This document discusses power factor and power factor improvement. It defines key terms like active power, reactive power, and apparent power. It explains that loads like motors and transformers are inherently inductive and have low power factors. The advantages of improving power factor are discussed, such as reducing line losses and increasing transmission capacity. Common methods for improving power factor like installing capacitors are described. Examples are provided to illustrate power factor calculations and capacitor sizing. The natural power factors of various equipment types are also listed.
Includes Introduction, Derivation of power flow through transmission line, Single line diagram of three phase transmission, methods of finding the performance of transmission line. 1.Analytical Method 2.Graphical method (circle diagram)., circle diagram of receiving end side and sending end side.
Includes Introduction, Derivation of power flow through transmission line, Single line diagram of three phase transmission, methods of finding the performance of transmission line. 1.Analytical Method 2.Graphical method (circle diagram)., circle diagram of receiving end side and sending end side.
What is power transmission?
Basic structure of electric system
Generation, transmission, distribution, electricity in Pakistan
(NTDC) Pakistan
Transmission lines in Pakistan
Transmission pole design
Power transmission losses
Engineering review on AC Power.
Presentation lecture for energy engineering class.
Course: MS in Renewable Energy Engineering, Oregon institute of technology
he main purpose of transient stability studies is to determineThe main purpose of transient stability studies is to determine
whether a system will remain in synchronism following major
disturbances such as transmission system faults, sudden load
changes, loss of generating units, or line switching.
�The sample calculations shown here illustrate steps involved in calculating the relay settings for generator protection.
�Other methodologies and techniques may be applied to calculate relay settings based on specific applications.
The protections of generator are the most complex and elaborate due to the following reasons: Generator is a large machine, connected to bus-bars. It is accompanied by unit transformers, auxiliary transformers and a bus system. ... The protection of generator should be co-ordinate with associated equipment's.
What is islanding ?
Consider the power network as shown in fig.1
Now if we disconnect the line AB from the infinite transmission grid there will be an isolated region . The D1, D2 are power sources (eg : inverter , solar power cells ). The power generated in this region is fed to the island only.
We see that there no longer is any control over the island voltage at the bus X . Also there is no mechanism here for control of frequency.
This state is referred to as islanding.
This is the third slide set in series of Introductory course on Power Quality for undergraduates. This deals with transient over-voltages, Ferro Resonance, Over Voltage Protection, Switching Transients, Shielding
This directional over current relay employs the principle of actuation of the relay....It has a metallic disc free to rotate between the poles of two...
What is power transmission?
Basic structure of electric system
Generation, transmission, distribution, electricity in Pakistan
(NTDC) Pakistan
Transmission lines in Pakistan
Transmission pole design
Power transmission losses
Engineering review on AC Power.
Presentation lecture for energy engineering class.
Course: MS in Renewable Energy Engineering, Oregon institute of technology
he main purpose of transient stability studies is to determineThe main purpose of transient stability studies is to determine
whether a system will remain in synchronism following major
disturbances such as transmission system faults, sudden load
changes, loss of generating units, or line switching.
�The sample calculations shown here illustrate steps involved in calculating the relay settings for generator protection.
�Other methodologies and techniques may be applied to calculate relay settings based on specific applications.
The protections of generator are the most complex and elaborate due to the following reasons: Generator is a large machine, connected to bus-bars. It is accompanied by unit transformers, auxiliary transformers and a bus system. ... The protection of generator should be co-ordinate with associated equipment's.
What is islanding ?
Consider the power network as shown in fig.1
Now if we disconnect the line AB from the infinite transmission grid there will be an isolated region . The D1, D2 are power sources (eg : inverter , solar power cells ). The power generated in this region is fed to the island only.
We see that there no longer is any control over the island voltage at the bus X . Also there is no mechanism here for control of frequency.
This state is referred to as islanding.
This is the third slide set in series of Introductory course on Power Quality for undergraduates. This deals with transient over-voltages, Ferro Resonance, Over Voltage Protection, Switching Transients, Shielding
This directional over current relay employs the principle of actuation of the relay....It has a metallic disc free to rotate between the poles of two...
