Unit 4 Organic Manures and fertilizer definition and its types.pptx

Madan Bhandari Memorial Academy Nepal (Affiliated to CTEVT)
Principles
and
Practices
of
Agronomy
by
Govinda
Raj
Sedai,
Agronomist
1
Organic Manures and fertilizer
definition and its types
Govinda Raj Sedai
Instructor (Agronomy)
govindaraj.sedai@gmail.com
Date: 2078/03/03

Principles
and
Practices
of
Agronomy
by
Govinda
Raj
Sedai,
Agronomist
2
Organic Manures
Organic manures may be defined as materials which are:
• Organic in origin
• Bulky and concentrated in nature and capable of supplying
plant nutrients
• Improving soil physical environment having no definite
chemical composition
• Low analytical value
• Produced from animal, plant and other organic wastes and
by products.

Principles
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Govinda
Raj
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Agronomist
Plant nutrients are essentially supplied through manures &
fertilizers.
Manures are organic in nature and applied in large quantities.
They are also called as organics or organic manures. Nutrient
content in the organic manures is low. Fertilizers are inorganic
or synthetic and the nutrient content is higher than in manures.
They are available for a particular nutrient or combination of
nutrients.
Organic manure
Organic manures are those complex materials, which are
organic in origin, bulky and concentrated in nature and capable
of supplying plant nutrients and improving physical, chemical
and biological environment of the soil. They have no definite
chemical composition and low analytical value prepared from
animal, plant and other organic wastes and byproducts.

Principles
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Agronomist
Manure:
Organic material that is used to fertilize land, usually consisting of
the feces and urine of domestic livestock, with or without
accompanying litter such as straw, hay, or bedding. Farm animals
void most of the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium that is present
in the food they eat, and this constitutes an enormous fertility
resource.
• In some countries, human excrement is also used.
• Livestock manure is less rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potash
than synthetic fertilizers and hence must be applied in much
greater quantities than the latter.
• A ton of manure from cattle, hogs, or horses usually contains only
10 pounds of nitrogen, 5 pounds of phosphorus pentoxide, and 10
pounds of potash. But manure is rich in organic matter, or humus,
and thus improves the soils capacity to absorb and store water,
thus preventing erosion.

Principles
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Agronomist
5
Traditional method of cattle husbandry
Average: a couple buffaloes consumed 25 lits water
2 kg Feed and 13 kg grass and produced 12 kg dung
and 20 Kg urine

Principles
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Agronomist
Fertilizer:
Fertilizer may be defined as organic or inorganic materials
of natural or synthetic origin which when applied to soil
supply required nutrients for plant nourishment. They have
definite chemical composition with a higher analytical
value and capable of supplying plant nutrients in available
form.

Principles
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Govinda
Raj
Sedai,
Agronomist
Fertilizer
Fertilizer: Fertilizer may be defined as organic or
inorganic materials of natural or synthetic origin which
when applied to soil supply required nutrients for plant
nourishment. They have definite chemical composition
with a higher analytical value and capable of supplying
plant nutrients in available form.
• Straight/Single Fertilizer:
• Nitrogen fertilizer: urea, complexsal etc.
• Phosphoric Fertilizer: Single Super Phosphate, Double super
phosphate, triple super phosphate etc.
• Potasic Fertilizer: Murate of potash, Potassium nitrate.
• Complex fertilizer: Diammonium phosphate,
• Complete fertilizer:

Principles
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Fertilizers
Classification of fertilizers
1. On the basis of primary nutrient content mainly fertilizers are
classified in two groups, which are:
a) Straight fertilizers
Fertilizers that contain only one primary nutrient are referred to
straight fertilizers e.g. ammonium sulphate, urea etc (they supply
nitrogen only).
b) Multi-nutrient fertilizers
Those fertilizers that contain two to three primary nutrients are called multi-
nutrients fertilizers. Binary fertilizers contain two major nutrients e.g. potassium
nitrate (13%N and 44% K2O) and they are also called incomplete fertilizer
(having lack of any 3 major nutrient elements) and ternary fertilizers contain
three major nutrients e.g. complete fertilizer (15:15:15% NP and K respectively.
Multi nutrient fertilizers are more beneficial than straight fertilizer because multi
nutrient fertilizers are easy of handling, transport, storage and application with
high fertilizer efficiency. These fertilizers are usually produced in granular form.

