The document provides instructions for 14 experiments in analog communications lab, including voltage feedback amplifier, amplitude modulation and demodulation, class A power amplifier, RC phase shift oscillator, Hartley and Colpitts oscillators, complementary symmetry push-pull amplifier, DSBSC modulation and demodulation, SSBSC modulation and demodulation, frequency modulation and demodulation, pre-emphasis - de-emphasis circuits, verification of sampling theorem, PAM and reconstruction, PWM and PPM generation and reconstruction, and the effect of noise on communication channels. The experiments are designed to help students learn important concepts in analog signal processing and analog communications systems.
Here are the key steps to design a Hartley oscillator:
1. Choose the operating frequency fo. This will help determine component values.
2. Select the transistor. Consider gain, frequency response, power handling etc.
3. Calculate the inductance L required using the formula:
L = 1 / [4π2fo2C]
Where C is the total capacitance in the tank circuit.
4. Choose standard inductance value slightly higher than L.
5. Calculate the capacitance C required for resonance at fo using:
1 / [2π(LC)1/2] = fo
6. Choose standard capacitance values to obtain C.
7. Calculate
Dc bridge types ,derivation and its applicationkaroline Enoch
The DC Bridge is used for measuring the unknown electrical resistance. This can be done by balancing the two legs of the bridge circuit. The value of one of the arm is known while the other of them is unknown
This presentation is all about counters, focusing on synchronous and asynchronous counters. The unique feature is the incorporation of the circuit images generated from MULTISIM software imparting practical knowledge to the users.
The real price of coal in Donbas: a human rights perspectiveDonbassFullAccess
This publication presents results of a study conducted by the Eastern-Ukrainian Center for Civic Initiatives in cooperation with partner organizations from the Coalition of human rights organizations and initiatives “Justice for Peace in Donbas” with support of the Heinrich Boell Foundation’s Office in Ukraine. The aim of the study was to create conditions for a wide public discussion about the actual economic, environmental and social consequences of coal mining in Donbas during the war. The study is based on information collected during a monitoring visit to the territories of Luhansk and Donetsk regions controlled by Ukrainian government, expert interviews and information received from the state authorities and open sources.
Analysis of collected data shows multiple violations of social, labor and environmental rights, restricted possibilities for self-fulfillment available to local citizens, especially women, as well as lack of inclusiveness in economic institutes in the region. Authors of this report recommend a number of measures aimed to solve the key issues resulting from the coal industry’s activities and create conditions for gradual transition to renewable energy sources.
This document provides information about digital electronics and logic gates:
- It defines analog and digital signals and gives examples of each.
- It provides truth tables for basic logic gates like AND, OR, NAND, NOR and explains how digital inputs can represent 1s and 0s.
- It discusses logic expressions and how they can be simplified using Boolean algebra identities. Diagrams show how logic expressions can be implemented using logic gates.
- It provides details about common logic IC packages like their pin configurations and what types of gates they contain.
- Threshold voltages are discussed for interpreting 1s and 0s between different logic circuits.
- A truth table is given as an example to summarize the
The timing of all registers and flip-flops in a digital system is controlled by a master clock generator. Inputs are synchronized with the clock pulses because they are normally generated from another circuit using the same clock signals. Asynchronous inputs are not synchronized to the clock.
The document provides instructions for 14 experiments in analog communications lab, including voltage feedback amplifier, amplitude modulation and demodulation, class A power amplifier, RC phase shift oscillator, Hartley and Colpitts oscillators, complementary symmetry push-pull amplifier, DSBSC modulation and demodulation, SSBSC modulation and demodulation, frequency modulation and demodulation, pre-emphasis - de-emphasis circuits, verification of sampling theorem, PAM and reconstruction, PWM and PPM generation and reconstruction, and the effect of noise on communication channels. The experiments are designed to help students learn important concepts in analog signal processing and analog communications systems.
Here are the key steps to design a Hartley oscillator:
1. Choose the operating frequency fo. This will help determine component values.
2. Select the transistor. Consider gain, frequency response, power handling etc.
3. Calculate the inductance L required using the formula:
L = 1 / [4π2fo2C]
Where C is the total capacitance in the tank circuit.
4. Choose standard inductance value slightly higher than L.
5. Calculate the capacitance C required for resonance at fo using:
1 / [2π(LC)1/2] = fo
6. Choose standard capacitance values to obtain C.
7. Calculate
Dc bridge types ,derivation and its applicationkaroline Enoch
The DC Bridge is used for measuring the unknown electrical resistance. This can be done by balancing the two legs of the bridge circuit. The value of one of the arm is known while the other of them is unknown
This presentation is all about counters, focusing on synchronous and asynchronous counters. The unique feature is the incorporation of the circuit images generated from MULTISIM software imparting practical knowledge to the users.
The real price of coal in Donbas: a human rights perspectiveDonbassFullAccess
This publication presents results of a study conducted by the Eastern-Ukrainian Center for Civic Initiatives in cooperation with partner organizations from the Coalition of human rights organizations and initiatives “Justice for Peace in Donbas” with support of the Heinrich Boell Foundation’s Office in Ukraine. The aim of the study was to create conditions for a wide public discussion about the actual economic, environmental and social consequences of coal mining in Donbas during the war. The study is based on information collected during a monitoring visit to the territories of Luhansk and Donetsk regions controlled by Ukrainian government, expert interviews and information received from the state authorities and open sources.
Analysis of collected data shows multiple violations of social, labor and environmental rights, restricted possibilities for self-fulfillment available to local citizens, especially women, as well as lack of inclusiveness in economic institutes in the region. Authors of this report recommend a number of measures aimed to solve the key issues resulting from the coal industry’s activities and create conditions for gradual transition to renewable energy sources.
This document provides information about digital electronics and logic gates:
- It defines analog and digital signals and gives examples of each.
- It provides truth tables for basic logic gates like AND, OR, NAND, NOR and explains how digital inputs can represent 1s and 0s.
- It discusses logic expressions and how they can be simplified using Boolean algebra identities. Diagrams show how logic expressions can be implemented using logic gates.
- It provides details about common logic IC packages like their pin configurations and what types of gates they contain.
- Threshold voltages are discussed for interpreting 1s and 0s between different logic circuits.