Micro-controller based Automatic Power Factor Correction System ReportTheory to Practical
This project report represents one of the most effective automatic power factor improvements by using static capacitors which will be controlled by a Microcontroller with very low cost although many existing systems are present which are expensive and difficult to manufacture. In this study, many small rating capacitors are connected in parallel and a reference power factor is set as standard value into the microcontroller IC. Suitable number of static capacitors is automatically connected according to the instruction of the microcontroller to improve the power factor close to unity. Some tricks such as using resistors instead of potential transformer and using one of the most low cost microcontroller IC (ATmega8) which also reduce programming complexity that make it one of the most economical system than any other controlling system.
Just like any other electrical machine, efficiency of a transformer can be defined as the output power divided by the input power. That is efficiency = output / input . Transformers are the most highly efficient electrical devices. Most of the transformers have full load efficiency between 95% to 98.5%.
Improvement of Load Power Factor by Using CapacitorIOSRJEEE
Series and parallel capacitors in the power system effect reactive power to improve power factor and voltage because of increasing the system capacity and reducing losses. Reactive power of series capacitor is the same to the current. There are certain unpleasant aspects in the capacitor series. Generally, the cost to install a series capacitor is higher than parallel capacitor. It is caused by complex protection equipment for series capacitor and designing series capacitors for greater power than parallel capacitor to solve the future cost. Installation of capacitors is important to reduce of a system reactive power. Transmission line would be most economical if it is used to send active power where the need of reactive power can be obtained by distribution system in substation level. This will allow user in optimum transmission line, improve operational performance and reduce energy losses. It requires a system and planning carefully to fulfill the need of system reactive power in the same way with active power planning and it is programmed an additional generator capacity.
the ratio of the actual electrical power dissipated by an AC circuit to the product of the r.m.s. values of current and voltage. The difference between the two is caused by reactance in the circuit and represents power that does no useful work.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
3. RESISTIVE CIRCUIT
For a purely resistive circuit (such as that in Fig. 19.2), vand i are in phase, and θ= 0°, as appearing in Fig. 19.3.
FIG. 19.2 Determining the power delivered to a purely resistive load.
8. Most plant loads are Inductive and require a magnetic field to
operate:
Motors
Transformers
Florescent lighting
The magnetic field is necessary, but produces no useful work
The utility must supply the power to produce the magnetic field and
the power to produce the useful work: You pay for all of it!
These two types of current are the ACTIVE and REACTIVE
components
ACTIVE & REACTIVE POWERS
9. Advantages of Phasor Analysis
0
2 2
Resistor ( ) ( )
( )
Inductor ( )
1 1
Capacitor ( ) (0)
C
Z = Impedance
R = Resistance
X = Reactance
X
Z = =arctan( )
t
v t Ri t V RI
di t
v t L V j LI
dt
i t dt v V I
j C
R jX Z
R X
R
Device Time Analysis Phasor
(Note: Z is a
complex number but
not a phasor)
10. INDUCTIVE CIRCUIT AND REACTIVE POWER
FIG. 19.8 Defining the power level for a purely inductive load.
11. INDUCTIVE CIRCUIT AND REACTIVE POWER
FIG. 19.9 The power curve for a purely inductive load. QSVARindP
12. CAPACITIVE CIRCUIT
For a purely capacitive circuit (such as that in Fig. 19.12), i leads vby 90°, as shown in Fig. 19.13.
FIG. 19.12 Defining the power level for a purely capacitive load.
14. Power Factor Fundamental
Definitions:
Working /Active Power: Normally measured in kilowatts (kW). It does the "work" for the system-- providing the motion, torque, heat, or whatever else is required.
Reactive Power:Normally measured in kilovolt- amperes-reactive (kVAR), doesn't do useful "work." It simply sustains the electromagnetic field.
Apparent Power: Normally measured in kilovolt- amperes (kVA).Working Power and Reactive Power together make up apparent power.