Principles
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Govinda
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Agronomist
2. Fertilizers are also classified as high analytic and low analytic
fertilizers. High analytic fertilizers containing more than 25% of major
plant nutrients e.g. urea (46%N) and low analytic fertilizers containing
less than 25% of the major plant nutrients e.g. single super phosphate
(16% P2O5), sodium nitrate (16%N) etc.
3. Fertilizer can also be classified based on physical form, which
are: a) Solid and b) Liquid form
Most of the fertilizers are in solid form. They are in several form viz.
powder (SSP), crystals (A/S), prills (urea, DAP), super granules (urea
supergranules).
Liquid fertilizers are of two types: a) Clear liquid fertilizers: When the
nitrogenous, phosphatic and potassic and other fertilizers are completely
dissolved in water these are called clear liquid fertilizer.
b) Suspension liquid fertilizers: Those fertilizers in which some of the
fertilizer materials are suspended as fine particles.

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Fertilizer
Fertilizer grade:
Fertilizer grade refers to the guaranteed minimum
percentage of N, P2O5 and K2O contained in fertilizer
material. The number representing the grade is separated
by hyphens and are always stated in the sequence.
Example: Urea (46-0-0), DAP (18-46-0) etc.

Principles
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Organic Manures
• Farm Yard Manure (FYM)
• Compost
• Vermicompost
• Bokasi mal
• Goat manure
• Poultry Manure
• Pig manure
• Green manuring
• Brown manuring
• Night soil
• Jholmol, chiya mal etc.
• Oil cakes (Edible and Non
edible)
• Bone meal
• Meat meal
• Blood meal
• Fish meal
• Seaway sludge

Principles
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Classification of Organic Manures

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A. Bulky Organic Manures:
• Bulky and contain fewer amounts of plant nutrients as
compared to concentrated organic manures. Eg: FYM,
Compost, Green Manures etc.
Farmyard manure (FYM):
• Refers to the well-decomposed mixture of dung, urine,
farm litter (bedding material) and left over or used up
materials from roughages or fodder fed to the cattle. The
FYM collected daily from the cattle shed consisting of raw
dung and part of the urine absorbed in the refuse.
• Newly collected FYM is fresh as against well
decomposed FYM which has been stored for a sufficient
period of time to allow its decomposition to completion.

Principles
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• Farm yard manure consists of three components:
• Solid phase (i.e.) dung and
• Liquid phase (i.e.)urine.
• Farm litters (i.e.) bedding materials
• On an average, the animals give out three parts by weight of
dung and one part by weight of urine.
• However, this ratio of dung and urine varies with the kind of
animals.
• Horses, cows and bullocks give out more dung and less urine
than that of sheep, goats and pigs.

Principles
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Excreta
Percentage (%)
N P2O5 K2O
Cattle Dung 0.3-0.4 0.1-0.2 0.1-0.3
Urine 0.9-1.2 Traces 0.5-1.0
Horse Dung 0.4-0.5 0.3-0.4 0.3-0.4
Urine 1.2-1.5 Traces 1.3-1.5
Sheep Dung 0.5-0.7 0.4-0.6 0.3-1.0
Urine 1.5-1.7 Traces 1.8-2.0
Human Dung 1.0-1.6 0.8-1.2 0.2-0.6
Urine 0.6-1.0 0.1-0.2 0.2-0.3
Poultry 1.0-1.8 1.4-1.8 0.8-0.9
Nutrient composition in excreta of different animals