- A truth table is given as an example to summarize the
The timing of all registers and flip-flops in a digital system is controlled by a master clock generator. Inputs are synchronized with the clock pulses because they are normally generated from another circuit using the same clock signals. Asynchronous inputs are not synchronized to the clock.
This document summarizes the key components and operating principles of radar systems. It discusses the basic outline of radar including the transmitter producing pulses, a duplexer switching between transmit and receive, and a receiver amplifying returned echoes. It describes how radar determines distance based on pulse travel time. Issues like maximum unambiguous range due to pulse repetition are addressed. The document outlines the electromagnetic spectrum used, displays, antennas, emergency beacons, and navtex coding systems.
This document compares RISC and CISC architectures by examining the MIPS R2000 and Intel 80386 processors. It discusses the history of RISC and CISC, providing examples of each. Experiments using benchmarks show that while the 80386 executes fewer instructions on average than the R2000, the difference is small at around a 2x ratio. Both instruction sets are becoming more alike over time. In the end, performance depends more on how fast a chip executes rather than whether it is RISC or CISC.
Power electronics controls electrical energy using electronic circuits and switches semiconductor devices between cutoff, saturation, and active regions. It differs from linear electronics which uses semiconductor devices as amplifiers in the active region. Power electronics has lower switching losses, operates switches rather than amplifiers, and is used in applications that require control of high power levels like motor drives, power supplies, and renewable energy systems. Common examples of power electronics applications include light dimmers, air conditioners, vacuum cleaners, induction cooking, UPS systems, escalators, blowers, elevators, pumps, compressors, and cranes.
This document describes different types of waveforms that can be generated by a function generator. It discusses how triangular, square, and sine waves are produced. For triangular waves, the function generator charges and discharges a capacitor to produce a linear ramp waveform. A square wave is created using an integrator circuit that causes the output to switch between saturation voltages. Sine waves can be approximated from triangular waves using a resistor-diode network to nonlinearly scale the output.
1) The rotational Doppler effect describes a change in the resonant frequency of a system due to relative rotation between the emitter and observer. (Beginning sentence)
2) For magnetic resonance systems like ESR, NMR, and FMR, the resonant frequency is sensitive to magnetic fields and will shift due to the rotational Doppler effect caused by particle rotation.
3) For free magnetic nanoparticles with rotation rates of around 100 kHz, the rotational Doppler shift of around 100 kHz is measurable and on the same order as the linewidth for ESR and FMR, allowing determination of the maximum position with 100 kHz accuracy.
Maxwell's equations describe the fundamental interactions between electricity and magnetism. They include:
1) Gauss's law for electric fields, which relates the electric flux through a closed surface to the electric charge enclosed.
2) Gauss's law for magnetic fields, which states that the magnetic flux through a closed surface is always zero, since there are no magnetic monopoles.
3) Faraday's law, which describes how a changing magnetic field induces an electric field. It relates the circulating electric field to the rate of change of the magnetic field.
4) The Ampere-Maxwell law, which describes how electric currents and changing electric fields generate magnetic fields. It relates the magnetic field to the electric current
A digital-to-analog converter (DAC) converts a digital code, usually binary, into an analog signal like voltage or current. It works opposite of an analog-to-digital converter. A DAC filters a sequence of impulses representing the digital input into a continuously varying output voltage. Key characteristics of DACs include resolution, offset and gain errors, and monotonicity. DACs are important because they allow digital devices like computers to interface with analog systems in the real world.
What is Microcontroller, Microcontroller vs Microprocessor, Development/Classication of microcontrollers, Harvard vs. Princeton Architecture, RISC AND CISC CONTROLLERS
Features of RISC, Microcontroller for Embedded Systems
10 x86 PC Embedded Applications, Choosing a Microcontroller
Criteria for Choosing a Microcontroller, Mechatronics, and Microcontrollers, A brief history of the PIC microcontroller, PIC Microcontrollers, Feature: PIC16F877, Simplied Features.
- The document summarizes transistor fundamentals, including the invention of the transistor, its basic construction and operation, and different transistor configurations like common-base, common-emitter, and common-collector.
- It discusses key transistor parameters like current gain (β), maximum voltage and current ratings, and biasing requirements to operate transistors in the active region.
- Simulation results are presented to demonstrate a transistor functioning as an amplifier in the common-emitter configuration.
This document provides an overview of registers and shift registers. It defines four types of shift registers based on data input/output: serial in parallel out (SIPO), parallel in serial out (PISO), serial in serial out (SISO), and parallel in parallel out (PIPO). Common integrated circuit shift registers like 74164 and 74195 are described. Applications of shift registers in arithmetic operations and counters like ring counters and Johnson counters are explained. Upon completing this chapter, students should understand registers, shift register types, their operations and applications.
This document discusses buck converters, which are dc-to-dc converters that step down voltage from a constant dc source. It describes two modes of operation for buck converters: continuous conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). CCM occurs when inductor current flows continuously, while DCM occurs when inductor current falls to zero for a period during each switching cycle. The document provides equations to calculate operating characteristics like output voltage and efficiency based on component values and switching duty cycle.
This document discusses electromagnetic principles and magnetic circuits. It begins by defining magnets and magnetic fields, including magnetic lines of force and flux. It then discusses electromagnetic relationships such as magnetic flux, reluctance, permeability and hysteresis. It describes different types of magnetic circuits including simple, composite and parallel circuits. It also covers electromagnetic induction, including Faraday's and Lenz's laws. Induced emf can be dynamically or statically induced. Core losses from hysteresis and eddy currents are also summarized.
This document discusses floating and proportional control modes. It describes floating control as having a neutral zone where the controller output does not change with error. There are single-speed and multiple-speed floating modes. Proportional control provides a linear relationship between controller output and error over the proportional band. Proportional control results in an offset error due to its inability to achieve a new zero-error output with a load change. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts.
This document provides an overview of Chapter Two of a textbook on transformers. It covers:
- The basic principles of transformer operation and types of transformers.
- Equivalent circuits used to model transformers and how to determine component values through open and short circuit tests.
- Voltage regulation in transformers and how it is calculated using phasor diagrams.
- Other topics covered include parallel operation of transformers, three-phase transformer connections, and inrush current.