15. Complex Power
*
cos( ) sin( )
P = Real Power (W, kW, MW)
Q = Reactive Power (var, kvar, Mvar)
S = Complex power (VA, kVA, MVA)
Power Factor (pf) = cos
If current leads voltage then pf is leading
If current
V I V I
V I
S V I j
P jQ
lags voltage then pf is lagging
(Note: S is a complex number but not a phasor)
16. Power Factor
P
V
P
I
I
V
(a) Purely Resistive Load (b) Resistive and Reactive Load
Pav = VavIav cos()
17. Power Factor:The Beer Analogy
Mug Capacity = Apparent Power (KVA)
Foam = Reactive Power (KVAR)
Beer = Real Power (kW)
Power Factor =
Beer (kW)
Mug Capacity (KVA)
Capacitorsprovide the Foam (KVAR), freeing up Mug Capacity so you don’t have to buy a bigger mug and/or so you can pay less for your beer !
kVAR
Reactive
Power
kW
Active
Power
kVA
Apparent
Power
18. 18
WHAT IS POWER FACTOR?
PowerFactoristheratioofACTIVEPOWERtotheTOTALPOWER(apparentpower):
=ActivePower=PTotalPowerS
S=TotalpowerofGenerator(orused)
P=Powerconsumedintheload(activepower)
Q=Reactive power stored in magnetic field. Or wasted power
Power Factor
19. 19
WHAT IS POWER FACTOR?
VectorialRepresentation:
S
P.Q
Φ
P
S
Q
j=90o
Generator
Load
Total power = S = VI= (units = KVA) Active power = P = VI CosΦ = (units = KW) Reactive power= Q = VI SinΦ = (units = KVAR)
Φ
V
I
V = Voltage : VoltsI = Current : AmpereΦ = Physical displacement of V&I
Power Factor = CosΦ
20. 20
WHAT IS LOW POWER FACTOR?
Iftheratioofactivepower(P)tototalpower(S)islessthanone(unity)thenthepowerfactorislow,whichmeanstotalpowerisnotbeingconsumed.
Generator
Generator
S = 100KVA
P = 80KW
P.F = 0.8
Q = 60-KVAR
S = 100KVA
P = 100KW
P.F = 1.0
Q = 0
Example:
P.F. =
P
S
21. 21
WHAT IS LOW POWER FACTOR?
Theaboveexampleclearlyindicatesthatageneratoroftotalpowerof100-KVAwillsupplymaximumof80-KWofactivepowertoaloadwithP.F.=0.8andthesamegeneratorwillsupplymaximumof100-KWofactivepowertoloadwithP.F=1.0.
22. 22
HOW TO IMPROVE THE POWER FACTOR ?
ThepowerfactorcanbeimprovedbysupplyingKVARtotheloads(inductivetype)
“CapacitorissourceofKVARs”
Thereforethepowerfactorofconnectedloadcanbeimprovedbyinstallingpowerfactorimprovementcapacitors/capacitorbanks
23. 59.7 kV
17.6 MW
28.8 MVR
40.0 kV
16.0 MW
16.0 MVR
17.6 MW 16.0 MW
28.8 MVR -16.0 MVR
Power System Notation
Power system components are usually shown as
“one-line diagrams.” Previous circuit redrawn
Arrows are
used to
show loads
Generators are
shown as circles
Transmission lines
are shown as a
single line
24. Reactive Compensation
44.94 kV
16.8 MW
6.4 MVR
40.0 kV
16.0 MW
16.0 MVR
16.8 MW 16.0 MW
6.4 MVR 0.0 MVR
16.0 MVR
Key idea of reactive compensation is to supply reactive
power locally. In the previous example this can
be done by adding a 16 Mvar capacitor at the load
Compensated circuit is identical to first example with
just real power load
25. Reactive Compensation, cont’d
Reactive compensation decreased the line flow from 564 Amps to 400 Amps. This has advantages
Lines losses, which are equal to I2 R decrease
Lower current allows utility to use small wires, or alternatively, supply more load over the same wires
Voltage drop on the line is less
Reactive compensation is used extensively by utilities
Capacitors can be used to “correct” a load’s power factor to an arbitrary value.