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Micronutrients Concentration (ppm)
Boron 20
Manganese 201
Copper 16
Zinc 97
Molybdenum 2
Micronutrients in excreta

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1. Origin of Manure:
Sheep and poultry manures are somewhat richer in plant nutrients than
cow, horse and pig manures
2. Types of Food Consumed by Animals:
The richer the food in proteins, the richer will be the manure in nitrogen.
3. Age and Condition of Animals:
The manure of young animals is not so rich like that of matured animals
because young animals retain more nutrients for their growth than that of
old or matured ones.
4. Species of Animals:
The composition of nutrient contents varies with the ruminant and non-
ruminant animals.
Factors Affecting the nutrient composition of FYM

Principles
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Govinda
Raj
Sedai,
Agronomist
5. Nature and Amount of Litter:
The composition of FYM varies with the nature and amount of litter
used for animals (e.g. paddy straws, wheat straws etc.)
6. Function of the Animal:
Animals producing milk and wool absorb large amount of nutrients
from their food than that of working draft animals. Therefore, manure
from bullocks generally contains more nutrients as compared to milch
cows.
7. Handling and Storage of Manures:
Loss of nitrogen and potash occurs if any drainage is allowed to
escape from the manure heap. Therefore, improper handling and
storage leads to losses of plant nutrients from the manures.

Principles
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Raj
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Agronomist
Traditional method:
• Preparation of FYM is done by digging a pit and putting the
materials in it.
• Daily addition of materials is done onto it until the field is ready
for its application.
• The manure pit is left open unprotected from the sun, air and
rainfall.
• When the field is ready to receive the manures, it is carried onto
the land and left on the field in small heaps scattered for several
days before it is ploughed.
• During these steps of preparation, storage and application of FYM
considerable loss of nutrients due to volatilization and leaching
occurs.
Methods of preparation of FYM in Nepal

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Agronomist
• During hot weather, nutrients are lost as gases into the
air and during heavy rains of the monsoon they are lost
by leaching. Losses of nitrogen and potassium by one or
both of the above processes are substantial.

Principles
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Agronomy
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Govinda
Raj
Sedai,
Agronomist

Principles
and
Practices
of
Agronomy
by
Govinda
Raj
Sedai,
Agronomist
Quality of FYM can be improved through the use of good bedding to
absorb urine, storage of manure on large heaps protected from the
sun, wind and rains after it is prepared in pits, and applied on the land
and ploughed immediately.
1. Manure pit with no turning:
Suitable with 3-4 cows/Oxen
Procedure:
• Dig a pit 5m long, 3m wide and 1m deep near the livestock shed
on a well drained place.
• Divide the pit into two parts and fill the first half of the pit daily
with well mixed dung and beddings soaked with urine until it is
full about 50 cm or more above the ground.
• Plaster the rounded heap with cow dung-earth slurry.
Maintaining FYM through improved method

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Raj
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Agronomist
• Fill the second half of the pit in the same manner.
• When the second half of the pit is full or after 5-6 months
removes the rotted manure from the first half of the pit and
refill.
• This method is satisfactory but takes a longer time (5-6
months) to produce well decomposed good quality manure.
2. One month’s turning method
• Quicker method of making good quality manure.
• The size of the pits should be made according to the amount
of materials available.
• Three months period of decomposition will produce good
quality manure

Principles
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Agronomy
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Govinda
Raj
Sedai,
Agronomist
Procedure:
• Dig a series of three pits with only a small wall (50-60 cm)
between each pit so that the materials can be moved from one pit
to the other. [Size of individual pit may be 2m * 2m *1m].
• Fill the first pit with manure until about 50 cm or more above the
ground surface. Plaster the heap.
• After one month turn the material into the second pit and refill the
first pit and plaster both pits.
• After one month turn the material from the second pit into the
third pit, from the first into the second and refill the first pit and
plaster all pits.
• After another month the material from the third pit can be
removed and applied to the land and the other pits filled and
plastered.