This document discusses operational amplifier (op-amp) parameters. It describes that an ideal op-amp has infinite input impedance and gain, zero output impedance and noise, and no offset voltage. However, practical op-amps have finite parameters including limited gain, nonzero output impedance and noise, and input offset voltage. It then defines and explains key op-amp parameters such as common-mode rejection ratio, input offset voltage, bias current, impedance, slew rate, and how they characterize real op-amp performance compared to ideal specifications.
This document discusses shift registers, which are digital circuits used to store and transfer data. A shift register consists of flip-flops connected in a linear fashion so that data is shifted from one flip-flop to the next on each clock cycle. Shift registers can be configured for serial-in serial-out, serial-in parallel-out, parallel-in serial-out, or parallel-in parallel-out data transfer. Common applications include communications, temporary storage, and time delay devices. The document also provides examples of shift register implementations using MSI logic chips.
Lissajous patterns are formed by displaying two periodic waves at right angles to each other, such as by applying different signals to the horizontal and vertical inputs of an oscilloscope. This technique allows measurement of phase and frequency relationships. When the frequencies are equal and in phase, a diagonal line is produced. Experiments were conducted to measure unknown frequencies and phase differences using Lissajous figures. Frequency was determined by counting intersections with reference lines. Phase was calculated using the ellipse parameters and equation 1.1. Problems with unstable patterns and parallax error were addressed.
Jatin Mahato presented a seminar on universal gates to his classmates. The presentation introduced NAND and NOR gates as universal gates, because all other logic gates can be constructed from them. It described the symbols, truth tables, and transistor implementations of NAND and NOR gates. Applications of logic gates in electronics like computers and phones were also discussed. The presentation aimed to explain why NAND and NOR gates are called universal gates and their importance in digital circuits.
This document contains sample questions and solutions for a basic electronics course on diodes. It includes 6 questions about calculating diode currents and voltages given saturation currents, applied voltages, and temperatures. The questions cover both forward and reverse bias conditions. Dr. Piyush Charan of Integral University authored the document to provide open educational resources for understanding diode characteristics and basic diode circuit analysis.
The document discusses three tasks analyzing a full wave uncontrolled rectifier circuit with different load types: resistive, resistive-inductive, and a DC motor load. In task 1, the rectifier supplied a resistive load and output waveforms showed the expected pulsating DC. Task 2 added an inductive load, causing the output current waveform to exhibit a lag and cutoff before reaching zero. Task 3 replaced the inductive load with a DC motor, further reducing the output voltage and current. Measurements, calculations, and analyses of the circuits aimed to observe the effects of load type on rectifier performance.
Simulation and Experimental Verification of Single-Phase Pwm Boost -Rectifier...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a simulation and experimental study of a single-phase PWM boost rectifier with controlled power factor. Key points:
- The rectifier uses IGBT transistors in a full bridge configuration to provide PWM control of input current and regulated DC output voltage.
- Simulation results in MATLAB show the rectifier can operate at unity power factor as well as leading and lagging power factors, with low harmonic distortion of input current.
- An experimental prototype was built using an Intel microcontroller to implement the control algorithm. Experimental waveforms verify unity power factor operation with sinusoidal input current.
This document summarizes the key components and operating principles of radar systems. It discusses the basic outline of radar including the transmitter producing pulses, a duplexer switching between transmit and receive, and a receiver amplifying returned echoes. It describes how radar determines distance based on pulse travel time. Issues like maximum unambiguous range due to pulse repetition are addressed. The document outlines the electromagnetic spectrum used, displays, antennas, emergency beacons, and navtex coding systems.
This document compares RISC and CISC architectures by examining the MIPS R2000 and Intel 80386 processors. It discusses the history of RISC and CISC, providing examples of each. Experiments using benchmarks show that while the 80386 executes fewer instructions on average than the R2000, the difference is small at around a 2x ratio. Both instruction sets are becoming more alike over time. In the end, performance depends more on how fast a chip executes rather than whether it is RISC or CISC.
Power electronics controls electrical energy using electronic circuits and switches semiconductor devices between cutoff, saturation, and active regions. It differs from linear electronics which uses semiconductor devices as amplifiers in the active region. Power electronics has lower switching losses, operates switches rather than amplifiers, and is used in applications that require control of high power levels like motor drives, power supplies, and renewable energy systems. Common examples of power electronics applications include light dimmers, air conditioners, vacuum cleaners, induction cooking, UPS systems, escalators, blowers, elevators, pumps, compressors, and cranes.
This document describes different types of waveforms that can be generated by a function generator. It discusses how triangular, square, and sine waves are produced. For triangular waves, the function generator charges and discharges a capacitor to produce a linear ramp waveform. A square wave is created using an integrator circuit that causes the output to switch between saturation voltages. Sine waves can be approximated from triangular waves using a resistor-diode network to nonlinearly scale the output.
1) The rotational Doppler effect describes a change in the resonant frequency of a system due to relative rotation between the emitter and observer. (Beginning sentence)
2) For magnetic resonance systems like ESR, NMR, and FMR, the resonant frequency is sensitive to magnetic fields and will shift due to the rotational Doppler effect caused by particle rotation.
3) For free magnetic nanoparticles with rotation rates of around 100 kHz, the rotational Doppler shift of around 100 kHz is measurable and on the same order as the linewidth for ESR and FMR, allowing determination of the maximum position with 100 kHz accuracy.
Maxwell's equations describe the fundamental interactions between electricity and magnetism. They include:
1) Gauss's law for electric fields, which relates the electric flux through a closed surface to the electric charge enclosed.
2) Gauss's law for magnetic fields, which states that the magnetic flux through a closed surface is always zero, since there are no magnetic monopoles.
3) Faraday's law, which describes how a changing magnetic field induces an electric field. It relates the circulating electric field to the rate of change of the magnetic field.
4) The Ampere-Maxwell law, which describes how electric currents and changing electric fields generate magnetic fields. It relates the magnetic field to the electric current
A digital-to-analog converter (DAC) converts a digital code, usually binary, into an analog signal like voltage or current. It works opposite of an analog-to-digital converter. A DAC filters a sequence of impulses representing the digital input into a continuously varying output voltage. Key characteristics of DACs include resolution, offset and gain errors, and monotonicity. DACs are important because they allow digital devices like computers to interface with analog systems in the real world.