26. 26
HOW TO IMPROVE THE POWER FACTOR ?
LOAD
LOW POWER FACTOR
LOAD
IMPROVED POWER FACTOR
CAPACITOR
Fig.I
27. Calculation
If the original inductive load has apparent power S1, then
P = S1cos 1and Q1= S1sin 1= P tan 1
If we desired to increased the power factor from cos1to cos2without altering the real power, then the new reactive power is
Q2= P tan 2
The reduction in the reactive power is caused by the shunt capacitor is given by
QC= Q1–Q2= P (tan 1-tan 2)
28. 28
Calculation
rms
2
1 2
rms
2
C
ωV
P(tanθ tanθ )
ωV
Q
C
The value of the required shunt capacitance is
determined by the formula
Notice that the real power, P dissipated by the
load is not affected by the power factor correction
because the average power due to the capacitor
is zero
29. 29
Example 11.15
When connected to a 120V (rms), 60Hz power line, a load absorbs 4 kW at a lagging power factor of 0.8. Find the value of capacitance necessary to raise the pf to 0.95.
30. 30
Solution
5000VA
0.8
4000
cos 1
1
P
S
If the pf = 0.8 then,
cos1 = 0.8 1 = 36.87o
where 1 is the phase difference between the voltage and current.
We obtained the apparent power from the real power and the pf
as shown below.
The reactive power is
sin 5000sin 36.87 3000VAR 1 1 1 Q S
31. 31
Solution
4210.5VA
0.95
4000
cos 2
2
P
S
When the pf raised to 0.95,
cos2 = 0.95 2 = 18.19o
The real power P has not changed. But the apparent power has
changed. The new value is
The new reactive power is
sin 1314.4VAR 2 2 2 Q S
32. 32
Solution
3000 1314.4 1685.6VAR 1 2 Q Q Q C
The difference between the new and the old reactive power is
due to the parallel addition of the capacitor to the load.
The reactive power due to the capacitor is
The value of capacitance
added is
310.5μF
2 (60)(120)
1685.6
2 2
rms
C
V
Q
C
33. In this example, demand was reduced to 8250 kVA from 10000 kVA. 1750KVA Transformer Capacity Release. The power factor was improved from 80% to 97%
Before
After
Why do we install Capacitors?
34. 34
DISADVATAGES OF LOW POWER FACTOR
1.Foragivenpowertobesupplied,thecurrentisincreased.
2.Thecurrentthusincreasedin-returncausesincreaseincopperlosses(PL=I2R)anddecreaseintheefficiencyofbothapparatusandthesupplysystem,whichresultsinoverloadingandhenceburningoftheassociatedequipment.
35. 35
DISADVATAGES OF LOW POWER FACTOR
3.Copperlossesintransformersalsoincreases.
4.Generators,transformers,switches,transmissionlinesandotherassociatedswitchgearbecomesover-loaded.
5.Voltageregulationofgenerators,transformersandtransmissionlinesincreases.
6.Hence,costofgeneration,transmissionanddistributionincreases.