Principles
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Agronomy
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Govinda
Raj
Sedai,
Agronomist
25
Methods
Major nutrients in manure
Percentage
N P2O5 K2O
Traditional 0.30 0.15 0.30
Improved 1.00 0.30 1.00
Nutrient composition under (Traditional Vs
Improved) method of FYM Preparation

Principles
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Sedai,
Agronomist
26
Traditional method of cattle husbandry
Average: a couple buffaloes consumed 25 lits water
2 kg Feed and 13 kg grass and produced 12 kg dung
and 20 Kg urine

Principles
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Agronomy
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Govinda
Raj
Sedai,
Agronomist
Ration
Quantity
(Kg)
Particulars
Per day
(Kg)
Per annum
(Kg)
Water 25 Metabolic uses 8 2920
Feed 2 Urine 20 7300
Grasses 13 Dung 12 4380
Total 40 32 11,680
Note: Annually a couple of cattle and buffaloes dung, urine and litter produce 58.4 Kg.
27
Per day Availability metabolic uses, dung and urine
status by a couple of cattle and buffaloes

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Remaining
for farm uses
8 Kg
±
Annual N yield 6 Kg
14 Kg
29 Kg
30 Kg
Tradition FYM and its nutrients loss status
29 Kg
28

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Raj
Sedai,
Agronomist
12 hrs 36 hrs 7 days
Essential nutrient losses due to traditional manuring process
29

Principles
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Agronomy
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Govinda
Raj
Sedai,
Agronomist
Particulars
Method of FYM preparation
Tradition Improved
Nitrogen received from Cow
dung, urine & litter
58.0 58.0
Losses from urine 29.6 6.0
Losses by percolation & seepage 6.0 2.0
Losses by Volatizition in air 14.4 6.0
Available for plants 6.0 33.2
Deposit in soil as unavailable form 2.0 10.8
Tradition method Vs improved FYM
30

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31
Compost is the product of organic residues, or mixture of
organic residues and soil that have been piled, moistened
and allowed to undergo biological decomposition.
• It is the well rotted plant and animal residue.
• Composting means rotting of plant & animal remains
applying in fields. It is largely a biological process in
which micro-organism of both the types, aerobic and
anaerobic, decompose organic matter and lower the
Carbon: Nitrogen (C: N) ratio of refuse.
Compost

Principles
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Agronomist
32
Compost making
• Process of decomposing plant residues in a heap or pit
rather than in the soil with a view to bring the plant
nutrients in more readily available form. The essential
requirements of decomposing are air, moisture,
optimum temp and a small quantity of ‘N’
Types of Compost
Based on the composting material used and the
composition of the final product, compost are of two
types:
1. Farm or Rural Compost
2. Town or Urban compost.

Principles
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Agronomist
33
Pit method
Generally done in winter season. The compost materials are
kept in a pit and are allowed for decompostion. Turning could
be done after a month for 2 times for better quality compost.
Steps:
1. Dig a pit 2m long by 2m wide and 1m deep. (The length and
width of the pit may change according to the amount of
compost to be made).
2. Fill the pit about 30cm deep with plant materials. The plant
materials, if dry, wet them so that it contains about 50-70%
moisture.
Methods of Composting

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Agronomist
3. Components such as animal manure, beddings and urine
(or 1 part livestock manure to 10 part water) along with a
handful of lime and some surface soil or previously
prepared compost should be applied in thin layers every 30
cm.
4. Repeat the steps 2 and 3 until the pit is filled 50 cm or
more above the surface of the soil.
5. Plaster the rounded heap with cow-dung mud slurry.
6. After 3 months remove the materials from the pit and
place it in a heap and replaster as above.
7. After another month the compost will be ready for use in
the fields

Principles
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Govinda
Raj
Sedai,
Agronomist
Heap Method
• During monsoon, a heap method of composting is
preferred because the pits are easily water logged.
• Composting is done by pilling the materials above the
ground in a heap.
• The size of heap should be determined by the amount of
materials available for composting.
• In any case the amount should not be less than 1 m3 and
the height of heap should not exceed 2m.