What is Microcontroller, Microcontroller vs Microprocessor, Development/Classication of microcontrollers, Harvard vs. Princeton Architecture, RISC AND CISC CONTROLLERS
Features of RISC, Microcontroller for Embedded Systems
10 x86 PC Embedded Applications, Choosing a Microcontroller
Criteria for Choosing a Microcontroller, Mechatronics, and Microcontrollers, A brief history of the PIC microcontroller, PIC Microcontrollers, Feature: PIC16F877, Simplied Features.
- The document summarizes transistor fundamentals, including the invention of the transistor, its basic construction and operation, and different transistor configurations like common-base, common-emitter, and common-collector.
- It discusses key transistor parameters like current gain (β), maximum voltage and current ratings, and biasing requirements to operate transistors in the active region.
- Simulation results are presented to demonstrate a transistor functioning as an amplifier in the common-emitter configuration.
This document provides an overview of registers and shift registers. It defines four types of shift registers based on data input/output: serial in parallel out (SIPO), parallel in serial out (PISO), serial in serial out (SISO), and parallel in parallel out (PIPO). Common integrated circuit shift registers like 74164 and 74195 are described. Applications of shift registers in arithmetic operations and counters like ring counters and Johnson counters are explained. Upon completing this chapter, students should understand registers, shift register types, their operations and applications.
This document discusses buck converters, which are dc-to-dc converters that step down voltage from a constant dc source. It describes two modes of operation for buck converters: continuous conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). CCM occurs when inductor current flows continuously, while DCM occurs when inductor current falls to zero for a period during each switching cycle. The document provides equations to calculate operating characteristics like output voltage and efficiency based on component values and switching duty cycle.
This document discusses electromagnetic principles and magnetic circuits. It begins by defining magnets and magnetic fields, including magnetic lines of force and flux. It then discusses electromagnetic relationships such as magnetic flux, reluctance, permeability and hysteresis. It describes different types of magnetic circuits including simple, composite and parallel circuits. It also covers electromagnetic induction, including Faraday's and Lenz's laws. Induced emf can be dynamically or statically induced. Core losses from hysteresis and eddy currents are also summarized.
This document discusses floating and proportional control modes. It describes floating control as having a neutral zone where the controller output does not change with error. There are single-speed and multiple-speed floating modes. Proportional control provides a linear relationship between controller output and error over the proportional band. Proportional control results in an offset error due to its inability to achieve a new zero-error output with a load change. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts.
This document provides an overview of Chapter Two of a textbook on transformers. It covers:
- The basic principles of transformer operation and types of transformers.
- Equivalent circuits used to model transformers and how to determine component values through open and short circuit tests.
- Voltage regulation in transformers and how it is calculated using phasor diagrams.
- Other topics covered include parallel operation of transformers, three-phase transformer connections, and inrush current.
This document discusses operational amplifier (op-amp) parameters. It describes that an ideal op-amp has infinite input impedance and gain, zero output impedance and noise, and no offset voltage. However, practical op-amps have finite parameters including limited gain, nonzero output impedance and noise, and input offset voltage. It then defines and explains key op-amp parameters such as common-mode rejection ratio, input offset voltage, bias current, impedance, slew rate, and how they characterize real op-amp performance compared to ideal specifications.
This document discusses shift registers, which are digital circuits used to store and transfer data. A shift register consists of flip-flops connected in a linear fashion so that data is shifted from one flip-flop to the next on each clock cycle. Shift registers can be configured for serial-in serial-out, serial-in parallel-out, parallel-in serial-out, or parallel-in parallel-out data transfer. Common applications include communications, temporary storage, and time delay devices. The document also provides examples of shift register implementations using MSI logic chips.
Lissajous patterns are formed by displaying two periodic waves at right angles to each other, such as by applying different signals to the horizontal and vertical inputs of an oscilloscope. This technique allows measurement of phase and frequency relationships. When the frequencies are equal and in phase, a diagonal line is produced. Experiments were conducted to measure unknown frequencies and phase differences using Lissajous figures. Frequency was determined by counting intersections with reference lines. Phase was calculated using the ellipse parameters and equation 1.1. Problems with unstable patterns and parallax error were addressed.
Jatin Mahato presented a seminar on universal gates to his classmates. The presentation introduced NAND and NOR gates as universal gates, because all other logic gates can be constructed from them. It described the symbols, truth tables, and transistor implementations of NAND and NOR gates. Applications of logic gates in electronics like computers and phones were also discussed. The presentation aimed to explain why NAND and NOR gates are called universal gates and their importance in digital circuits.
This document contains sample questions and solutions for a basic electronics course on diodes. It includes 6 questions about calculating diode currents and voltages given saturation currents, applied voltages, and temperatures. The questions cover both forward and reverse bias conditions. Dr. Piyush Charan of Integral University authored the document to provide open educational resources for understanding diode characteristics and basic diode circuit analysis.
The document discusses three tasks analyzing a full wave uncontrolled rectifier circuit with different load types: resistive, resistive-inductive, and a DC motor load. In task 1, the rectifier supplied a resistive load and output waveforms showed the expected pulsating DC. Task 2 added an inductive load, causing the output current waveform to exhibit a lag and cutoff before reaching zero. Task 3 replaced the inductive load with a DC motor, further reducing the output voltage and current. Measurements, calculations, and analyses of the circuits aimed to observe the effects of load type on rectifier performance.
Simulation and Experimental Verification of Single-Phase Pwm Boost -Rectifier...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a simulation and experimental study of a single-phase PWM boost rectifier with controlled power factor. Key points:
- The rectifier uses IGBT transistors in a full bridge configuration to provide PWM control of input current and regulated DC output voltage.
- Simulation results in MATLAB show the rectifier can operate at unity power factor as well as leading and lagging power factors, with low harmonic distortion of input current.
- An experimental prototype was built using an Intel microcontroller to implement the control algorithm. Experimental waveforms verify unity power factor operation with sinusoidal input current.
