This document discusses power factor in electrical circuits. It defines power factor as the cosine of the angle between the voltage and current. A lagging power factor occurs when the current lags the voltage in an inductive circuit, while a leading power factor occurs when the current leads the voltage in a capacitive circuit. Low power factors can be caused by inductive loads like motors and have negative effects like increased line losses. Common methods to improve power factor include adding static capacitors, using phase advancers for motors, or installing synchronous condensers. The power triangle diagram is also used to illustrate the relationships between active power, reactive power, and apparent power as it relates to power factor.

1. Power Factor
Instructor
Engr. Muhammad Yaseen

2. Power Factor
Introduction
 The cosine of angle made between the voltage and current is called the
power factor.
 In AC circuits, there is always the phase deference between the voltage
and current, which is calculated in terms of power factor.
 If the load is inductive the current lags behind the voltage and the power
factor is lagging.
 If the load is capacitive the current leads the voltage and the power factor
is leading.
 The value of power factor can never be more than unity.
 It is usual practice to attach the word “lagging” or “leading” with the
numerical value of the power factor to signify whether the current lags or
leads the voltage.
 Thus if the circuit has a p.f of 0.5 and current lags the voltage, we
generally write p.f. as 0.5 lagging or sometimes expressed as a percentage
(50% lagging)

3. Power Factor

4. Power Factor
Causes of Low Power Factor
 Ideally the power factor must be close to unity, where as low power
factor is undesirable.
 Following are the causes of low power factor:
1. Most of AC motors (i.e. induction motor) are used to work at low
lagging power factor, which causes the low power factor.
2. The load on power station is not constant but is varying; it is more
at peak time (Day time) and reduces at night time. During low
load period the supply voltage increases which increases the
magnetizing current , this decreases the power factor.
3. The arc lamps and industrial heating furnace operates on low
power factor.

5. Power Factor
Effect of Low Power Factor
 The low power factor causes the following effects:
1. Line losses (I2R) will be more.
2. Lower the power factor higher will be the rating of electrical
equipment, which makes the equipment more complex and larger
in size.
KW = kVA × CosØ
kVA = KW / CosØ
3. The useful load that can be transmitted is reduced.
4. There will be a poor voltage regulation
5. It reduces the handling capacity of the plant.

6. Power Factor
Methods of Improving Power Factor:
 Normally the power factor of the system ranges between 0.8 to 0.9,
however in case of low P.F. there is a need of improving power factor.
 There are three main methods used to improve the power factor of the
system:
i. Static Capacitor
ii. Phase Advancer
iii. Synchronous Condenser
i) Static Capacitor
 The power factor can be improved by connecting capacitors in parallel
with the equipment operating at lagging power factor.
 The capacitor (Generally known as static capacitor) draws a leading
current and partly or completely neutralizes the lagging reactive
component of load current. This rises the power factor of load.

7. Power Factor
 For three-phase loads, the capacitors can be connected in delta or
star as shown in below fig.
 Static capacitors are invariably used for power factor improvement
in factories.
Advantages:
i. They have low losses.
ii. They require little maintenance as there are no rotating parts.
iii. They can be easily installed as they are light and require no foundation.
iv. They can work under ordinary atmospheric conditions.
Disadvantages:
i. They have short service life ranging from 8 to 10 years.
ii. They are easily damaged if the voltage exceeds the rated value.
iii. Once the capacitors are damaged, their repair is uneconomical.

8. Power Factor

9. Power Factor

10. Power Factor
ii) Phase advancer
 Phase advancer are used to improve the power factor of induction motor.
 The low power factor of an induction motor is due to the fact that its
stator winding draws exciting current which lags behind the supply
voltage by 90o .
 If the exciting ampere turns can be provided from some other a.c. source,
then the stator winding will be relieved of exciting current and the power
factor of motor can be improved.
 This job is accomplished by the phase advancer which is simply an a.c.
exciter.
 The phase advancer is mounted on the same shaft as the main motor and
is connected in the rotor circuit of motor.
 The major disadvantage of phase advancers is that they are not
economical for motors below 200 H.P.

11. Power Factor
iii) Synchronous Condenser
 A synchronous motor takes a leading current when over-excited
and, therefore, behaves as a capacitor.
 An over-excited synchronous motor running on no load is known as
“Synchronous condenser”.
 When such a machine is connected in parallel with the supply, it
takes a leading current which partly neutralizes the lagging reactive
component of the load. Thus the power factor is improved.
 Synchronous condensers are generally used at major bulk supply
sub-stations for power factor improvement.

12. Power Factor

13. Power Factor
Advantages:
i. By using the field excitation, the magnitude of current drawn by the
motor can be changed by any amount. This helps in achieving stepless
control of power factor.
ii. The motor windings have high thermal stability to short circuit
currents.
iii. The fault can be removed easily.
Disadvantages:
i. There are considerable losses in the motor.
ii. The maintenance cost is high.
iii. It produces noise.
iv. Except in sizes above 500 kVA, the cost is greater than that of static
capacitors of the same rating.
v. As synchronous motor has no self-starting torque, therefore, an
auxiliary equipment has to be provided for this purpose.

14. Power Factor
Power Triangle:
 The analysis of power factor can also made
in terms of power drawn by a.c. circuit.
OA = VI cos Ø and represents the active power
in the watts or kW.
AB = VI sin Ø and represents the reactive power in VAR or kVAR
OB = VI and represents the apparent power in VA or kVA.
The following points may be noted from the power triangle:
(i) The apparent power in an a.c. circuit has two components viz.,
active and reactive power at right angles to each other.
OB2 = OA2 + AB2
(Apparent power)2 = (Active power)2 + (Reactive power)2
(kVA)2 = (kW)2 + (kVAR)2

15. Power Factor
(ii)Power factor, cos Ø = OA / OB
= active power/ apparent power
= kW / kVA
 Thus the power factor of a circuit may also be defined as the ratio of
active power to the apparent power.
 This is perfectly general definition and can be applied to all cases,
whatever be the waveform
(iii)The lagging reactive power is responsible for the low power factor.
It is clear from the power triangle that smaller the reactive power
component, the higher is the power factor of the circuit
sin sin
cos
tan
kW
kVAR kVA
kVAR kW
   

 

16. Power Factor
 The power factor correction can also be
illustrated from power triangle.
 Thus referring to figure, the power
triangle OAB is for the power factor cos
Ø1 , where the power triangle OAC is
for the improved power factor cos Ø2
 It may be seen that active power (OA) does not change with power factor
improvement.
 However the lagging kVAR of the load is reduced by the power factor
correction equipment , thus improving power factor to cos Ø2 .
 Leading kVAR supplied by p.f. correction equipment:
1 2
BC AB AC
kVAR kVAR
  
 
 
 
1 2
1 2
tan tan
tan tan
OA
kW
   
   