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Steps
1. Pile the compost materials on the top of the wood, old branches
or rocks to ensure good aeration to a height of about 30 cm.
2. Apply a thin layer (about 5 cm) of starter materials consisting of
cow-dung and urine water slurry, some superphosphate, or lime,
some surface soil or plant ash etc.
3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 until the height of the heap is about 2m.
Insert bamboo poles along the heap to serve as air vents and then
enclose the heap with a thin cow-dung mud plaster. Remove
poles after 1 to 2 days when the temperature in the heap is risen
(60-700C).
4. After about 2 weeks, open the heap, turn and reseal. Add water, if
required, at this point. The compost is ready for use after 3
months.

Principles
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Agronomy
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Govinda
Raj
Sedai,
Agronomist
Qualities of a good Compost
• Compost should be dark brown in colour.
• Compost should have moisture percentage of about 68-
70 percent.
• pH of the compost should be in the range of 7.2-7.8.
• There should not be any smell of ammonia.
• It should not be sticky or greasy.
• It should be free from insects and nematodes.

Principles
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Agronomy
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Govinda
Raj
Sedai,
Agronomist
• Concentrated organic manure may be defined as:
 Material of organic origin derived from raw materials of animal or
plant,
 No bulky in nature
 Easy to handle and have relatively higher plant nutritive value
 Quick-acting organic manure when incorporated into the soil.
Example: oil cakes: edible to cattle (e.g. mustard oil cake, groundnut oil
cake) and non-edible to cattle (e.g. neem oil cake, mahua oil cakes etc.);
blood-meal, fish manure, bone meal etc.
Concentrated Organic Manures

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Raj
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Agronomist
Nutrient Composition of different concentrated organic manures

Principles
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Agronomy
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Govinda
Raj
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Agronomist
Importance of Organic Manures
• Supply primary, secondary and micro-nutrients to plants which are
liberated in an available forms by the process of mineralization.
• Supply organic matter to the soil and hence improve the physical condition
of the soil like soil structure, aeration, water holding capacity etc.
• Stimulates the activity of different soil micro-organisms through the supply
of energy.
• Improves the buffering and exchange capacities of soil and also influences
the solubility of soil minerals as well as mineral nutrients in soil.
• Forms chelates which also help for the nutrition of plants.
• Regulates the thermal regimes of the soil.

Principles
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Agronomy
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Govinda
Raj
Sedai,
Agronomist
Green Manure/ Manuring
• Green manure refers to “a plant material incorporated with the soil while
green or soon after maturity for improving the soil to supply nutrients,
particularly N, to a standing crop/ preceding crop”
• Green manuring is a practice of ploughing in the green plant tissues
grown in the field or adding green plants with tender twigs or leaves
from outside and incorporating them into the soil for improving the
physical structure as well as fertility of the soil.
• It can be defined as a practice of ploughing or turning into the soil,
undecomposed green plant tissues for the purpose of improving the soil
fertility.
• The objective of green manuring is to add an organic matter into the soil
and thus, enrich it with ‘N’ which is most important and deficient nutrient.

Principles
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Agronomy
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Govinda
Raj
Sedai,
Agronomist
1. Green manuring in-situ:
When green manure crops are grown in the field itself either as a pure crop
or as intercrop with the main crop and buried in the same field, it is
known as Green manuring In-situ. E.g.: Sannhemp, Dhaicha, Mung,
Cowpea, Berseem, etc.
These crops are sown as:
i) Main crop,
ii) Inter row sown crop,
iii) On bare fallow, depending upon the soil and climatic conditions of the
region.
2. Green leaf manuring: It refers to turning into the soil green leaves and
tender green twigs collected from shrubs and tress grown on bunds, waste
lands and nearby forest area. E.g.: asuro, titepati, Khiroo
Types of green manuring

