POTASSIUM RELEASING & ZINC SOLUBILIZING MICRO ORGANISMS
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In this PPT presentation you will be learning about how the POTASSIUM RELEASING % ZINC SOLIBLIZING MICROORGANISMS fix the microorganisms in the soil and how it plays a major role in the growth of the plants.
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SOIL ENZYMES AND THEIR ACTIVITY
Soil enzymes play an important role in decomposing organic matter and releasing nutrients. They are produced by microorganisms, plant roots, and residues. Common soil enzymes include amylase, catalase, proteases, and urease. Amylase breaks down starch, catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide, proteases break down proteins, and urease breaks down urea. Soil enzyme activities can be measured to assess microbial activity, soil health, and the impacts of pollutants.
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Soil enzymes play an important role in decomposing organic matter and releasing nutrients. They are produced by microorganisms, plant roots, and residues. Common soil enzymes include amylase, catalase, proteases, and urease. Amylase breaks down starch, catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide, proteases break down proteins, and urease breaks down urea. Soil enzyme activities can be measured to assess microbial activity, soil health, and the impacts of pollutants.
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This study evaluated the effect of different biofertilizer treatments on the growth and nutrient uptake of mulberry plants. Key findings:
1. Co-inoculation of mulberry plants with nitrogen fixing, phosphate solubilizing, and potash mobilizing microbes along with 100% recommended NPK fertilizer doses led to the highest growth and nutrient uptake.
2. Treatments involving 75-100% recommended NPK doses along with combinations of different biofertilizers also improved mulberry growth and soil fertility compared to the control or individual biofertilizer treatments.
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Root exudates are chemicals exuded by plant roots that influence the surrounding soil environment and microbiome. They regulate microbial communities, encourage beneficial symbiotic relationships, and change soil chemical and physical properties. Root exudates are composed of low and high molecular weight compounds, including organic acids, amino acids, sugars, phenolics, proteins, and polysaccharides. They mediate both positive and negative interactions between plant roots and other organisms such as communication between roots and microbes or inhibition of competing plant species. The rate and composition of root exudates can be influenced by microorganisms, soil properties, and plant characteristics.
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Root exudates are chemicals secreted by plant roots into the soil. They perform several important functions, such as regulating soil microbes, encouraging symbiotic relationships, and changing soil chemical and physical properties. Root exudates are categorized as either low or high molecular weight compounds. Low molecular weight exudates like amino acids and organic acids make up most root exudates. Certain exudates play a role in root-microbe communication during processes like nitrogen fixation. The amount and type of root exudates are influenced by numerous plant and environmental factors.
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Root exudates are compounds secreted by plant roots into the soil. They include sugars, organic acids, enzymes, amino acids, and other substances. Root exudates influence the soil environment and microbial community in several ways. They can regulate nutrients and signaling molecules in the soil, change soil properties like pH and ion balance, and influence competition between plant species. The composition and amount of root exudates are affected by factors like plant species, age, nutrition, temperature, and soil microbes and moisture levels. Root exudates play an important role in plant-microbe communication in the rhizosphere.
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Contents:
Introduction
Methods for measuring N2 fixation
1. Ntrogen balance method
2. Nitrogen difference method
3. Ureides method
4.〖𝟏𝟓〗_𝑵 isotope techniques
5. Acetylene reduction assay
6. Hydrogen evolution method
Introduction
N2 gas are found 78.084%on atmosphere of earth.
Nitrogen is an essential element for plant growth and development and a key issue of agriculture.
N2 are found in molecular N2 (𝑵 ≡ 𝑵) form in soil.
Dinitrogen is more stable, so we need of nitrogen fixation.
Most studies indicate that nitrogen fertilizers contribute to resolving the challenge the world is facing, feeding the human population.
The Green revolution was accompanied by an enormous increase in the application of nitrogen fertilizer.
Nitrogen fixation is a process by which nitrogen of the Earth's atmosphere is converted into ammonia (NH3), nitrogen salts or other molecules available to living organisms.
Biological Nitrogen Fixation(BNF) is known to be a sustain agriculture and increase soil fertility.
Research on microorganisms and plants able to fix nitrogen contributes largely to the production of bio fertilizers.