The document contains details regarding the B.E/B.Tech degree examination for the subject of Power Electronics. It includes 20 marks for 10 short answer questions in Part A, 65 marks for 5 long answer questions in Part B, and 15 marks for 1 long answer question in Part C, for a total of 100 marks. The questions cover topics such as snubber circuits, thyristors, rectifiers, choppers, inverters, and AC voltage controllers. The document provides the framework and guidelines for the examination on Power Electronics.
Lightning Characteristics and Impulse Voltage.Milton Sarker
Lightning characteristics and standard impulse
waveform are related to each other. But the lack
of realization about the relation between them
would make the solution to produce better
protection against lightning surge becomes
harder. Natural lightning surge waveform has
been compared to standard impulse waveform as
evidence that there have similarity between
them. The standard impulse waveform could be
used to test the strength of electrical equipment
against the lightning. Therefore designing and
simulating the impulse generator are the purpose
of this project beside to get better understanding
about lightning characteristics. This project aims
to develop an impulse generator circuit. The
main objectives of this work are two folds: the
first is the characterization of impulse voltages
and the second is the designing of an impulse
voltage generator. Our working purpose is to
give a concept about Impulse voltages and
impulse generator to the students and
researchers.
SIGNAL SPECTRA EXPERIMENT 1 - FINALS (for PULA)Sarah Krystelle
The document describes Experiment #1 on a class A power amplifier. It involves determining the operating point (Q-point) on the DC and AC load lines, measuring the voltage gain, maximum undistorted output, and efficiency. The student is to perform steps such as calculating voltages/currents, drawing load lines, measuring gain, and adjusting the emitter resistance to center the Q-point on the AC load line. Objectives include analyzing the amplifier's DC and AC characteristics, measuring linearity and maximum output before clipping occurs.
This document provides guidelines for writing lab manuals and instructions for students conducting experiments. It includes details on drawing circuit diagrams, taking observations, completing calculations, and obtaining instructor signatures. It then provides the content for 5 sample lab experiments, including aims, apparatus required, theory, circuit diagrams, procedures, observations tables, calculations, precautions, and results. The experiments cover topics like half wave and full wave rectifiers, zener diodes as voltage regulators, the frequency response of a CE amplifier, and cascaded CE amplifiers with and without feedback.
Analog and Digital Electronics Lab ManualChirag Shetty
This document provides details on 12 experiments conducted in an Analog and Digital Electronics Lab. The first experiment involves simulating clipping and clamping circuits using diodes. The second experiment involves simulating a relaxation oscillator using an op-amp and comparing the frequency and duty cycle to theoretical values. The third experiment involves simulating a Schmitt trigger using an op-amp and comparing the upper and lower trigger points. The remaining experiments involve simulating circuits such as a Wein bridge oscillator, power supply, CE amplifier, half/full adders, multiplexers, and counters. Procedures and calculations are provided for analyzing and verifying the output of each circuit simulation.
ENHANCEMENT OF ACTIVE POWER FLOW CAPACITY OF A TRANSMISSION LINE USING MSC‐TC...ijiert bestjournal
This paper represents the MSC-TCR scheme of shun t compensation used in FACTS. The laboratory setup of the SVC circuit using a Thyristor controlled reactor in parallel with mechanically switched capacitor will discussed in this paper. Results from the lab setup to exhibit firing angle adjustment to inject or absorb VAr into the system will also be described. During the process,losses happened are also discussed.
This document contains 12 questions related to electrical machines including transformers, induction motors, synchronous machines, and DC machines. The questions cover topics like determining equivalent circuits, calculating voltages, currents, power, efficiency, slip, and more for various electrical machines and operating conditions. Multiple questions involve calculating values for motors and generators given circuit parameters and operating conditions.
1) The document is a lab manual for an Electrical Engineering measurement lab course. It details 10 experiments involving measuring devices like oscilloscopes, multimeters, and bridges.
2) The first experiment involves studying oscilloscopes, their working principles, and different types of probes. Block diagrams and features of oscilloscopes are described.
3) Power factor is defined as the ratio between real power and apparent power. A power factor meter and phase shifter circuit are explained along with calculations for power factor correction by adding a capacitor.
This document contains a 3-part exam on high voltage engineering. Part 1 contains 3 questions, the first on measuring HVAC peak value and performing an accelerated aging test on a bushing. The second concerns generating HVDC using a Greinacher cascade circuit and a basic rectifier circuit. The third addresses impulse voltage generation and designing a 5-stage Marx generator. Part 2 includes questions on earthing systems, surge arrestors, and analyzing an RLC circuit with DC supply. Part 3 concerns calculating flash protection boundaries for a busbar with short circuit current. The exam tests knowledge of high voltage concepts and applications.
This document contains a 3-part exam on high voltage engineering. Part 1 contains 3 questions, the first on measuring HVAC peak value and performing an accelerated aging test on a bushing. The second concerns generating HVDC using a Greinacher cascade circuit and a basic rectifier circuit. The third addresses impulse voltage generation and designing a 5-stage Marx generator. Part 2 contains 3 questions, two on RC and RLC circuits applied to DC sources, and one on flash protection boundaries for live busbars. Part 3 requests calculations regarding voltage regulation, ripple, and output of a Cockcroft-Walton circuit, as well as the design of a DC voltage doubling circuit.
- The document is an electrical and electronics laboratory manual containing instructions for various experiments.
- It includes two parts - Part A contains experiments related to basic circuit theorems like superposition, reciprocity, Thevenin's, Norton's theorems. Part B includes experiments on basic electronic components like PN junction, diode characteristics.
- The given experiment is about verifying Thevenin's and Norton's theorems for a given circuit. It describes the circuit diagram, theoretical background, procedure to determine equivalent Thevenin's voltage and resistance or Norton's current and resistance.
This document outlines an electrical design project that requires students to build a voltage divider circuit using resistors. Each student's circuit will be unique but must have 5 nodes with varying voltage drops, and one node must use a parallel resistor configuration. The document provides calculations for a sample circuit where the student calculates the voltage drop and equivalent resistance for 5 nodes. Tables are included that list the resistor values used and voltage/resistance measurements for the sample circuit. Research sources on bridge circuits and a circuit-drawing pen are cited.
