protection in other situations.
Protection relays for industrial process control fairautomation
This document provides an overview of different types of protection relays used in industrial automation. It discusses electromagnetic and digital protection relays, and describes various specialized relays including motor protection relays, differential protection relays, earth fault protection relays, feeder protection relays, overvoltage protection relays, generator protection relays, transformer protection relays, distance protection relays, and arc protection relays. The document aims to introduce readers to these relay types and their functions in protecting electrical circuits and industrial equipment from faults.
This document provides an overview of protective relaying concepts and terminology. It discusses the purpose of protective relays, types of faults, fault protection methods, relay types including overcurrent, distance, differential, and more. It covers topics like instrument transformers, protection zones, relay construction, reliability, and applications to transmission lines, power transformers, generators, and more. The document uses diagrams and examples to illustrate key relay concepts.
The document discusses the design of a microcontroller-based system for parameter measurement and protection of electrical transformers using power line communication. It aims to monitor transformer parameters like voltage, current, temperature and protect against overcurrent and overvoltage faults. The system uses current and voltage sensors connected to a microcontroller to measure parameters. If a fault is detected, the microcontroller sends a trip signal to a relay to disconnect the transformer. It is intended to provide improved reliability compared to traditional electromechanical protection techniques.
Transients can cause slow degradation, erratic operation, or catastrophic failure in electrical parts, insulation dielectrics, and electrical contacts used in switches and relays. The possible occurrence of transients must be considered in the overall electronic design. Required circuit performance and reliability must be assured both during and after the transient
The document discusses power system protection and protective relays. It provides definitions of key terms like protection, relay, circuit breaker. It describes the basic components of a protection system including transducers, relays, tripping mechanisms, and circuit breakers. It also summarizes the main types of faults that can occur in a power system like short circuits and abnormalities. Additionally, it discusses the desirable characteristics of protective relays like speed, security, dependability, and selectivity. The document covers different classifications of relays according to their construction, incoming signals, and the type of protection provided. It also describes various types of electromagnetic relays specifically attracted armature and plunger relays.
This document provides an overview of the power system protection course including the modules, objectives, and key topics. Module 1 covers the introduction to power system protection including the need for protective schemes, types of faults, zones of protection, essential qualities of protection, and classification of protective relays. It also discusses relay construction and operating principles, focusing on electromechanical, static, and numerical relays. Overcurrent protection is introduced as one of the key protective schemes.
This document provides information about power system protection for a course. It includes:
1. A syllabus covering introduction to protection schemes, operating principles of relays, apparatus protection, circuit interruption theory, and circuit breakers.
2. Details on apparatus protection including considerations for protecting generators, transformers, and transmission lines with zones of protection.
3. An overview of generator protection including faults that can occur and classifications of protective relays into categories based on their response time.
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Power System Protection Technique: A Review
1. NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RECENT TRENDS AND
INNOVATION IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY &
MANAGEMENT
POWER SYSTEM PROTECTOIN TECHNIQUE : A REVIEW
Presented By
Sahid Raja Khan (EE VI sem)
Compucom Institute Of Technology & Management, Jaipur
2. What is system protection ?
System protection is the art and science of detecting
problems with power system components and
isolating these components.
Problems on the power system include:
1. Short circuit
2. Abnormal conditions
3. Equipment failures
3. Features of a Protection System
Speed
Reliability
Security
Sensitivity
Economy
4. Purpose of system protection
Protect the public
Improve system stability
Minimize damage to equipment
Protect against overloads
employ relay techs and engineers
5. What component (Equipment) do we protect ?
Alternators
Transformers
Transmission lines
Bus bars
Distribution Lines
Feeders
Consumer Lines
Synchronous Motors
7. Some Basics
Protective relays monitor the current and/or voltage of
the power system to detect problems with the power
system. Currents and voltages to relays are supplied via
CT’s and PT’s.
8. Some Basics
Current Transformer (CT)
A device which transform the current on the power
system from large primary values to safe secondary
values. The secondary current will be proportional (as
per the ratio) to the primary current.
9. Some Basics
Potential Transformer (PT)
A device which transforms the voltage
on the power system from primary
values to safe secondary values, in a
ratio proportional to the primary value.
11. Generator protection
How do we protect the stator?
A. Differential Protection (what goes in must come out)
1. Detects phase-phase faults
B. Stator ground protection
1. Third Harmonic Voltage Method (100% of stator)
2. Signal Injection (100% of Stator)
12. Generator protection
What can go wrong ?
B. Rotor Problems
1. Loss of field
2. Field ground
a. First ground
b. Second ground
13. Generator protection
How do we protect the rotor?
1. Loss of field
a. Impedance
2. Field ground
a. DC voltage relay
The field ground relay is connected from the negative side
of the field to DC ground. Detects voltage from the field to
ground.
14. Generator protection
What else can go wrong?
C. Abnormal Conditions
1. Over/Under Frequency
2. Over Excitation
3. Reverse Power
4. Out of Step
5. Unbalance Current
19. Transmission Line Protection
Transmission lines can vary in length from several hundred
feet to several hundred miles, and in voltage (line-to-line)
from 46kv to 750kv.
construction can be simple, such as a single wood pole with
insulators atop a cross-arm, with little spacing between the
conductors and from conductors to ground. At the other
end of the scale are metal lattice structures with bundled
conductors (2 or more conductors per phase) with large
spacing between conductors and between conductors and
ground.
21. Transmission Line Protection
What can go wrong?
FAULTS (Short Circuits)
Some causes of faults:
• trees
• Lightening
• Animals (Birds, Squirrels, Snakes)
• Weather (wind, snow, ice)
• Natural disasters (earthquakes, floods)
• Faulty equipment (switches, insulators, clamps, etc.)
22. Transmission Line Protection
Faults
“ Faults come uninvited and seldom go away voluntarily.”
Fault Types:
Single line-to-ground
Line-to-line
three phase
Line-to-line-to-ground
23. Transmission Line Protection
How do we protect Transmission Lines?
A. Over-current
B. Directional Over-current
C. Distance (Impedance)
D. Pilot
E. Line Current Differential