Principles
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Agronomist
Some of the common green leaf manuring plants in hills & their nutrient
content
Plant materials N% P% K%
Asuro (Adhatoa vasica) 4.3 0.88 4.49
Titepati (Artemesia vulgaris) 2.3 0.42 4.90
Khirro (Sapium insigne) 2.7 0.79 0.89
Banmara (Eupatorium sps.) 2.35 0.71 5.43
Siris (Albezia lebek) 2.90 0.77 2.69

Principles
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Agronomist
Methods of Green Manuring in situ
Land Preparation: 3-4 ploughings followed by 1 harrowing
Sowing : May-June , immediately after 1st monsoon rains. Dhaincha and
Sunhemp are generally sown in Aman Paddy field for green manuring.
Method of sowing: broadcasting Seed Rate: Dhaincha : 40-45 kg/ha
Sunhemp : 40-50 kg/ha Moong : 25-30 kg/ha
Manuring: Superphosphate@150 kg/ha applied at last ploughing(increases
the P availability for succeeding Aman rice
Burial of GM crops: at the flowering stage; (Dhaincha 6-8 wks old,
Sunhemp: 4-5 wks old). During decomposition there must be adequate
moisture in the field and allowed to decompose for 3-4 weeks

Principles
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Agronomist
Benefit from legume green manuring in rice (Sesbania)
• 10-35 t/ha biomass is produced within 45-60 days
• It adds N to soil; Besides OM & other essential nutrients
• Improves physical properties & increase efficiency of mineral
fertilizer
• Decomposes slowly, N available for entire growth period thus nutrients
do not get lost via leaching & volatilization
• Increases MOs activities-helps release plant N from OM.
• GM plant is grown in situ before 45-60 days of rice planting, no labor
requirement for transport
• It is inexpensive, locally available & can be managed with local
knowledge & human resources
• Recycles the plant nutrient from subsoil.

Principles
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Agronomy
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Govinda
Raj
Sedai,
Agronomist
Methods for Green Leaf Manuring
The suitable perennial shrubs and trees are grown on border of paddy
fields or bounds or on vacant spaces for the purpose of utilizing their
leaves and twigs as green manure. These are incorporated in the soil at
the time of puddling of paddy field.
Brown Manuring
Brown manuring is a technique of growing Sesbania in standing rice
crop and kill them with the help of herbicide for manuring. After killing
the colour of the sesbania residue become brown so it called brown
manuring.
For Brown manuring practice Sesbania crop @ 20 kg/ha is broadcasted
three days after rice sowing and allowed to grow for 30 days and was
dried by spraying 2,4-D ethyle easter which also control broad leaf
weeds, adds 35kgN/ha and produce additional yield of 4-5 q/ha.

Principles
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Agronomy
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Govinda
Raj
Sedai,
Agronomist
Advantages / Importance of Green Manuring
• It add organic matter to the soil and stimulates microbial
activity Improves soil structure .
• Acts as a cover crop ,reduce the impact of rain water,
decreasing erosion and run off.
• Nutrient taken up from the deeper layers by green manure
crops and return the nutrient to the top soil.
• Legume crop also add nitrogen.

Principles
and
Practices
of
Agronomy
by
Govinda
Raj
Sedai,
Agronomist
Limitations/ Disadvantages of green manuring
• Rainfed condition : Green manure crops will not decompose
readily due to lack of water.
• GM is only feasible for assured irrigation facility.
• Cost of growing GM crop could be more than cost of
Fertilizer.
• For higher Cropping intensity land is unavailable for GM
cultivation.
• Disease, insects and nematodes may come up due to
improper decomposition.

Principles
and
Practices
of
Agronomy
by
Govinda
Raj
Sedai,
Agronomist
Manuring is better than ploughing

Unit 4 Organic Manures and fertilizer definition and its types.pptx

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Unit 4 Organic Manures and fertilizer definition and its types.pptx