The document describes experiments on electric drive systems in the Electrical Department lab at JIS College of Engineering. The 10 listed experiments include:
1. Studying thyristor controlled DC drives and chopper fed DC drives.
2. Studying AC single phase motor speed control using a TRIAC.
3. Studying PWM inverter fed 3-phase induction motor control using software.
The document provides theory, circuit diagrams, and procedures for each experiment. It describes using equipment like thyristors, choppers, inverters, motors, and software to control motor speed and study electric drive systems.
The document summarizes an experiment on characterizing a class A power amplifier. Key steps include:
1) Determining the operating point (Q-point) on the DC load line. 2) Drawing the AC load line and ensuring the Q-point is centered. 3) Measuring the maximum undistorted output voltage and input voltage to calculate voltage gain. The measured gain is compared to theoretical calculations accounting for resistances. Unbypassed emitter resistance reduces gain and stability.
This document contains questions and answers related to power electronics devices and converters. It begins with definitions of key power electronics terms:
- IGBT is popular due to lower switching losses and smaller snubber circuit requirements.
- Thyristors can be turned on through forward voltage, gate, dv/dt, temperature, or light triggering.
- Power diodes have higher voltage, current, and power ratings than signal diodes due to a drift region construction.
- IGBTs, power MOSFETs, and power BJTs are voltage, voltage, and current controlled devices respectively due to how their output current is controlled by their input signals.
- There are N-channel and P-channel
- The document discusses measuring instruments including ammeters, voltmeters, and ohmmeters. It explains how each instrument works and the principles behind its design.
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Lecture 04 Logical Group of InstructionsZeeshan Ahmed
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This document summarizes key points from Robert Greene's 48 Laws of Power regarding Law 26: Keep Your Hands Clean. It discusses using scapegoats and cat's paws to avoid blame and dirty work. Specific strategies mentioned include blaming others to feel better, finding people willing to do tasks to keep you in power, and never doing work that others can do for you. The document then summarizes Law 27 about creating a cult-like following, outlining five ways to do so: keeping messages vague and simple, emphasizing visuals over intellect, borrowing religious structures, disguising financial sources, and creating an us-vs-them mentality.
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Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
1. Department of Electrical Engineering
Power Electronics
Lab Manual
B.E-VI Electronics
Instructor: Engr. Jahangir Badar Soomro
2. Department of Electrical Engineering
Certificate
It is certified that Zeeshan Ahmed Lodro student of
BE -VI has carried out the necessary work of
Power Electronics
Lab as per course of studies prevailed in the department of
Electrical Engineering
Sukkur IBA University for Spring 2017.
____________________
Instructor’s Signature
Date: _______________
3. 1
Lab Experiment No# 01
Single Phase Half Wave Uncontrolled Rectification using Resistive Load, Resistive-Inductive
Load, and Resistive-Capacitive Load
B. Sketch/Display the output voltage and current waveforms as displayed on the oscilloscope.
i) In case of resistive load.
Ans: R_Load Ω
ii) In case of resistive-inductive load.
Ans: RL_Load R= Ω, L= 385 mH
4. 2
iii) In case of resistive inductive load with a freewheeling diode parallel across the load.
Ans: Free Wheeling
iv) In case of resistive-capacitive load. Attach all necessary results and discuss the effect of
increasing the capacitance value on average output voltage.
Ans: RC_Load R= Ω, C= 50 uF
5. 1
Lab Experiment No# 02
Single Phase Full Wave Uncontrolled Rectification using Resistive Load, Resistive-Inductive
Load, and Resistive-Capacitive Load
B. Sketch/Display the output voltage and current waveforms as displayed on the oscilloscope.
i) In case of resistive load.
Ans: R_Load 3 Ω
ii) In case of resistive-inductive load. Attach all necessary results to verify that as the value of
inductance increases the average output voltage decreases.
Ans: RL_Load R= 3 Ω, L= 700 mH
6. 2
iii) In case of resistive-capacitive load
Ans: RC_Load R= 3 Ω, C= 50 uF
7. 1
Lab Experiment No# 03
Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectification using Resistive Load, Resistive-Inductive
Load, and Resistive-Capacitive Load
B. At any conduction angle sketch/display the load voltage and current waveforms as displayed on
the oscilloscope. Also, display total harmonic distortions in output voltage and current in case of
resistive load on that firing angle using power quality analyzer.
i) In case of resistive load.
Ans: Conduction angle 62°
Total Harmonic Distortions in Output Current
9. 3
iii) In case of resistive inductive load with a freewheeling diode parallel across the load.
iv) In case of resistive-capacitive load
10. 4
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
Time
Amplitude
Single Phase Halfwave Controlled Rectifier using Resistive Load
C. Design MATLAB/SIMULINK model of Single phase half wave controlled rectifier using resistive
and resistive-inductive load. Also, connect freewheeling diode with resistive-inductive load and
discuss its effect on the output. Attach all necessary snapshots of models and resulting outputs of
circuits.
a) Single Phase Halfwave Controlled Rectifier using resistive Load.
Block Diagram:
Result:
11. 5
b) Single Phase Halfwave Controlled Rectifier using Resistive-Inductive Load.
Block Diagram:
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
Time
Single Phase Halfwave Controlled Rectifier using Resistive-Inductive Load.
Result:
Amplitude
12. 6
c) Single Phase Halfwave Controlled Rectifier using Resistive-Inductive Load with Freewheeling
diode.
Block Diagram:
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
Time
Amplitude
Single Phase Halfwave Controlled Rectifier using RL Load with Freewheeling diode.
Result:
13. 1
Lab Experiment No# 04
Single Phase Full Wave Controlled Rectification using Resistive Load, Resistive-Inductive
Load, and Resistive-Capacitive Load
A. At any firing angles sketch/display the load voltage and current waveforms as displayed on the
oscilloscope. Also, display total harmonic distortions in output voltage and current in case of
resistive-inductive load on that firing angle using power quality analyzer.
i) In case of resistive load.
Ans: Firing angle 99°
ii) In case of resistive-inductive load
14. 2
Total Harmonic Distortions in Output Current
Total Harmonic Distortions in Output Voltage
iii) In case of resistive-capacitive load
15. 3
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
Time
Amplitude
Single phase Full Wave Controlled Bridge Rectifier using Resistive load.