36. 36
NATURAL POWER FACTORS
oCEILING FAN 0.5 TO 0.7
oCABIN FAN0.5 TO 0.6
oEXAUST FAN0.6 TO 0.7
oSEWING MACHINE0.6 TO 0.7
oWASHING MACHINE0.6 TO 0.7
oRADIO0.9
oVACUUM CLEANER0.6 TO 0.7
oTUBE LIGHT0.5 TO 0.9
oCLOCK0.9
oELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT0.4 TO 0.95
37. 37
NATURAL POWER FACTORS
oNEON SIGN0.5 TO 0.55
oWINDOW TYPE AIR CONDITIONER0.62 TO 0.85
oHAIR DRYERS0.7 TO 0.8
oLIQUIDISER0.8
oMIXER0.8
oCOFFEE GRINDER0.75
oREFRIGERATOR0.65
oFREEZER0.7
oSHAVER0.6
oTABLE FAN0.5 TO 0.6
38. 38
NATURAL POWER FACTORS
oMERCURY VAPOUR LAMPO.4 TO 0.6
oINDUSTRIAL INDUCTION MOTOR:
◘NO LOADO.18
◘25% FULL LOAD0.56
◘75% FULL LOAD0.81
◘100% FULL LOAD0.85
◘125% FULL LOAD0.86
oCOLD STORAGEO.76 TO 0.80
oCINEMAS0.78 TO 0.80
oMETAL PRESSINGO.57 TO 0.72
40. 40
NATURAL POWER FACTORS
oOIL MILLSO.51 TO 0.59
oWOOLEN MILLSO.70
oPOTTERIES0.61
oCIGARETTE MANUFACTURING 0.80
oFOUNDRIES0.59
oSTRUCTURAL ENGINEERING0.53 TO 0.68
oCHEMICALS0.72 TO 0.87
oMUNICIPAL PUMPING STATIONS0.65 TO 0.75
oOIL TERMINALS0.64 TO 0.83
oROLLING MILLS0.60 TO 0.72
41. 41
NATURAL POWER FACTORS
oPLASTIC MOLDING0.57 TO 0.73
oFILM STUDIOSO.65 TO 0.74
oHEAVY ENGINEERING WORK0.48 TO 0.75
oRUBBER EXTRUSION AND MOLDING0.48
oPHARMACEUTICALS0.75 TO 0.86
oOIL AND PAINT MANUFACTURING 0.51 TO 0.69
oBISCUIT FACTORY0.60
oLAUNDRIES0.92
oFLOUR MILLS 0.61
oGLASS WORKS 0.87
42. 42
NATURAL POWER FACTORS
oIRRIGATIONS PUMPSO.62 TO 0.80
oREPAIR SHOP, AUTOMATIC LATHE,0.6
WORKSHOP, SPINNING MILLS,
WEAVING MILL
oWELDING SHOP0.5 TO 0.6
oHEAT TREATMENT SHOP, STEEL0.65 TO 0.8
WORKS, ROLLING MILLS
oTEXTILE0.65 TO 0.75
oCEMENT0.8 TO 0.85
oOFFICE BUILDING O.8 TO 0.85
43. Three Options for Applying Power Factor Capacitors:
A) Fixed capacitors @ individual motors or @ MCC
B) Automatic Banks at Main Switch Board
C) De-tuned Automatic Capacitor Bank at Main Switch Board
M
M
M
M
M
A
B
C
A
Harmonic Source e.g. Variable Speed Drive
Capacitor Locations
44. 44
ADVANTAGES OF POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT
i.Addingcapacitor,releasescircuitcapacityformoreloadorrelievestheoverloadedcircuit.ThecapacitorKVARperKVAofloadincreaseisofparticularinterestasthisestablishestheaveragecostofsupplyingeachadditionalKVAofload. ThiscostcanbecomparedwiththecostperKVAofincreasingthetransformerorsupplycircuitratingandwouldjustifytheapplicationofcapacitors.
PFI Capacitor’s addition, thus can be viewed in two lights.
45. 45
ADVANTAGES OF POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT
ii.CapacitorsappliedtogivenloadreducetheI2Rlossesinthesupplycircuit.Fora70percentpowerfactorloadwith40-KVARofcapacitorsaddedforeach100KVAofcircuitcapacity,theI2Rlosswillbe59%ofitsformervalue.Thelossesarenotonlyreducedinthecircuitinwhichthecapacitorsareappliedbutinallthecircuitbacktoandincludingthesourcegenerator.
46. 46
ADVANTAGES OF POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT
AutomaticPowerFactorimprovementcapacitorsorcapacitorbanksappliedontheloadendofcircuit, withlaggingpowerfactor(morethan95%loads), haveparticulareffects,oneormoreofwhichmaybethereasonfortheapplication.
1.Improves the power factor at the source.
2.Reduces system losses as current in conductors decreases.
47. 47
ADVANTAGES OF POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT
3.Improves voltage level at the load.
4.Decreases KVA loading on the source.
5.Reduces investment in system facilities per KW of load supplied.