Thus it is important to ensure that BNF research and development will take into account the needs of farmers in the developing countries mainly.
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Sources of Nitrogen
Why measure 𝑵_𝟐 fixation?
Ecological consideration require an understanding of the relative contribution of 𝑵_𝟐 fixing components to the N-cycle.
Measurement of 𝑁_2 fixation enable an investigator to evaluate the ability of indigenous Rhizobium spp. to effectively nodulate newly introduced legumes.
Development of sustainable farming systems.
Understanding of the amount of 𝑵_𝟐fixed by legumes as influenced by soil management or cultural practices allows development of efficient agricultural and agroforesty production systems.
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Contents:
Introduction
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1. Ntrogen balance method
2. Nitrogen difference method
3. Ureides method
4.〖𝟏𝟓〗_𝑵 isotope techniques
5. Acetylene reduction assay
6. Hydrogen evolution method
Introduction
N2 gas are found 78.084%on atmosphere of earth.
Nitrogen is an essential element for plant growth and development and a key issue of agriculture.
N2 are found in molecular N2 (𝑵 ≡ 𝑵) form in soil.
Dinitrogen is more stable, so we need of nitrogen fixation.
Most studies indicate that nitrogen fertilizers contribute to resolving the challenge the world is facing, feeding the human population.
The Green revolution was accompanied by an enormous increase in the application of nitrogen fertilizer.
Nitrogen fixation is a process by which nitrogen of the Earth's atmosphere is converted into ammonia (NH3), nitrogen salts or other molecules available to living organisms.
Biological Nitrogen Fixation(BNF) is known to be a sustain agriculture and increase soil fertility.
Research on microorganisms and plants able to fix nitrogen contributes largely to the production of bio fertilizers.
Thus it is important to ensure that BNF research and development will take into account the needs of farmers in the developing countries mainly.
Role of nitrogen in Plant
Sources of Nitrogen
Why measure 𝑵_𝟐 fixation?
Ecological consideration require an understanding of the relative contribution of 𝑵_𝟐 fixing components to the N-cycle.
Measurement of 𝑁_2 fixation enable an investigator to evaluate the ability of indigenous Rhizobium spp. to effectively nodulate newly introduced legumes.
Development of sustainable farming systems.
Understanding of the amount of 𝑵_𝟐fixed by legumes as influenced by soil management or cultural practices allows development of efficient agricultural and agroforesty production systems.
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Characteristics of healthy soil
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Framework for evaluating soil health
Indicators
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The document discusses Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), including their importance and role in agriculture. It defines PGPR, classifies them into two types, and describes their mechanisms of action such as nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, and phytohormone production. The document outlines PGPR's role as phytostimulators, in abiotic stress tolerance, as biofertilizers, and biopesticides. It discusses the commercialization and future research of PGPR to potentially replace chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
Phosphate fixation
The document presents information on phosphate fixation in soils. It discusses how phosphorus is an essential nutrient for plant growth but is limited in about 40% of the world's soils due to fixation reactions. These reactions reduce the solubility and availability of phosphorus by adsorbing phosphate ions onto soil particles like iron, aluminum, and calcium compounds. The degree of fixation depends on soil properties like mineral composition, pH, and calcium carbonate content. Phosphate can be temporarily or permanently fixed depending on the reaction conditions, reducing phosphorus efficiency in soils to 10-20%.
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Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for plants that exists in soil in various organic and inorganic forms. The processes of mineralization and immobilization control nitrogen availability. Mineralization converts organic nitrogen into plant-available inorganic forms like ammonium and nitrate through aminization, ammonification, and nitrification carried out by soil microbes. Immobilization occurs when carbon-rich residues cause microbes to use inorganic nitrogen, decreasing availability for plants. Maintaining a proper carbon-to-nitrogen ratio in soil is important to promote nitrogen mineralization while avoiding immobilization.
Role of microorganisms in soil fertility
Roles of microorganisms in soil fertility ( threshold of soil fertility and microorganisms role to achieve soil fertility
Phosphate solubilizers
This document discusses plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and their ability to solubilize inorganic phosphate. Some key points:
- PGPR are bacteria that live in the rhizosphere and provide benefits to plants. An important function is solubilizing insoluble phosphate minerals making phosphorus available for plant uptake.
- Common insoluble phosphates include tricalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, and hydroxyapatite. Bacteria secrete organic acids like lactic acid and acetic acid to solubilize these minerals.
- Successful phosphate solubilizing bacteria include species from Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Rhizobium genera. Screening methods involve checking for clearing zones
Transformation of Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium and Sulphur
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This document discusses the transformation of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur in soils. It describes the key processes involved in each transformation, including mineralization, nitrification, denitrification, immobilization, solubilization, and oxidation/reduction. It notes that microorganisms play a critical role in transforming organic forms of nutrients into plant-available inorganic forms through the secretion of enzymes and organic acids. Specific microbes involved in each transformation are also outlined, such as nitrifying bacteria, phosphate solubilizing bacteria and fungi, potassium solubilizing bacteria, and sulfur oxidizing bacteria.Soil biota
Soil biota comprises a diverse range of organisms, including microorganisms like bacteria and fungi, and soil fauna like protozoa, nematodes, and earthworms. These organisms interact with each other and their environment in complex soil food webs. They play important roles in nutrient cycling by breaking down organic matter, recycling nutrients, and fixing nitrogen, which contributes to plant growth. Soil microbes also create humus and promote soil structure formation.
Prince gupta (Ph.D)
PGPR can promote sustainable agriculture in 3 ways:
1. They fix atmospheric nitrogen into a form plants can use through nitrogen-fixing bacteria like Rhizobium.
2. They solubilize insoluble phosphorus and other nutrients like potassium through organic acid production, making them available to plants.
3. They produce plant hormones like auxins and cytokinins that stimulate plant growth and help plants withstand stresses.
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This document discusses the biochemical composition and biodegradation of organic matter in soils. It describes the various components of soil organic matter including nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous organic compounds. It explains the roles of enzymes and microbes like fungi, bacteria, and actinomycetes in decomposing different organic compounds such as proteins, cellulose, hemicellulose, starch, and lignin. Finally, it outlines several factors that affect the rate of organic matter decomposition in soils like temperature, moisture, nutrients, pH, texture and toxic elements.
Rhizosphere
The rhizosphere is the region of soil surrounding plant roots that is influenced by root secretions like mucilage, exudates, and lysates. It contains many microorganisms in complex relationships with the plant roots. Root secretions, collectively known as rhizodeposition, enrich the soil environment and stimulate microbial growth in the rhizosphere compared to bulk soil, as measured by the R:S ratio of microorganisms. Rhizodeposition includes a variety of organic compounds that influence soil nutrients and microbes.
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Microbial bioleaching uses microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to extract metals from low-grade ores in an economical way. Bacteria like Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and Thiobacillus thiooxidans produce acids that oxidize insoluble metals into soluble forms that can be extracted. Common metals extracted through bioleaching include copper, uranium, gold and nickel. Bioleaching offers advantages over traditional extraction methods by being lower cost, using less energy, and producing fewer emissions. It has been successfully commercialized to extract metals from mining waste and natural low-grade deposits.
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Microbial Approaches In Remediation Of Metal Contaminated Soils & Aquatic sys...
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chemistry group ppt.pptx
The document discusses bioremediation as a process that uses microorganisms to remove pollutants from the environment through metabolic processes. It provides an introduction to bioremediation and defines it as using biological organisms like bacteria, fungi and algae to remove environmental pollutants. The document then discusses heavy metals as a type of pollution, sources of heavy metal pollution, and methods to remove heavy metal pollution including bioremediation and phytoremediation using plants.
Secondary and micronutrients forms,availability and dynamics
Secondary and micronutrients forms,availability and dynamics with factors affecting availability, chelation illustrations, appropriate pictures and cycles for all nutrients.
RHIZOSPHERE EFFECTS.pptx
RHIZOSPHERE EFFECT ON MINERAL NUTRITION OF PLANTS WITH EMPHASIS ON BNF, NUTRIENT SOLUBILIZATION, AND UPTAKE
phtochrome
This study evaluated the effects of various biofertilizer treatments on mulberry growth. Key findings:
1) Co-inoculation of potash mobilizing bacteria, phosphate solubilizing bacteria, and nitrogen fixing bacteria led to the highest growth, fresh leaf weight, root volume, organic carbon, and available P and K.
2) Treatments involving combinations of reduced (50-75%) inorganic fertilizers with biofertilizers still showed benefits like increased growth, nutrient levels, and soil properties over the control or full inorganic treatments alone.
3) Integrating biofertilizers with reduced chemical fertilizers has potential to improve crop productivity in a sustainable manner.
Calcite forming bacteria in bioremediation
Calcite-forming bacteria can be used in bioremediation and biocementation. These bacteria form calcite minerals in the presence of calcium ions through metabolic processes like ureolysis, denitrification, and sulfate reduction. This calcite formation can remediate cracks in buildings and sequester carbon dioxide by catalyzing the hydration of CO2 into bicarbonate. The calcite produced by these bacteria can also immobilize heavy metals by incorporating the metals into insoluble forms, providing a method to detoxify environmental heavy metal pollution.
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POTASSIUM RELEASING & ZINC SOLUBILIZING MICRO ORGANISMS
- 1. AGM301. Agricultural microbiology (1+1) Potash releasing &Zinc solubilizing micro organisms
- 2. Pottasium In soil • Pottasium is a chemical element with the symbol of K. • Both N & P are constituents of soil organic matter, but not pottasium. • K is important to production of ATP. • Water uptake by roots and its loss through stomate affected by pottasium.
- 3. Potash releasing micro organisms • Many bacteria such as Acidothiobacillus ferrooxidans, Paenibacillus spp., Bacillus mucilaginosus, B. edaphicus, and B. circulans have capacity to release K. • Aspergillus niger, Penicillium frequentans and Cladosporium, were found to grow on muscovite, biotite, orthoclase microclase and mica in vitro and also releases K.
- 4. Mechanism Of K release • It is generally believed that microorganisms contribute to the release of K+ from K-bearing minerals by several mechanisms. • the major mechanism of K mineral solubilization is by production the organic and inorganic acids ,which are able to convert the insoluble K (mica, muscovite, and biotite feldspar) to soluble forms of K, easily taking up by the plant.
- 5. • The types of various organic acids such as oxalic acid, tartaric acids, gluconic acid, 2-ketogluconic acid, citric acid, malic acid, succinic acid, lactic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, malonic acid, fumaric acid, etc. which are effective in releasing K from K-bearing minerals . • These organic acids produced, enhance the dissolution of potassium compounds by complexing Ca2+ ions.
- 7. Zn in soils • Zinc is a chemical element with the symbol of Zn. • The amount of zinc present in the soil depends on the parent materials of that soil. Sandy and highly leached acid soils generally have low plant available zinc. Mineral soils have low zinc availablity. • Plants take up zinc as the divalent ionic form (Zn2+) and chelated-zinc.
- 8. Zinc solubilizing micro organisms • Zn solubilizing microrganisms are capable of solubilizing insoluble zinc compounds through the production of gluconic acid • Inoculation of zinc solubilizing bacteria in soils inherently along with cheaper insoluble zinc compounds, like ZnO or ZnCO3, will be useful for enhancing Zn nutrition & alleviation of Zn deficiency. • Ex:Bacillus cereus, Bacillus sphaericus, Bacillus subtilis, Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus, Pseudomonas sp
- 9. Mechanism of Zn solubilization • Zinc solubilizing microorganisms solubilize zinc through various mechanisms, one of which is acidification. • These microbes produce organic acids in soil which sequester the zinc cations and decrease the pH of the nearby soil. Moreoverr, the anions can also chelate zinc and enhance zinc solubility . • Other mechanisms possibly involved in zinc solubilization include production of siderophores and proton, oxido- reductive systems on cell membranes and chelates.
- 10. Bacillus cereus Pseudomonas sp
- 11. Advantages of Zn solubilizing M.O • Enhance the grain Zn content • Minimize the adverse effects of Zn deficiency. • Increase the bioavailability of native and applied zinc to the plants. • . Overcome the malnutrition due to the Zn deficiency..
- 12. References • www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.org •www.sciencedirect.com •Archana, D.S., Nandish, M.S., Savalagi, V.P., Alagawadi, A.R. 2012. Screening of potassium solubilizing bacteria (KSB) for plant growth promotional activity. BIOINFOLET-A Quarterly J. Life Sci. 9, 627-630.