B. Design MATLAB/SIMULINK model of Single phase full wave controlled bridge rectifier using
resistive and resistive-inductive load. Attach all necessary snapshots of models and resulting
outputs of circuits.
a) Single phase Full Wave Controlled Bridge Rectifier using Resistive load.
Block Diagram:
Result:
16. 4
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
Time
Amplitude
Single phase Full Wave Controlled Bridge Rectifier using RL load
b) Single phase Full Wave Controlled Bridge Rectifier using Resistive-Inductive load.
Block Diagram:
Result:
17. 1
Lab Experiment No# 05
Three Phase Half Wave & Full Wave Controlled Rectification using Resistive Load, Resistive-
Inductive Load, and Resistive-Capacitive Load
A. At any firing angle sketch/display the load voltage and current waveforms of three phase half
wave rectifier with resistive load as displayed on the oscilloscope.
At a reference voltage of scale division at Ω
At a reference voltage of 8 scale division at 272 Ω
18. 2
At a reference voltage of scale division at Ω
At a reference voltage of 4 scale division at Ω
At a reference voltage of scale division at Ω
19. 3
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
Time
Amplitude
Three Phase Halfwave Controlled Rectifier using Resistive Load.
B) Simulate MATLAB/SIMULINK model of three phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier using
Resistive and Resistive-Inductive load (firing angle should be your CMS ID). Attach all necessary
snapshots of models and resulting outputs of circuits.
a) Three Phase Halfwave Controlled Rectifier using Resistive Load.
Block Diagram:
Result:
20. 4
b) Three Phase Halfwave Controlled Rectifier using Resistive-Inductive Load.
Block Diagram:
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
Time
Amplitude
Three Phase Halfwave Controlled Rectifier using Resistive-Inductive Load.
Result:
21. 1
Lab Experiment No# 06
Speed Control of DC Shunt Motor using AC-DC Converters
A) Record the reference voltage (at any five values), speed, armature voltage and armature current
to complete the table for dc motor drive using half wave and full wave controlled rectifier.
a) Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier (DC motor speed control) (470 mH).
a)
Single
Phase
Full
Wave
Control
led
Rectifie
r (DC
motor speed control) (470 mH).
Ref voltage scale div Speed rev/min Armature voltage Armature current
1 0.7rpm 1.8mV 0
3 45.4rpm 115mV 0.096A
5 352.1rpm 29.9V 0.33A
7 1210rpm 97.7V 0.37A
9 1474rpm 118V 0.36A
Ref voltage scale div Speed rev/min Armature voltage Armature current
2 0 124mV 0.027
4 129.8 388mV 0.303
6 1340 107V 0.355
8 1857 147.5V 0.353
10 2137 167.7V 0.366
22. 2
B) At a reference voltage of 9 scale divisions, sketch/display the load voltage and current across the
armature of dc motor drive using half wave controlled rectifier and full wave controlled rectifier.
Half wave controlled rectifier dc motor drive at 9 scale division
Full wave controlled rectifier dc motor drive at 9 scale division
23. 1
Lab Experiment No# 7
Step Down Chopper (DC-DC Converter)
B) Simulate Buck Converter using MATLAB/SIMULINK software keeping parameters L= 0μH, C=
22μF, R_Load= Ω, F Switching=1000 KHz, D=0.4 and input voltage=62V (CMS ID). Steps to follow:
i. Display its output voltage and inductor current on scope.
Voltage Waveform:
Current Waveform:
9.228 9.229 9.23 9.231 9.232 9.233 9.234 9.235 9.236 9.237
x 10
-3
24.3149
24.3149
24.3149
24.3149
24.3149
24.3149
24.3149
24.3149
Time
Voltage
9.228 9.229 9.23 9.231 9.232 9.233 9.234 9.235 9.236 9.237
x 10
-3
4.65
4.7
4.75
4.8
4.85
4.9
4.95
5
5.05
5.1
5.15
Time
Current
24. 2
ii. Vary the duty cycle and comment on the results.
Duty Cycle 40 %:
Duty Cycle 60 %:
9.228 9.229 9.23 9.231 9.232 9.233 9.234 9.235 9.236 9.237
x 10
-3
24.3149
24.3149
24.3149
24.3149
24.3149
24.3149
24.3149
24.3149
Time
Voltage
9.228 9.229 9.23 9.231 9.232 9.233 9.234 9.235 9.236 9.237
x 10
-3
36.8729
36.8729
36.8729
36.8729
36.8729
36.8729
36.8729
36.8729
36.8729
Time
Voltage
25. 1
Lab Experiment No# 08
Step Up Chopper (DC-DC Converter)
Questions
Vg = 18V And Duty Cycle = 40%
1. Display the steady-state average output voltage. Also write its value (expressed in volts)?
Ans: Average output voltage = 29.887V
26. 2
2. Display the steady-state average inductor current. Also write its value (in amps)?
Ans: Average inductor current = 1.4942A
3) What is the steady-state output power (in watts)?
Ans: 44.6571 Watts
4. What is the average power drawn out of the input source Vg during steady-state operation of the
converter (in watts)?
Ans: 47.1708 Watts
5. What is the average power consumption of the gate driver (in watts)?
Ans: 0.3554 mWatt
6. What is the converter efficiency (enter a numeric value between 0 and 1)?
Ans: 94.671%
27. 3
7. Now change the control voltage input to the pulse-width modulator, so that it produces a control
signal having a duty cycle of 0.6. Run the simulation again. What is the new steady-state average
output voltage? Also, display its new steady-state average output voltage.
28. 1
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
-4
-2
0
2
4
Time
Current
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
-100
-50
0
50
100
Time
Voltage
Lab Experiment No# 09
Single Phase Half Bridge & Full Bridge Square Wave Inverter
A) Simulate MATLAB/SIMULINK model of single phase full bridge square wave voltage source
inverter using IGBTs with resistive load. Follow the below instructions to complete the lab report.
i) Attach the snapshot of your designed model.
ii. Attach the output voltage and current of your designed model
29. 2
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
-2
0
2
Selected signal: 5 cycles. FFT window (in red): 1 cycles
Time (s)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Frequency (Hz)
Fundamental (50Hz) = 4.71 , THD= 48.03%
Mag(%ofFundamental)
iii) Display the total harmonic distortions in output voltage and current of square wave inverter
using FFT analysis tool in MATLAB/SIMULINK. Why there are only odd harmonics and no even
harmonics in square wave inverter? Snapshot
THD in Output Voltage & Output Current using FFT Analysis:
Output Voltage THD:
Output Current THD:
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
-2
0
2
Selected signal: 5 cycles. FFT window (in red): 1 cycles
Time (s)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Frequency (Hz)
Fundamental (50Hz) = 4.71 , THD= 48.03%
Mag(%ofFundamental)
30. 3
iv) Vary the gate pulses applied to switches in such a way that quasi square wave inverter is
obtained at output. Attach the output voltage and current.
31. 4
Result
v) Display the total harmonic distortions in output voltage and current of quasi square inverter
using FFT analysis tool in MATLAB/SIMULINK. Compare the %THD of quasi square inverter with
square wave inverter. Which topology is better in terms of power quality?
THD in Output Voltage & Output Current of Quasi Square Wave using FFT Analysis:
Output Voltage THD:
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
-10
-5
0
5
10
Time
Current
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
-100
-50
0
50
100
Time
Voltage
33. 1
Lab Experiment No# 10
Single Phase Bipolar & Unipolar PWM Inverters
Using SimPower Systems toolbox of MATLAB/SIMULINK software, simulate the circuit of
single phase H-Bridge inverter with Bipolar and Unipolar PWM. Connect the dc-side to a dc
voltage source of Vdc= (Your CMS ID) and the ac-side to an RL load with R=1Ω and L=5mH.
The desired ac voltage has a fundamental of 50 Hz. Select the triangle wave with a
frequency of 500Hz+Your CMS ID.
1) Single Phase Unipolar PWM Inverter:
i. Vary the modulation index of either bipolar or unipolar topology from 0.2 to 1 (steps of
0.2) and record (attach) the voltage and current waveforms. Confirm that the amplitude of
fundamental component of load voltage has a linear relationship with the modulation index
(you can confirm by measuring the amplitude of load current).
Block Diagram:
35. 3
At m=0.6
At m=0.8
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
-40
-20
0
20
40
Current
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
-100
-50
0
50
100
Time
Voltage
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
-40
-20
0
20
40
Current
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
-100
-50
0
50
100
Time
Voltage
36. 4
At m=1
ii) Single Phase Unipolar PWM Inverter THD:
Voltage THD:
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
-50
0
50
Current
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
-100
-50
0
50
100
Time
Voltage
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
-50
0
50
Selected signal: 5 cycles. FFT window (in red): 1 cycles
Time (s)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
0
10
20
30
40
50
Frequency (Hz)
Fundamental (50Hz) = 73.75 , THD= 100.03%
Mag(%ofFundamental)
37. 5
Current THD:
iii) Output Currents & THD at different Switching Frequencies:
A. At Fc= 1562 Hz.
Output Current & THD:
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
-40
-20
0
20
40
Selected signal: 5 cycles. FFT window (in red): 1 cycles
Time (s)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Frequency (Hz)
Fundamental (50Hz) = 40.2 , THD= 18.40%
Mag(%ofFundamental)
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
-40
-20
0
20
40
Selected signal: 5 cycles. FFT window (in red): 1 cycles
Time (s)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Frequency (Hz)
Fundamental (50Hz) = 39.59 , THD= 19.14%
Mag(%ofFundamental)
38. 6
B. At Fc= 262 Hz.
Output Current & THD:
Bipolar Output Current & THD:
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
-40
-20
0
20
40
Selected signal: 5 cycles. FFT window (in red): 1 cycles
Time (s)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
0
5
10
15
Frequency (Hz)
Fundamental (50Hz) = 38.57 , THD= 23.13%
Mag(%ofFundamental)
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
-40
-20
0
20
40
Selected signal: 5 cycles. FFT window (in red): 1 cycles
Time (s)
0 200 400 600 800 1000
0
5
10
15
Frequency (Hz)
Fundamental (50Hz) = 40.7 , THD= 19.28%
Mag(%ofFundamental)
39. 1
Lab Experiment No# 11
Single Phase to Single Phase(1Ø-1Ø) Cycloconverter
A. Simulate MATLAB/SIMULINK model of single Single-phase to Single-phase Step Down
Cycloconverter. Follow the below instructions to complete the lab report.
i. Attach the snapshot of your designed model.
ii. Keeping any frequency select (F, F/2, F/3, F/4), verify that the model works as step down
cycloconverter. Attach the output voltage and input voltage waveforms.
Frequency Fin = 50 Hz Fout = 50Hz :
Input Voltage Waveform:
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
Time
43. 1
Lab Experiment No# 12
Single Phase Full Wave AC Voltage Controller using Resistive Load, Resistive-Inductive Load
and Resistive-Capacitive Load
A) At any firing angles sketch/display the load voltage and current waveforms as displayed on
the oscilloscope. Also, display total harmonic distortions in output voltage and current on that
firing angle using resistive load. What is the effect on total harmonic distortions if firing angle is
increased?
i) In case of resistive load. With firing angle 140.4° and R_Load 8 Ω
Total Harmonic Distortion in output Current
44. 2
Total Harmonic Distortion in output Voltage
ii) In case of resistive-Inductive load. With firing angle 140.4° and RL_Load 8 Ω and L= 5 mH
45. 3
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
Time
Amplitude
Single Phase Full Wave Bidirectional Ac Voltage Controller using SCRs with Resistive load
B) Simulate MATLAB/SIMULINK model of single phase full wave bidirectional ac voltage
controller using SCRs with resistive and resistive-inductive load. Using FFT analysis tool
calculate the total harmonic distortions at that firing angle in case of resistive load only. Attach
all necessary snapshots of model and results.
a) Single Phase Full Wave Bidirectional Ac Voltage Controller using SCRs with Resistive load.
Block Diagram:
Result:
46. 4
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
Time
Amplitude
Single Phase Full wave Bidirectional Ac Voltage Controller using SCRs with RL load
b) Single Phase Full Wave Bidirectional Ac Voltage Controller using SCRs with Resistive-
Inductive load.
Block Diagram:
Result: