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dynamics of soil potassium

This document summarizes research on different forms of potassium in soils and their availability to crops. It includes 10 tables that show results from studies measuring various fractions of potassium (e.g. water soluble, exchangeable, non-exchangeable) in different soil types and under various fertilizer and amendment treatments. The tables demonstrate how forms of potassium vary with soil properties, fertilizer additions, and crop uptake. Continuous mineral fertilizer use can increase available potassium fractions and crop yields but may also lead to potassium fixation in non-exchangeable forms over time. Organic amendments generally contribute to maintaining more available forms of potassium.

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Credit Seminar on STUDIES ON DYNAMICS OF SOIL POTASSIUM AND EFFECT OF DIFFERENT FORMS ON K AVAILABILITY TO CROPS. P. SOWMYA RAM/2018-91 Dept of Soil science PROF JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar,PJTSAU,Hyderabad-30 Course-in-charge: Dr. G. Padmaja Professor and Head Dept of SSAC
INTRODUCTION - POTASSIUM • Potassium is the 3rd most important major nutrient in plant Nutrition. • Potassium is the most abundant macronutrient in soils. It is also the seventh most common element in the lithosphere which contains on average 2.6% potassium. • The total potassium content of Indian soils varies from 0.5 to 3.0%. • Total potassium present in soils, more than 98% occurs in primary and secondary minerals and the rest occurs in either fixed or non exchangeable form or exchangeable (adsorbed) form or in soil solution. • The role of potassium in increasing the yield of crops and improving the quality of produce is the agenda of soil scientists.
ROLE OF POTASSIUM TO INCREASE CROP YIELD • Increases growth and improves drought resistance for crop. • Activates atleast 60 enzyme systems. • Maintains turgor; reduces water loss and wilting. • In photosynthesis and food formation. • Reduces respiration, preventing energy losses. • Enhances translocation of sugars and starch. • Improves weight and quality of grain. • Builds cellulose and reduces lodging. • To helps for crop pest and disease resistance.
FIG 1a: POTASSIUM CYCLE
FIG 1b:DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM OF POTASSIUM IN SOILS
FIG 2: FORMS OF SOIL K 1.Soil solution k 2.Exchangeable K 3.Non Exchangeable K 4.Mineral K
FIG 3: CONTRIBUTION OF DIFFERENT POTASSIUM FRACTIONS TO TOTAL K Akola, Maharastra. Lokya et al, 2018.
FIG 4: MICA WEATHERING AND TRANSFORMATION TO SECONDARY MINERALS ISSS
WATER SOLUBLE K (mg kg-1) EXCH K (mg kg-1) 1 N HNO3 K (mg kg-1) NON EXC K (mg kg-1) CaCl2 K (mg kg-1) TOTAL K (mg kg-1) 0-20 20-40 0-20 20-40 0-20 20-40 0-20 20-40 0-20 20-40 0-20 20-40 1 9 7.2 171 161 912 968 741 756 22 24.6 4734 4534 2 10.3 7.1 153 153 923 985 803 814 26.6 24 5200 5200 3 9.7 8.1 139 138 826 853 675 684 23.3 23 4866 4800 4 16.9 11.4 176 175 904 924 732 731 26.6 24.6 5600 5266 5 12.6 8.3 140 137 846 864 704 689 23.6 24.3 4900 4534 6 17.1 12.4 180 181 908 962 728 802 24 26.3 5366 5134 7 11.3 9.7 150 147 833 867 672 656 24.6 25.6 5166 5334 Average 12.4 9.2 159 156 879 918 723 736 24 25 5119 4972 Nagaland Odyuo, 2015 TABLE 1: DEPTH WISE DISTRIBUTION OF DIFFERENT FORMS OF K IN THE SOILS AT DIFFERENT SITES S D
TABLE 2: POTASSIUM UPTAKE BY SOYBEAN AS INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT LEVELS OF POTASSIUM K LEVELS (mg kg-1 ) K UPTAKE (mg pot-1) Grain Stover Total 0 225 36 261 9 291 45 336 18 395 51 446 27 461 58 519 36 478 54 533 45 474 57 531 SEm 7.2 2.0 8.2 CD(P=0.05) 22.3 6.1 25.4 Nagaland Odyuo , 2015
TABLE 3 :DISTRIBUTION OF DIFFERENT FORMS OF POTASSIUM [c mol(P+)kg-1] IN SOILS SOIL ORDER LOCATION WS K EX K NE K STEP K CR K STEP:CR K Inceptisol Matikata 1.4 21.5 54.3 157.6 1.1 2.9 Sonarpur 1.1 22.6 64.7 124.1 1.4 1.9 Itahar 2.2 33.2 34.1 126.8 2.6 3.7 Mean 1.6 25.8 51 136.2 1.7 2.8 Alfisol Hutmura 1.9 21.9 56.3 138.8 1.4 2.5 Hura 1.3 21.5 19.7 111 1.1 5.6 Bankura 3.1 25 25 136.7 1.5 4.3 Mean 2.1 22.8 33.7 118.8 1.3 3.5 Entisol Mithekhali 4.2 29.1 85.5 181.9 1.2 2.1 Itkhola 10.7 21.2 89.8 196.7 1.3 2.2 Meriganj 7.5 24.3 80.1 167.5 1.4 2.1 Mean 7.5 24.9 85.2 182 1.3 2.1 Mohanpur, West Bengal Mani et al., 2016
TABLE 4: CHANGES IN DIFFERENT FORMS OF POTASSIUM [c mol(p+)kg-1] IN SOILS UPON SUBMERGENCE FOR 30 DAYS SOIL ORDER LOCATION WS K EX K NE K STEP K CR K NET CHANGE Inceptisol Matikata 1.2 -16.9 115.7 147.8 2.2 250 Sonarpur 2.4 -17.2 109.2 291.8 0.3 386.5 Itahar 1.9 -27 138.6 198 1.5 313 Mean 1.8 -20.4 121.2 212.5 1.3 316.4 Alfisol Hutmura 3.5 -5.1 95.1 166.3 1.5 261.3 Hura 3.7 -11.5 138 200.7 0.3 331.2 Bankura 5.6 -14.3 82.9 220.9 3.4 298.5 Mean 4.3 -10.3 105.3 196 1.8 297.1 Entisol Mithekhali 5.2 9.4 65.8 246.1 6.7 333.2 Itkhola 3.4 20.4 29.5 270 3.6 326.9 Meriganj 9.2 7.3 72.1 272.8 1.3 362.7 Mean 5.9 12.3 55.8 263 3.9 340.9 Mohanpur, West Bengal Mani et al., 2016
Treatment Water Soluble K Exchangeable K HCl Extractable K Non Exchangeable K 0-15 15-30 30-45 0-15 15-30 30-45 0-15 15-30 30-45 0-15 15-30 30-45 T1 15.5 13.5 15 39 35.5 35.8 143.9 95 120 616 631 670 T2 13.5 9.4 10.8 51.2 42.8 45.3 155 130 135 625 648 669 T3 10.8 10 10.6 46.6 41 41.1 148.9 125 130 608 639 674 T4 20 17.5 18 66.3 56.6 57.6 180 165 175 682 682 689 T5 22 18 20 77.4 69 70.6 210 185 195 666 671 684 T6 20 15 18 69.4 67 67.8 201.3 175 188.2 667 623 684 T7 20.6 18 20 51.4 48.5 48.8 205 155 185 643 664 716 T8 18 13.4 16.9 70.6 62.9 63.3 180 143.9 155 699 784 785 T9 17.5 10 13.1 58 53.5 56.3 140 135 137.8 609 612 696 T10 23 20 22 72.5 69.4 69.4 185 170 180 739 786 789 LSD (P=0.05) 0.6 0.6 0.7 1 1.1 1.2 29.5 25.9 28.2 41.28 52.61 54.36 TABLE 5: EFFECT OF CONTINUOUS APPLICATION OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS AND SOIL AMENDMENTS ON DIFFERENT FORMS OF SOIL K ( mg kg-1) Palampur Sood et al.2008 T1 control, T2 100% N, T3 100% NP, T4 100% NPK, T5 100% NPK +FYM, T6 100% NPK+Lime, T7 100% NPK +Zn, T8 100% NPK(-S), T9 50% NPK, T10 150% NPK,
TABLE 6: EFFECT OF CONTINUOUS USE OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS AND SOIL AMENDMENTS ON YIELD AND K UPTAKE OF MAIZE TREATMENT GRAIN YIELD ( t ha-1 ) K UPTAKE ( kg ha-1) T1 control 0.58 6.9 T2 100% N 0.00 0.00 T3 100% NP 3.02 21.3 T4 100% NPK 4.39 37.7 T5 100% NPK +FYM 6.02 53.9 T6 100% NPK+Lime 5.30 42.7 T7 100% NPK +Zn 4.31 32.5 T8 100% NPK(-S) 2.08 18.2 T9 50% NPK 3.26 28.8 T10 150% NPK 4.76 38.7 LSD(P=0.05) 0.54 3.9 Palampur Sood et al.2008
Exch. K 1% Non- exch.K 10% Lattice.K 89% Inorganic Exch.K 1% Non- exch.K 3% Lattice K 96% Rice straw Exch.K 1% Non- exch.K 5% Lattice. K 94% FYM Exch.K 1% Non- exch.K 4% Lattice.K 95% Rice straw + FYM Fig 4: Exchangeable (Exch.K), non-exchangeable (Non-exch.K) and lattice K as a proportion of total K in surface soil (0-7.5 cm depth). Yadav et al., 2018 PAU, Ludhiana
TREATMENTS POTASSIUM FRACTIONS (mg kg-1) WS.K EXC.K NON EXC.K LATTICE.K TOTAL K T1 - 30:75:00 kg NPK ha-1 26 139 549 10047 10762 T2 - 30:75:30 kg NPK ha-1 27 143 560 10195 10925 T3 - 30:75:60 kg NPK ha-1 30 146 572 10351 11098 T4 - 30:75:90 kg NPK ha-1 34 152 586 10535 11305 SE(m)± 0.43 4.03 1.76 29.68 27.96 CD at 5% 1.31 12.07 5.32 89.45 84.28 TABLE 7 : EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF POTASSIUM ON ITS FORMS AT HARVEST OF SOYBEAN Akola, Maharastra Lokya et al, 2018
Treatments Contribution of non-exchangeable K to total K uptake Yield (q ha-1) Contribution of non- exchangeable K to total K uptake (kg/ha) Percent Contribution (%) KUE (%) Grain straw T1 14.19 21.02 22.39 84.87 - T2 15.76 25.06 11.53 29.29 5.24 T3 16.56 26.37 5.06 10.24 3.95 T4 17.21 27.04 2.60 9.87 3.36 TABLE 8: CONTRIBUTION OF NON-EXCHANGEABLE K TO TOTAL K UPTAKE Akola, Maharastra. Lokya et al, 2018.
POTASSIUM FIXATION NON EXCHANGEABLE K SOIL SOLUTION / EXCHANGEABLE K Factors affecting K Fixation 1.Clay minerals 2.Soil pH 3.Wetting and Drying 4.Potassium Fertilization
TABLE 9 : LEACHING FROM TWO SOILS AFFECTED BY APPLICATION OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FERTILIZERS UNDER FLOODED CONDITION TREATMENT TOTAL K ADDED (mg) TOTAL K LEACHED (mg/Column) % OF K APPLIED Sandy Loam Loam Sandy Loam Loam RICE STRAW 130.4 58 (18.8) 33 (11.9) 14.4 9.2 WHEAT STRAW 43.6 40.7 (1.5) 24.1 (3.0) 3.4 6.8 POULTRY MANURE 55.3 48.8 (9.6) 26 (4.9) 17.3 8.8 FYM 102.7 41 (1.8) 23.5(2.4) 1.8 2.3 GREEN MANURE 67.3 41.3 (2.1) 23.1(2.0) 3.1 2.9 FERTILIZER K 39.3 45.4 (6.2) 29.8 (8.7) 15.8 22.2 CONTROL - 39.2 21.1 - - Ludhiana, Punjab Singh et al., 2005 *Amount of K leached (Total – Control)
TABLE 10 : WATER SOLUBLE K IN UPLAND MOISTURE CONDITIONS TREATMENT SOIL TYPE loam (mg/kg) sandy loam (mg/kg) RICE STRAW 15 9 WHEAT STRAW 10 8 POULTRY MANURE 14 8 FYM 12 8 GREEN MANURE 14 10 FERTILIZER K 12 10 CONTROL 10 6 CD 3.8 2.7 Ludhiana, Punjab Singh et al., 2005
LANDUSE SYSTEM WS K EX K NE K MINERAL K TOTAL K FIX : EXC K Agri - Rice 12.1 137.5 228.8 1.31 1.35 1.66 Agri - Tobacco 13.6 65.4 205.8 1.36 1.39 3.16 Horti – Arecanut 14.8 120.7 303.4 0.99 1.04 2.51 Silvi - Eucalyptus 12.9 104.5 303.1 1.15 1.20 2.90 Control 11.9 64.4 168.1 1.23 1.26 2.63 TABLE 11: POTASSIUM FIXATION CAPACITY OF SURFACE SOIL SAMPLES UNDER DIFFERENT LAND USE SYSTEMS LANDUSE SYSTEM BWD( mg/kg) AWD(mg/kg) K FIXED[Cmol (p+) kg-1] % K fixed Agri - Rice 1155 1046 0.27 10.7 Agri - Tobacco 1138 984 0.39 15.4 Horti – Arecanut 1157 967 0.48 18.8 Silvi - Eucalyptus 1129 883 0.62 24.5 Control 1288 1063 0.57 22.4 Gurumurthy and Prakasha, 2011 Karnataka
TABLE 12: CORRELATION BETWEEN UPTAKE OF K AND DIFFERENT K FORMS IN SOIL Stage Forms of K Water Soluble Exchangeable Hcl Soluble Non Exchangeable 0-15 15-30 0-15 15-30 0-15 15-30 0-15 15-30 Stolonization 0.48 0.36 0.50 0.40 0.39 0.38 -0.10 0.21 Tuberisation 0.62* 0.74** 0.69** 0.54* 0.67* * 0.59* -0.43 0.29 Harvest 0.56* 0.58* 0.90** 0.83** 0.79* * 0.85** 0.64* -0.30 Subehia et al., 2003 Palampur, Himachal Pradesh
Correlation among different forms of soil Potassium Soil Properties Forms of Potassium Water soluble Exchangeable Available Non- Exchangeable Lattice Total Sand 0.17 -0.176 -0.168 0.205 0.453* 0.436* Silt -0.09 -0.028 -0.029 -0.306 -0.184 -0.200 Clay -0.164 0.249 0.240 -0.184 -0.447* -0.413* pH -0.230 -0.098 -0.100 -0.249 -0.362* -0.375* EC 0.411* 0.518** 0.514** 0.236 0.359 0.402* Organic Carbon 0.091 0.171 0.171 0.058 -0.017 0.002 Free CaCO3 -0.041 -0.211 -0.206 0.046 0.117 0.159 Kaskar et al., 2001 Dapoli, Maharashtra
TABLE 13: QUANTITY INTENSITY RELATIONSHIP IN AVAILABILITY OF POTASSIUM • Beckett (1964) • The Theory is based on exchange reactions between Ca, Mg, and K. • The Q/I concept is used for predicting the status of potassium in soils • It is the quantity relationship between exchangeable K (Q quantity) and the activity of potassium in the soil solution (I intensity).
Fig 6: A typical Q/I relationship showing different parameters in relation to potassium availability in soils. • ∆K = Amount through which the soil gains or losses potassium in bringing equilibrium (Q, quantity factor). • ARK = Activity ratio of potassium (I, intensity factor). • ARK e = Activity ratio of potassium at equilibrium • ∆Kex = Exchangeable or labile pool of potassium • Ksp = Specific sites for potassium • PBCK = Potential buffering capacity
TABLE 14: FORMS OF POTASSIUM IN KHAMMAM SOILS OF ANDHRA PRADESH VILLAGE TEXTURE WS K EX K NE K TOTAL K Vasanthavada Sand 37.3 117.5 883 19680 Kunavaram Loamy Sand 35.4 148.8 608 13607 Narsapuram Sandy Loam 23.9 130.9 575 18421 N.P.Banjar Sandy Loam 44.2 276.6 1009 15755 Vaddigudem Clay Loam 11.3 135.3 378 8233 Velerupadu Silty Clay Loam 19.8 330.2 914 9234 Amaravaram Silty Clay Loam 18.2 259.1 676 10513 Kukunur Clay 15.8 358.9 1532 11883 Khammam Rao and Murthy, 2007
SOIL TEXTURE KL K0 Kx ARK O PBC K Vasanthavada Sand 0.41 0.20 0.21 10.0 40 Kunavaram Loamy Sand 0.59 0.37 0.22 4.0 65 Narsapuram Sandy Loam 0.50 0.25 0.25 3.0 70 N.P.Banjar Sandy Loam 0.60 0.27 0.33 7.0 70 Vaddigudem Clay Loam 0.40 0.20 0.20 2.5 90 Velerupadu Silty Clay Loam 0.20 0.10 0.10 1.6 90 Amaravaram Silty Clay Loam 0.50 0.34 0.16 1.6 200 Kukunur Clay 0.60 0.43 0.17 2.2 340 TABLE 15: QUANTITY INTENSITY PARAMETERS OF KHAMMAM SOILS , ANDHRA PRADESH Khammam Rao and Krishnamurthy, 2007 Units : cmol kg-1
TABLE 16: EFFECT OF K RATES ON DIFFERENT K FRACTIONS K LEVEL(Kg ha-1) WSK EX.K AV.K HNO3 K NEK mg/Kg 0 11 40 52 430 378 25 16 59 75 487 412 50 17 61 79 509 430 75 20 68 89 498 409 100 21 74 95 518 423 CD(P=0.05) 5 8 8 20 14 TABLE 17: EFFECT OF K RATES ON Q/I PARAMETERS OF K K LEVEL(Kg ha-1) KL K0 KX AreK(×10-3) PBC K[cmol(p+)kg-1] ×10-3 cmol(p+)kg-1 0 0.10 0.06 0.04 2.85 28.35 25 0.13 0.09 0.04 2.99 35.20 50 0.20 0.12 0.08 3.52 41.19 75 0.26 0.18 0.08 4.91 47.02 100 0.30 0.23 0.07 7.69 38.18 CD(p=0.05) 0.06 0.06 NS 1.31 NS Bhubaneswar, Orissa Byju et al., 2002.
FIG 7: POTASSIUM RELEASING POWER OF DIFFERENT SOIL TYPES IN PULSE GROWING REGIONS OF INDIA Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh Rao et al., 2003 (Alfisol) (Vertisol) (Inceptisol)
FIG 8: K RELEASE IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOILS Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh Rao et al., 2003
• CONCENTRATION RATIO OF POTASSIUM IN SATURATION EXTRACT ( CRK Se ) • BUFFERING CAPACITY ( BCK Se ) • UNIFIED SOIL QUANTITY INTENSITY CHARACTER (USQI factor) PARAMETERS DERIVED FROM K CONCENTRATION IN SATURATION EXTRACT CRK Se = CK/(Ca+ Mg)0.5 BCK Se = Kam/ CRK Se USQI Factor = Kam ×ρ CRK Se ρ= -ve log of CRK Se
TABLE 18: PARAMETERS DERIVED FROM CONCENTRATION OF K IN SATURATION EXTRACT AND 1N NH4OAC EXTRACTABLE K OF RANGA REDDY DISTRICT S.No Village Composition of the saturation extract CRK Se (me l-1) Kam in me 100g-1 BCK Se (me 100g- 1) /(me l-1)0.5 USQI Factor (me 100g-1)0.5*(me l- 1)0.5 K me l-1 Ca + Mg in me l-1 1 Chenvelli 0.24 7.6 0.086 0.48 5.62 0.741 2 Kathagadi 0.23 6.4 0.089 0.40 4.48 0.663 3 Masireddypalli 0.27 5.4 0.118 0.17 1.47 0.387 4 Muduchinthala palli 1.41 13.8 0.378 1.14 3.02 0.451 5 Keesara 0.32 6.2 0.128 0.64 5.01 0.715 6 Bogaram 0.39 6.0 0.158 0.32 2.04 0.455 7 Manchal 0.38 22.2 0.081 0.32 3.99 0.620 8 Kongarakonal 0.40 9.2 0.133 0.58 4.35 0.666 9 Kocharam 0.56 22.0 0.119 0.42 3.50 0.597 10 Rajendranagar 0.26 7.0 0.100 0.36 3.56 0.567 Range 0.23- 1.41 5.4-22 0.081- 0.378 0.21- 1.14 1.47-12.36 0.387-1.104 Chaitanya, 2016 Rajendranagar
TABLE 19: ESTIMATION OF POTASSIUM IN SOILS THROUGH CHEMICAL EXTRACTANTS METHOD COMPOSITION OF EXTRACTANT SOIL: EXTRACTA NT RATIO SHAKIN G TIME (MIN) REFERENCE Distilled water Distilled water 1: 10 60 Grewal and Kanwar (1966) 1 N NH4OAC 1 N Ammonium Acetate at pH (7.0) 1 : 5 5 Stanford and English (1949) 0.01 M CaCl2 0.01 M CaCl2 1: 10 120 Houba et al. (1990) 1 N HNO3 1 N HNO3 1 : 10 10 DeTurk. 1941 AB-DTPA 1 M NH4HCO3 + 0.005 M DTPA 1 : 2 15 Soltanpour and Schwab (1977 0.03M NaBPh4 sodium tetraphenylboron 1 : 6 15 Scott et al. (1960) 1.38 N H2SO4 1.38 N H2SO4 1 : 10 15 (Hunter and Pratt, 1958)
TABLE 20: EXTRACTION OF DIFFERENT FORMS OF K (mg kg-1) USING VARIOUS EXTRACTANTS IN SOILS OF RANGA REDDY DISTRICT S.No Village Distilled water extractable K 1N NH4OAc extractable K 1.38N H2SO4 extractable K 0.03M Na BPh4 extractable K Boiling 1HNO3 extractable K 1 Chenvelli 18 188 396 81 1100 2 Kathagadi 20 156 376 81 1000 3 Masireddypalli 45 68 356 82 850 4 Muduchinthalapal li 56 446 500 82 2340 5 Keesara 25 250 412 81 1700 6 Bogaram 51 126 376 83 1210 7 Manchal 25 126 380 82 1140 8 Kongarakonal 57 226 416 82 1300 9 Kocharam 25 163 388 83 1690 10 Rajendranagar 24 139 396 81 1300 Range 18-57 68-446 356-500 81-85 850-2340 Chaitanya, 2016 Rajendranagar
TABLE 21: EFFECT OF RATE OF K APPLICATION ON AVAILABLE K STATUS OF SOIL AFTER HARVEST Season Crop K Levels (kg K2O ha-1 ) CD (p=0.05) 0 20 40 60 Initial 2002 160 160 159 160 - Kharif 2002 Cluster bean (direct) 158 159 162 163 NS Rabi 2002-03 Mustard (residual) 156 157 159 161 NS Kharif 2003 Cluster bean (direct) 155 158 160 164 8 Rabi 2003-04 Mustard (residual) 153 156 158 162 7 Kharif 2004 Cluster bean (direct) 152 156 158 162 7 Rabi 2004-05 Mustard (residual) 151 156 159 163 8 Kharif 2005 Pearlmillet (direct) 145 153 158 162 8 Rabi 2005-06 Mustard (residual) 142 151 156 161 8 Kharif 2006 Pearlmillet (direct) 137 147 153 159 8 Rabi 2006-07 Mustard (residual) 133 145 152 157 7 Kharif 2007 Pearlmillet (direct) 128 142 150 156 7 Rabi 2007-08 Mustard (residual) 125 140 148 155 7 Haryana Yadav et al., 2011
TABLE 22: EFFECT OF POTASSIUM APPLICATION ON MEAN YIELD AND K UPTAKE BY CLUSTER BEAN – MUSTARD CROPPING SYSTEM K LEVEL (kg/ha) YIELD (t/ha) K UPTAKE (kg/ha) Cluster bean Mustard Cluster bean Mustard Seed Straw Seed Straw Seed Straw Seed Straw 0 0.85 1.70 1.81 5.82 9.3 30.1 8.8 58.7 20 0.95 1.87 1.93 6.02 12 37 11.5 68.7 40 1.01 1.93 2.02 6.15 13.3 41.5 13.8 76.9 60 1.02 2.01 2.06 6.23 14.1 45.2 14.7 83.4 CD (p=0.05) 0.09 0.12 0.16 0.39 1.1 3.0 0.8 4.1 Pearl millet Mustard Pearl Millet Mustard 0 2.41 5.24 1.76 4.75 10 113 8.9 46.7 20 2.55 5.50 1.81 4.87 11.2 127.8 10.6 54 40 2.68 5.76 1.86 4.98 12.6 151.1 12.5 58.9 60 2.75 5.99 1.93 5.14 13.6 174.6 14 64 CD (p=0.05) 0.19 0.37 0.13 0.32 0.8 5.4 0.6 2 Haryana Yadav et al., 2011
FIG 9: NON-EXCHANGEABLE (FIXED) K AFTER 23 YEARS OF EXHAUSTIVE CROPPING (kg/ha) 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 100% NP 100%NPKZnS 100%NPKZnS + FYM FYM NEK ( kg/ha ) TREATMENTS MANDYA MARUTERU TITABAR Rao et al., 2013
TABLE 23: DISTRIBUTION OF POTASSIUM FRACTIONS (mg kg-1) IN SOIL PROFILE Treatm ents WATER SOLUBLE K EXCH.K NON EXCH. K LATTICE K TOTAL K DEPTH 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 50% NPK 18.6 16.1 15.6 105.1 102.9 96.9 750 721 705 3933 3409 3132 4807 4249 3950 100% NPK 21.9 18.3 17.6 112.8 108.3 101.9 770 742 724 4035 3507 3421 4939 4375 4265 150% NPK 22.8 20.6 19.5 119.3 117.5 112.4 813 773 763 4353 3656 3447 5307 4567 4342 100% NPK +FYM 24.9 22.8 21.9 122.8 120.1 115.6 885 818 786 4366 3756 3518 5398 4716 4441 CONTROL 15.6 12.1 10.6 85.8 83.9 79.7 736 706 694 3856 3319 2848 4693 4121 3632 CD(p=0.05 ) 4.4 2.1 2.9 9.6 8.2 7.1 88 114 85 588 436 437 598 419 459 INITIAL VALUE(197 2) 35.3 149.7 910 4419 5514 Sawarkar, 2013 Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh Depth 1 : 0-20 cm, 2 : 20-40 cm, 3 : 40-60 cm.
TABLE 24: EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TREATMENTS ON AVAILABLE K AFTER 36 CYCLES TREATMENTS AVAILABLE K CHANGES FROM INITIAL TOTAL K ADDED TOTAL K UPTAKE K BALANCE 50% NPK 247 -123 830 5113 -4283 100% NPK 269 -101 1660 6974 -5314 150% NPK 284 -86 2490 8284 -5794 100%NPK +FYM 295 -75 5703 9134 -3431 CONTROL 202 -168 5113 1994 -1994 Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh Sawarkar, 2013 Initial (1972) : 370 kg/ha
TABLE 26: DIFFERENT FORMS OF K (mg/kg) INFLUENCED BY MANURES AND FERTILIZERS TREATMENTS WSK EXK AVAIL.K NEK TOTAL K CONTROL 4 45 49 241 6012 100 % N 5 45 50 299 6987 100 % NP 6 44 50 315 6026 50 % NPK 5.7 49.3 55 342 6375 100% NPK 6 56 62 337 6812 150 % NPK 8 61 69 339 6987 100 % NPK-S 6 55 61 298 6415 100% NPK + Zn 7 55 62 369 6638 100 % NPK + FYM 10 57 67 377 7262 CD (P=0.05) NS 7.2 9.2 108 905 INITIAL 10 48 58 355 6467 Pantnagar, Uttarakhand Singh et al., 2014
TABLE 25: K BALANCE AFFECTED BY 40 YEARS OF APPLICATION OF OM AND FERTILIZERS TREATMENT K ADDED (kg/ha) K REMOVE D(kg/ha) K BALANCE (kg/ha) K BALANCE (kg/ha/Yr) FERT OM IW TOTAL CONTROL 0 - 2000 2000 3911 -1911 -47.8 100 % N 0 - 2000 2000 6845 -4845 -121.1 100 % NP 0 - 2000 2000 7088 -5088 -127.2 50 % NPK 1460 - 2000 3460 6847 -3027 -75.7 100% NPK 2920 - 2000 4920 7171 -2251 -56.3 150 % NPK 4380 - 2000 6380 7354 -974 -24.4 100 % NPK-S 2920 - 2000 4920 7224 -2304 -57.6 100% NPK + Zn 2920 - 2000 4920 7645 -2725 -68.1 100 % NPK + FYM 2920 4800 2000 9720 8218 +1502 +37.6 Pantnagar, Uttarakhand Singh et al., 2014 IW Contains 5 mg K L-1. Hence, annual addition of K is 50 kg/ha/yr. FERT – Fertilizer, OM – Organic Manure, IW – Irrigation Water.
TABLE 27: ACCUMULATION OF DIFFERENT FORMS OF K AFTER HARVEST TREATMENT AV.K WS.K EXC.K NEXC.K N0P0K0 720 78 560 11890 N120P0K0 682 74.8 500 11742 N180P0K0 662 64.4 476 10266 N120P40K0 622 55.6 484 9518 N180P40K0 536 58.2 382 9786 N120P80K0 530 58.4 458 10048 N180P80K0 598 51.6 438 10542 N120P40K40 838 83.6 628 12064 N180P40K40 718 91.2 490 12256 N120P80K40 660 86 448 11912 N180P80K40 702 71.2 524 11416 Ludhiana, Punjab Setia et al., 2004.
TABLE 29: EFFECT OF K APPLICATION ON DRYMATTER ACCUMULATION (g plot -1) IN MAIZE S.No Village Levels of K (mg kg-1 soil) K0 K50 K100 K200 Mean 1 Mayaluru 13.83 15.58(12.7) 16.43(18.8) 15.84(14.5) 15.42 2 G.puram 16.75 18.20(8.7) 17.94(7.1) 18.36(9.6) 17.81 3 Bodavada 15.12 18.14(20.0) 17.63(16.6) 17.33(14.6) 17.06 4 Lam 15.62 17.40(11.4) 18.43(18.0) 19.22(23.1) 17.67 5 P.prolu 14.65 15.33(4.6) 15.60(6.5) 15.20(3.8) 15.20 6 Arepet 13.40 15.05(12.3) 15.61(16.5) 15.30(14.2) 14.84 7 T.Palle 12.25 13.87(13.2) 14.15(15.5) 14.48(18.8) 13.69 8 Mudhole 16.10 18.08(12.3) 19.26(19.6) 18.53(15.1) 17.99 9 Buppapur 16.54 17.92(8.4) 18.10(9.4) 18.44(11.5) 17.75 10 Sultanpur 18.95 19.10(1.0) 19.87(4.9) 21.63(14.1) 19.89 Mean 16.16 17.53 18.23 18.64 C.D Values K levels= 0.391 Soils = 0.781 K levels*soils=1.563 Figures in parentheses indicate the % response. Surekha et al., 1997 Andhra Pradesh
TABLE 28: POTASSIUM UPTAKE OF RICE (g pot-1) AT THREE PHYSIOLOGICAL STAGES Treatments Active tillering Panicle Initiation Harvest Grain Straw Root S1 S2 S1 S2 S1 S2 S1 S2 S1 S2 Control 0.038 0.049 0.151 0.105 0.057 0.047 0117 0.096 0.025 0.017 NPK 0.098 0.86 0.256 0.173 0.123 0.100 0.384 0.252 0.043 0.078 NPK+GM 0.083 0.105 0.868 0.748 0.329 0.312 0.689 0.572 0.101 0.091 NPK + Gypsum 0.079 0.098 0.344 0.217 0.200 0.124 0.442 0.27 0.048 0.032 NPK+ ZnSO4+ GM 0.109 0.131 1.015 0.729 0.352 0.364 0.734 0.655 0.119 0.092 NPK+ EDTA-Zn+ GM 0.095 0.121 0.965 1.07 0.356 0.365 0.762 0.781 0.156 0.128 NPK+ Gypsum + GM 0.111 0.094 1.099 0.840 0.357 0.325 0.779 0.667 0.153 0.125 NPK+ ZnSO4+ Gypsum+Gm 0.123 0.164 1.173 0.888 0.454 0.377 1.025 0.804 0.202 0.160 Mean 0.089 0.099 0.646 0.523 0.254 0.240 0.563 0.460 0.091 0.079 S*T 0.013 0.026 0.045 0.093 0.016 0.033 0.020 0.042 0.017 0.034 Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu Mythili & Natarajan. 2003 S1: ClayLoam S2 : Sandyloam
CONCLUSIONS • Recycling through crop residue management holds a great promise in this respect as 80% of the K assimilated is contained in vegetative parts • Soils require judicious and frequent application of potash fertilizers to prevent leaching losses for better crop production.. • There is a need to consider K fixing capacity of soils, soil texture, soil type and other factors for giving potassium recommendation to crops. • Continuous cropping without manures and fertilizers devoid of K results in imbalanced fertilization by reducing availability of K. So, use of chemical fertilizers along with organic manures improves the availability of K to plants which increases yields.
-Mata Bhumih Putroham Prithivyah -The Nation that destroys it’s soils, destroys itself

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dynamics of soil potassium

  • 1.
    Credit Seminar on STUDIESON DYNAMICS OF SOIL POTASSIUM AND EFFECT OF DIFFERENT FORMS ON K AVAILABILITY TO CROPS. P. SOWMYA RAM/2018-91 Dept of Soil science PROF JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar,PJTSAU,Hyderabad-30 Course-in-charge: Dr. G. Padmaja Professor and Head Dept of SSAC
  • 2.
    INTRODUCTION - POTASSIUM •Potassium is the 3rd most important major nutrient in plant Nutrition. • Potassium is the most abundant macronutrient in soils. It is also the seventh most common element in the lithosphere which contains on average 2.6% potassium. • The total potassium content of Indian soils varies from 0.5 to 3.0%. • Total potassium present in soils, more than 98% occurs in primary and secondary minerals and the rest occurs in either fixed or non exchangeable form or exchangeable (adsorbed) form or in soil solution. • The role of potassium in increasing the yield of crops and improving the quality of produce is the agenda of soil scientists.
  • 3.
    ROLE OF POTASSIUMTO INCREASE CROP YIELD • Increases growth and improves drought resistance for crop. • Activates atleast 60 enzyme systems. • Maintains turgor; reduces water loss and wilting. • In photosynthesis and food formation. • Reduces respiration, preventing energy losses. • Enhances translocation of sugars and starch. • Improves weight and quality of grain. • Builds cellulose and reduces lodging. • To helps for crop pest and disease resistance.
  • 4.
  • 5.
    FIG 1b:DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUMOF POTASSIUM IN SOILS
  • 6.
    FIG 2: FORMSOF SOIL K 1.Soil solution k 2.Exchangeable K 3.Non Exchangeable K 4.Mineral K
  • 7.
    FIG 3: CONTRIBUTIONOF DIFFERENT POTASSIUM FRACTIONS TO TOTAL K Akola, Maharastra. Lokya et al, 2018.
  • 8.
    FIG 4: MICAWEATHERING AND TRANSFORMATION TO SECONDARY MINERALS ISSS
  • 9.
    WATER SOLUBLE K (mg kg-1) EXCHK (mg kg-1) 1 N HNO3 K (mg kg-1) NON EXC K (mg kg-1) CaCl2 K (mg kg-1) TOTAL K (mg kg-1) 0-20 20-40 0-20 20-40 0-20 20-40 0-20 20-40 0-20 20-40 0-20 20-40 1 9 7.2 171 161 912 968 741 756 22 24.6 4734 4534 2 10.3 7.1 153 153 923 985 803 814 26.6 24 5200 5200 3 9.7 8.1 139 138 826 853 675 684 23.3 23 4866 4800 4 16.9 11.4 176 175 904 924 732 731 26.6 24.6 5600 5266 5 12.6 8.3 140 137 846 864 704 689 23.6 24.3 4900 4534 6 17.1 12.4 180 181 908 962 728 802 24 26.3 5366 5134 7 11.3 9.7 150 147 833 867 672 656 24.6 25.6 5166 5334 Average 12.4 9.2 159 156 879 918 723 736 24 25 5119 4972 Nagaland Odyuo, 2015 TABLE 1: DEPTH WISE DISTRIBUTION OF DIFFERENT FORMS OF K IN THE SOILS AT DIFFERENT SITES S D
  • 10.
    TABLE 2: POTASSIUMUPTAKE BY SOYBEAN AS INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT LEVELS OF POTASSIUM K LEVELS (mg kg-1 ) K UPTAKE (mg pot-1) Grain Stover Total 0 225 36 261 9 291 45 336 18 395 51 446 27 461 58 519 36 478 54 533 45 474 57 531 SEm 7.2 2.0 8.2 CD(P=0.05) 22.3 6.1 25.4 Nagaland Odyuo , 2015
  • 11.
    TABLE 3 :DISTRIBUTIONOF DIFFERENT FORMS OF POTASSIUM [c mol(P+)kg-1] IN SOILS SOIL ORDER LOCATION WS K EX K NE K STEP K CR K STEP:CR K Inceptisol Matikata 1.4 21.5 54.3 157.6 1.1 2.9 Sonarpur 1.1 22.6 64.7 124.1 1.4 1.9 Itahar 2.2 33.2 34.1 126.8 2.6 3.7 Mean 1.6 25.8 51 136.2 1.7 2.8 Alfisol Hutmura 1.9 21.9 56.3 138.8 1.4 2.5 Hura 1.3 21.5 19.7 111 1.1 5.6 Bankura 3.1 25 25 136.7 1.5 4.3 Mean 2.1 22.8 33.7 118.8 1.3 3.5 Entisol Mithekhali 4.2 29.1 85.5 181.9 1.2 2.1 Itkhola 10.7 21.2 89.8 196.7 1.3 2.2 Meriganj 7.5 24.3 80.1 167.5 1.4 2.1 Mean 7.5 24.9 85.2 182 1.3 2.1 Mohanpur, West Bengal Mani et al., 2016
  • 12.
    TABLE 4: CHANGESIN DIFFERENT FORMS OF POTASSIUM [c mol(p+)kg-1] IN SOILS UPON SUBMERGENCE FOR 30 DAYS SOIL ORDER LOCATION WS K EX K NE K STEP K CR K NET CHANGE Inceptisol Matikata 1.2 -16.9 115.7 147.8 2.2 250 Sonarpur 2.4 -17.2 109.2 291.8 0.3 386.5 Itahar 1.9 -27 138.6 198 1.5 313 Mean 1.8 -20.4 121.2 212.5 1.3 316.4 Alfisol Hutmura 3.5 -5.1 95.1 166.3 1.5 261.3 Hura 3.7 -11.5 138 200.7 0.3 331.2 Bankura 5.6 -14.3 82.9 220.9 3.4 298.5 Mean 4.3 -10.3 105.3 196 1.8 297.1 Entisol Mithekhali 5.2 9.4 65.8 246.1 6.7 333.2 Itkhola 3.4 20.4 29.5 270 3.6 326.9 Meriganj 9.2 7.3 72.1 272.8 1.3 362.7 Mean 5.9 12.3 55.8 263 3.9 340.9 Mohanpur, West Bengal Mani et al., 2016
  • 13.
    Treatment Water SolubleK Exchangeable K HCl Extractable K Non Exchangeable K 0-15 15-30 30-45 0-15 15-30 30-45 0-15 15-30 30-45 0-15 15-30 30-45 T1 15.5 13.5 15 39 35.5 35.8 143.9 95 120 616 631 670 T2 13.5 9.4 10.8 51.2 42.8 45.3 155 130 135 625 648 669 T3 10.8 10 10.6 46.6 41 41.1 148.9 125 130 608 639 674 T4 20 17.5 18 66.3 56.6 57.6 180 165 175 682 682 689 T5 22 18 20 77.4 69 70.6 210 185 195 666 671 684 T6 20 15 18 69.4 67 67.8 201.3 175 188.2 667 623 684 T7 20.6 18 20 51.4 48.5 48.8 205 155 185 643 664 716 T8 18 13.4 16.9 70.6 62.9 63.3 180 143.9 155 699 784 785 T9 17.5 10 13.1 58 53.5 56.3 140 135 137.8 609 612 696 T10 23 20 22 72.5 69.4 69.4 185 170 180 739 786 789 LSD (P=0.05) 0.6 0.6 0.7 1 1.1 1.2 29.5 25.9 28.2 41.28 52.61 54.36 TABLE 5: EFFECT OF CONTINUOUS APPLICATION OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS AND SOIL AMENDMENTS ON DIFFERENT FORMS OF SOIL K ( mg kg-1) Palampur Sood et al.2008 T1 control, T2 100% N, T3 100% NP, T4 100% NPK, T5 100% NPK +FYM, T6 100% NPK+Lime, T7 100% NPK +Zn, T8 100% NPK(-S), T9 50% NPK, T10 150% NPK,
  • 14.
    TABLE 6: EFFECTOF CONTINUOUS USE OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS AND SOIL AMENDMENTS ON YIELD AND K UPTAKE OF MAIZE TREATMENT GRAIN YIELD ( t ha-1 ) K UPTAKE ( kg ha-1) T1 control 0.58 6.9 T2 100% N 0.00 0.00 T3 100% NP 3.02 21.3 T4 100% NPK 4.39 37.7 T5 100% NPK +FYM 6.02 53.9 T6 100% NPK+Lime 5.30 42.7 T7 100% NPK +Zn 4.31 32.5 T8 100% NPK(-S) 2.08 18.2 T9 50% NPK 3.26 28.8 T10 150% NPK 4.76 38.7 LSD(P=0.05) 0.54 3.9 Palampur Sood et al.2008
  • 15.
    Exch. K 1% Non- exch.K 10% Lattice.K 89% Inorganic Exch.K 1% Non- exch.K 3% LatticeK 96% Rice straw Exch.K 1% Non- exch.K 5% Lattice. K 94% FYM Exch.K 1% Non- exch.K 4% Lattice.K 95% Rice straw + FYM Fig 4: Exchangeable (Exch.K), non-exchangeable (Non-exch.K) and lattice K as a proportion of total K in surface soil (0-7.5 cm depth). Yadav et al., 2018 PAU, Ludhiana
  • 16.
    TREATMENTS POTASSIUM FRACTIONS(mg kg-1) WS.K EXC.K NON EXC.K LATTICE.K TOTAL K T1 - 30:75:00 kg NPK ha-1 26 139 549 10047 10762 T2 - 30:75:30 kg NPK ha-1 27 143 560 10195 10925 T3 - 30:75:60 kg NPK ha-1 30 146 572 10351 11098 T4 - 30:75:90 kg NPK ha-1 34 152 586 10535 11305 SE(m)± 0.43 4.03 1.76 29.68 27.96 CD at 5% 1.31 12.07 5.32 89.45 84.28 TABLE 7 : EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF POTASSIUM ON ITS FORMS AT HARVEST OF SOYBEAN Akola, Maharastra Lokya et al, 2018
  • 17.
    Treatments Contribution ofnon-exchangeable K to total K uptake Yield (q ha-1) Contribution of non- exchangeable K to total K uptake (kg/ha) Percent Contribution (%) KUE (%) Grain straw T1 14.19 21.02 22.39 84.87 - T2 15.76 25.06 11.53 29.29 5.24 T3 16.56 26.37 5.06 10.24 3.95 T4 17.21 27.04 2.60 9.87 3.36 TABLE 8: CONTRIBUTION OF NON-EXCHANGEABLE K TO TOTAL K UPTAKE Akola, Maharastra. Lokya et al, 2018.
  • 18.
    POTASSIUM FIXATION NON EXCHANGEABLEK SOIL SOLUTION / EXCHANGEABLE K Factors affecting K Fixation 1.Clay minerals 2.Soil pH 3.Wetting and Drying 4.Potassium Fertilization
  • 19.
    TABLE 9 :LEACHING FROM TWO SOILS AFFECTED BY APPLICATION OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FERTILIZERS UNDER FLOODED CONDITION TREATMENT TOTAL K ADDED (mg) TOTAL K LEACHED (mg/Column) % OF K APPLIED Sandy Loam Loam Sandy Loam Loam RICE STRAW 130.4 58 (18.8) 33 (11.9) 14.4 9.2 WHEAT STRAW 43.6 40.7 (1.5) 24.1 (3.0) 3.4 6.8 POULTRY MANURE 55.3 48.8 (9.6) 26 (4.9) 17.3 8.8 FYM 102.7 41 (1.8) 23.5(2.4) 1.8 2.3 GREEN MANURE 67.3 41.3 (2.1) 23.1(2.0) 3.1 2.9 FERTILIZER K 39.3 45.4 (6.2) 29.8 (8.7) 15.8 22.2 CONTROL - 39.2 21.1 - - Ludhiana, Punjab Singh et al., 2005 *Amount of K leached (Total – Control)
  • 20.
    TABLE 10 :WATER SOLUBLE K IN UPLAND MOISTURE CONDITIONS TREATMENT SOIL TYPE loam (mg/kg) sandy loam (mg/kg) RICE STRAW 15 9 WHEAT STRAW 10 8 POULTRY MANURE 14 8 FYM 12 8 GREEN MANURE 14 10 FERTILIZER K 12 10 CONTROL 10 6 CD 3.8 2.7 Ludhiana, Punjab Singh et al., 2005
  • 21.
    LANDUSE SYSTEM WSK EX K NE K MINERAL K TOTAL K FIX : EXC K Agri - Rice 12.1 137.5 228.8 1.31 1.35 1.66 Agri - Tobacco 13.6 65.4 205.8 1.36 1.39 3.16 Horti – Arecanut 14.8 120.7 303.4 0.99 1.04 2.51 Silvi - Eucalyptus 12.9 104.5 303.1 1.15 1.20 2.90 Control 11.9 64.4 168.1 1.23 1.26 2.63 TABLE 11: POTASSIUM FIXATION CAPACITY OF SURFACE SOIL SAMPLES UNDER DIFFERENT LAND USE SYSTEMS LANDUSE SYSTEM BWD( mg/kg) AWD(mg/kg) K FIXED[Cmol (p+) kg-1] % K fixed Agri - Rice 1155 1046 0.27 10.7 Agri - Tobacco 1138 984 0.39 15.4 Horti – Arecanut 1157 967 0.48 18.8 Silvi - Eucalyptus 1129 883 0.62 24.5 Control 1288 1063 0.57 22.4 Gurumurthy and Prakasha, 2011 Karnataka
  • 22.
    TABLE 12: CORRELATIONBETWEEN UPTAKE OF K AND DIFFERENT K FORMS IN SOIL Stage Forms of K Water Soluble Exchangeable Hcl Soluble Non Exchangeable 0-15 15-30 0-15 15-30 0-15 15-30 0-15 15-30 Stolonization 0.48 0.36 0.50 0.40 0.39 0.38 -0.10 0.21 Tuberisation 0.62* 0.74** 0.69** 0.54* 0.67* * 0.59* -0.43 0.29 Harvest 0.56* 0.58* 0.90** 0.83** 0.79* * 0.85** 0.64* -0.30 Subehia et al., 2003 Palampur, Himachal Pradesh
  • 23.
    Correlation among differentforms of soil Potassium Soil Properties Forms of Potassium Water soluble Exchangeable Available Non- Exchangeable Lattice Total Sand 0.17 -0.176 -0.168 0.205 0.453* 0.436* Silt -0.09 -0.028 -0.029 -0.306 -0.184 -0.200 Clay -0.164 0.249 0.240 -0.184 -0.447* -0.413* pH -0.230 -0.098 -0.100 -0.249 -0.362* -0.375* EC 0.411* 0.518** 0.514** 0.236 0.359 0.402* Organic Carbon 0.091 0.171 0.171 0.058 -0.017 0.002 Free CaCO3 -0.041 -0.211 -0.206 0.046 0.117 0.159 Kaskar et al., 2001 Dapoli, Maharashtra
  • 24.
    TABLE 13: QUANTITYINTENSITY RELATIONSHIP IN AVAILABILITY OF POTASSIUM • Beckett (1964) • The Theory is based on exchange reactions between Ca, Mg, and K. • The Q/I concept is used for predicting the status of potassium in soils • It is the quantity relationship between exchangeable K (Q quantity) and the activity of potassium in the soil solution (I intensity).
  • 25.
    Fig 6: Atypical Q/I relationship showing different parameters in relation to potassium availability in soils. • ∆K = Amount through which the soil gains or losses potassium in bringing equilibrium (Q, quantity factor). • ARK = Activity ratio of potassium (I, intensity factor). • ARK e = Activity ratio of potassium at equilibrium • ∆Kex = Exchangeable or labile pool of potassium • Ksp = Specific sites for potassium • PBCK = Potential buffering capacity
  • 26.
    TABLE 14: FORMSOF POTASSIUM IN KHAMMAM SOILS OF ANDHRA PRADESH VILLAGE TEXTURE WS K EX K NE K TOTAL K Vasanthavada Sand 37.3 117.5 883 19680 Kunavaram Loamy Sand 35.4 148.8 608 13607 Narsapuram Sandy Loam 23.9 130.9 575 18421 N.P.Banjar Sandy Loam 44.2 276.6 1009 15755 Vaddigudem Clay Loam 11.3 135.3 378 8233 Velerupadu Silty Clay Loam 19.8 330.2 914 9234 Amaravaram Silty Clay Loam 18.2 259.1 676 10513 Kukunur Clay 15.8 358.9 1532 11883 Khammam Rao and Murthy, 2007
  • 27.
    SOIL TEXTURE KLK0 Kx ARK O PBC K Vasanthavada Sand 0.41 0.20 0.21 10.0 40 Kunavaram Loamy Sand 0.59 0.37 0.22 4.0 65 Narsapuram Sandy Loam 0.50 0.25 0.25 3.0 70 N.P.Banjar Sandy Loam 0.60 0.27 0.33 7.0 70 Vaddigudem Clay Loam 0.40 0.20 0.20 2.5 90 Velerupadu Silty Clay Loam 0.20 0.10 0.10 1.6 90 Amaravaram Silty Clay Loam 0.50 0.34 0.16 1.6 200 Kukunur Clay 0.60 0.43 0.17 2.2 340 TABLE 15: QUANTITY INTENSITY PARAMETERS OF KHAMMAM SOILS , ANDHRA PRADESH Khammam Rao and Krishnamurthy, 2007 Units : cmol kg-1
  • 28.
    TABLE 16: EFFECTOF K RATES ON DIFFERENT K FRACTIONS K LEVEL(Kg ha-1) WSK EX.K AV.K HNO3 K NEK mg/Kg 0 11 40 52 430 378 25 16 59 75 487 412 50 17 61 79 509 430 75 20 68 89 498 409 100 21 74 95 518 423 CD(P=0.05) 5 8 8 20 14 TABLE 17: EFFECT OF K RATES ON Q/I PARAMETERS OF K K LEVEL(Kg ha-1) KL K0 KX AreK(×10-3) PBC K[cmol(p+)kg-1] ×10-3 cmol(p+)kg-1 0 0.10 0.06 0.04 2.85 28.35 25 0.13 0.09 0.04 2.99 35.20 50 0.20 0.12 0.08 3.52 41.19 75 0.26 0.18 0.08 4.91 47.02 100 0.30 0.23 0.07 7.69 38.18 CD(p=0.05) 0.06 0.06 NS 1.31 NS Bhubaneswar, Orissa Byju et al., 2002.
  • 29.
    FIG 7: POTASSIUMRELEASING POWER OF DIFFERENT SOIL TYPES IN PULSE GROWING REGIONS OF INDIA Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh Rao et al., 2003 (Alfisol) (Vertisol) (Inceptisol)
  • 30.
    FIG 8: KRELEASE IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOILS Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh Rao et al., 2003
  • 31.
    • CONCENTRATION RATIO OFPOTASSIUM IN SATURATION EXTRACT ( CRK Se ) • BUFFERING CAPACITY ( BCK Se ) • UNIFIED SOIL QUANTITY INTENSITY CHARACTER (USQI factor) PARAMETERS DERIVED FROM K CONCENTRATION IN SATURATION EXTRACT CRK Se = CK/(Ca+ Mg)0.5 BCK Se = Kam/ CRK Se USQI Factor = Kam ×ρ CRK Se ρ= -ve log of CRK Se
  • 32.
    TABLE 18: PARAMETERSDERIVED FROM CONCENTRATION OF K IN SATURATION EXTRACT AND 1N NH4OAC EXTRACTABLE K OF RANGA REDDY DISTRICT S.No Village Composition of the saturation extract CRK Se (me l-1) Kam in me 100g-1 BCK Se (me 100g- 1) /(me l-1)0.5 USQI Factor (me 100g-1)0.5*(me l- 1)0.5 K me l-1 Ca + Mg in me l-1 1 Chenvelli 0.24 7.6 0.086 0.48 5.62 0.741 2 Kathagadi 0.23 6.4 0.089 0.40 4.48 0.663 3 Masireddypalli 0.27 5.4 0.118 0.17 1.47 0.387 4 Muduchinthala palli 1.41 13.8 0.378 1.14 3.02 0.451 5 Keesara 0.32 6.2 0.128 0.64 5.01 0.715 6 Bogaram 0.39 6.0 0.158 0.32 2.04 0.455 7 Manchal 0.38 22.2 0.081 0.32 3.99 0.620 8 Kongarakonal 0.40 9.2 0.133 0.58 4.35 0.666 9 Kocharam 0.56 22.0 0.119 0.42 3.50 0.597 10 Rajendranagar 0.26 7.0 0.100 0.36 3.56 0.567 Range 0.23- 1.41 5.4-22 0.081- 0.378 0.21- 1.14 1.47-12.36 0.387-1.104 Chaitanya, 2016 Rajendranagar
  • 33.
    TABLE 19: ESTIMATIONOF POTASSIUM IN SOILS THROUGH CHEMICAL EXTRACTANTS METHOD COMPOSITION OF EXTRACTANT SOIL: EXTRACTA NT RATIO SHAKIN G TIME (MIN) REFERENCE Distilled water Distilled water 1: 10 60 Grewal and Kanwar (1966) 1 N NH4OAC 1 N Ammonium Acetate at pH (7.0) 1 : 5 5 Stanford and English (1949) 0.01 M CaCl2 0.01 M CaCl2 1: 10 120 Houba et al. (1990) 1 N HNO3 1 N HNO3 1 : 10 10 DeTurk. 1941 AB-DTPA 1 M NH4HCO3 + 0.005 M DTPA 1 : 2 15 Soltanpour and Schwab (1977 0.03M NaBPh4 sodium tetraphenylboron 1 : 6 15 Scott et al. (1960) 1.38 N H2SO4 1.38 N H2SO4 1 : 10 15 (Hunter and Pratt, 1958)
  • 34.
    TABLE 20: EXTRACTIONOF DIFFERENT FORMS OF K (mg kg-1) USING VARIOUS EXTRACTANTS IN SOILS OF RANGA REDDY DISTRICT S.No Village Distilled water extractable K 1N NH4OAc extractable K 1.38N H2SO4 extractable K 0.03M Na BPh4 extractable K Boiling 1HNO3 extractable K 1 Chenvelli 18 188 396 81 1100 2 Kathagadi 20 156 376 81 1000 3 Masireddypalli 45 68 356 82 850 4 Muduchinthalapal li 56 446 500 82 2340 5 Keesara 25 250 412 81 1700 6 Bogaram 51 126 376 83 1210 7 Manchal 25 126 380 82 1140 8 Kongarakonal 57 226 416 82 1300 9 Kocharam 25 163 388 83 1690 10 Rajendranagar 24 139 396 81 1300 Range 18-57 68-446 356-500 81-85 850-2340 Chaitanya, 2016 Rajendranagar
  • 35.
    TABLE 21: EFFECTOF RATE OF K APPLICATION ON AVAILABLE K STATUS OF SOIL AFTER HARVEST Season Crop K Levels (kg K2O ha-1 ) CD (p=0.05) 0 20 40 60 Initial 2002 160 160 159 160 - Kharif 2002 Cluster bean (direct) 158 159 162 163 NS Rabi 2002-03 Mustard (residual) 156 157 159 161 NS Kharif 2003 Cluster bean (direct) 155 158 160 164 8 Rabi 2003-04 Mustard (residual) 153 156 158 162 7 Kharif 2004 Cluster bean (direct) 152 156 158 162 7 Rabi 2004-05 Mustard (residual) 151 156 159 163 8 Kharif 2005 Pearlmillet (direct) 145 153 158 162 8 Rabi 2005-06 Mustard (residual) 142 151 156 161 8 Kharif 2006 Pearlmillet (direct) 137 147 153 159 8 Rabi 2006-07 Mustard (residual) 133 145 152 157 7 Kharif 2007 Pearlmillet (direct) 128 142 150 156 7 Rabi 2007-08 Mustard (residual) 125 140 148 155 7 Haryana Yadav et al., 2011
  • 36.
    TABLE 22: EFFECTOF POTASSIUM APPLICATION ON MEAN YIELD AND K UPTAKE BY CLUSTER BEAN – MUSTARD CROPPING SYSTEM K LEVEL (kg/ha) YIELD (t/ha) K UPTAKE (kg/ha) Cluster bean Mustard Cluster bean Mustard Seed Straw Seed Straw Seed Straw Seed Straw 0 0.85 1.70 1.81 5.82 9.3 30.1 8.8 58.7 20 0.95 1.87 1.93 6.02 12 37 11.5 68.7 40 1.01 1.93 2.02 6.15 13.3 41.5 13.8 76.9 60 1.02 2.01 2.06 6.23 14.1 45.2 14.7 83.4 CD (p=0.05) 0.09 0.12 0.16 0.39 1.1 3.0 0.8 4.1 Pearl millet Mustard Pearl Millet Mustard 0 2.41 5.24 1.76 4.75 10 113 8.9 46.7 20 2.55 5.50 1.81 4.87 11.2 127.8 10.6 54 40 2.68 5.76 1.86 4.98 12.6 151.1 12.5 58.9 60 2.75 5.99 1.93 5.14 13.6 174.6 14 64 CD (p=0.05) 0.19 0.37 0.13 0.32 0.8 5.4 0.6 2 Haryana Yadav et al., 2011
  • 37.
    FIG 9: NON-EXCHANGEABLE(FIXED) K AFTER 23 YEARS OF EXHAUSTIVE CROPPING (kg/ha) 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 100% NP 100%NPKZnS 100%NPKZnS + FYM FYM NEK ( kg/ha ) TREATMENTS MANDYA MARUTERU TITABAR Rao et al., 2013
  • 38.
    TABLE 23: DISTRIBUTIONOF POTASSIUM FRACTIONS (mg kg-1) IN SOIL PROFILE Treatm ents WATER SOLUBLE K EXCH.K NON EXCH. K LATTICE K TOTAL K DEPTH 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 50% NPK 18.6 16.1 15.6 105.1 102.9 96.9 750 721 705 3933 3409 3132 4807 4249 3950 100% NPK 21.9 18.3 17.6 112.8 108.3 101.9 770 742 724 4035 3507 3421 4939 4375 4265 150% NPK 22.8 20.6 19.5 119.3 117.5 112.4 813 773 763 4353 3656 3447 5307 4567 4342 100% NPK +FYM 24.9 22.8 21.9 122.8 120.1 115.6 885 818 786 4366 3756 3518 5398 4716 4441 CONTROL 15.6 12.1 10.6 85.8 83.9 79.7 736 706 694 3856 3319 2848 4693 4121 3632 CD(p=0.05 ) 4.4 2.1 2.9 9.6 8.2 7.1 88 114 85 588 436 437 598 419 459 INITIAL VALUE(197 2) 35.3 149.7 910 4419 5514 Sawarkar, 2013 Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh Depth 1 : 0-20 cm, 2 : 20-40 cm, 3 : 40-60 cm.
  • 39.
    TABLE 24: EFFECTOF DIFFERENT TREATMENTS ON AVAILABLE K AFTER 36 CYCLES TREATMENTS AVAILABLE K CHANGES FROM INITIAL TOTAL K ADDED TOTAL K UPTAKE K BALANCE 50% NPK 247 -123 830 5113 -4283 100% NPK 269 -101 1660 6974 -5314 150% NPK 284 -86 2490 8284 -5794 100%NPK +FYM 295 -75 5703 9134 -3431 CONTROL 202 -168 5113 1994 -1994 Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh Sawarkar, 2013 Initial (1972) : 370 kg/ha
  • 40.
    TABLE 26: DIFFERENTFORMS OF K (mg/kg) INFLUENCED BY MANURES AND FERTILIZERS TREATMENTS WSK EXK AVAIL.K NEK TOTAL K CONTROL 4 45 49 241 6012 100 % N 5 45 50 299 6987 100 % NP 6 44 50 315 6026 50 % NPK 5.7 49.3 55 342 6375 100% NPK 6 56 62 337 6812 150 % NPK 8 61 69 339 6987 100 % NPK-S 6 55 61 298 6415 100% NPK + Zn 7 55 62 369 6638 100 % NPK + FYM 10 57 67 377 7262 CD (P=0.05) NS 7.2 9.2 108 905 INITIAL 10 48 58 355 6467 Pantnagar, Uttarakhand Singh et al., 2014
  • 41.
    TABLE 25: KBALANCE AFFECTED BY 40 YEARS OF APPLICATION OF OM AND FERTILIZERS TREATMENT K ADDED (kg/ha) K REMOVE D(kg/ha) K BALANCE (kg/ha) K BALANCE (kg/ha/Yr) FERT OM IW TOTAL CONTROL 0 - 2000 2000 3911 -1911 -47.8 100 % N 0 - 2000 2000 6845 -4845 -121.1 100 % NP 0 - 2000 2000 7088 -5088 -127.2 50 % NPK 1460 - 2000 3460 6847 -3027 -75.7 100% NPK 2920 - 2000 4920 7171 -2251 -56.3 150 % NPK 4380 - 2000 6380 7354 -974 -24.4 100 % NPK-S 2920 - 2000 4920 7224 -2304 -57.6 100% NPK + Zn 2920 - 2000 4920 7645 -2725 -68.1 100 % NPK + FYM 2920 4800 2000 9720 8218 +1502 +37.6 Pantnagar, Uttarakhand Singh et al., 2014 IW Contains 5 mg K L-1. Hence, annual addition of K is 50 kg/ha/yr. FERT – Fertilizer, OM – Organic Manure, IW – Irrigation Water.
  • 42.
    TABLE 27: ACCUMULATIONOF DIFFERENT FORMS OF K AFTER HARVEST TREATMENT AV.K WS.K EXC.K NEXC.K N0P0K0 720 78 560 11890 N120P0K0 682 74.8 500 11742 N180P0K0 662 64.4 476 10266 N120P40K0 622 55.6 484 9518 N180P40K0 536 58.2 382 9786 N120P80K0 530 58.4 458 10048 N180P80K0 598 51.6 438 10542 N120P40K40 838 83.6 628 12064 N180P40K40 718 91.2 490 12256 N120P80K40 660 86 448 11912 N180P80K40 702 71.2 524 11416 Ludhiana, Punjab Setia et al., 2004.
  • 43.
    TABLE 29: EFFECTOF K APPLICATION ON DRYMATTER ACCUMULATION (g plot -1) IN MAIZE S.No Village Levels of K (mg kg-1 soil) K0 K50 K100 K200 Mean 1 Mayaluru 13.83 15.58(12.7) 16.43(18.8) 15.84(14.5) 15.42 2 G.puram 16.75 18.20(8.7) 17.94(7.1) 18.36(9.6) 17.81 3 Bodavada 15.12 18.14(20.0) 17.63(16.6) 17.33(14.6) 17.06 4 Lam 15.62 17.40(11.4) 18.43(18.0) 19.22(23.1) 17.67 5 P.prolu 14.65 15.33(4.6) 15.60(6.5) 15.20(3.8) 15.20 6 Arepet 13.40 15.05(12.3) 15.61(16.5) 15.30(14.2) 14.84 7 T.Palle 12.25 13.87(13.2) 14.15(15.5) 14.48(18.8) 13.69 8 Mudhole 16.10 18.08(12.3) 19.26(19.6) 18.53(15.1) 17.99 9 Buppapur 16.54 17.92(8.4) 18.10(9.4) 18.44(11.5) 17.75 10 Sultanpur 18.95 19.10(1.0) 19.87(4.9) 21.63(14.1) 19.89 Mean 16.16 17.53 18.23 18.64 C.D Values K levels= 0.391 Soils = 0.781 K levels*soils=1.563 Figures in parentheses indicate the % response. Surekha et al., 1997 Andhra Pradesh
  • 44.
    TABLE 28: POTASSIUMUPTAKE OF RICE (g pot-1) AT THREE PHYSIOLOGICAL STAGES Treatments Active tillering Panicle Initiation Harvest Grain Straw Root S1 S2 S1 S2 S1 S2 S1 S2 S1 S2 Control 0.038 0.049 0.151 0.105 0.057 0.047 0117 0.096 0.025 0.017 NPK 0.098 0.86 0.256 0.173 0.123 0.100 0.384 0.252 0.043 0.078 NPK+GM 0.083 0.105 0.868 0.748 0.329 0.312 0.689 0.572 0.101 0.091 NPK + Gypsum 0.079 0.098 0.344 0.217 0.200 0.124 0.442 0.27 0.048 0.032 NPK+ ZnSO4+ GM 0.109 0.131 1.015 0.729 0.352 0.364 0.734 0.655 0.119 0.092 NPK+ EDTA-Zn+ GM 0.095 0.121 0.965 1.07 0.356 0.365 0.762 0.781 0.156 0.128 NPK+ Gypsum + GM 0.111 0.094 1.099 0.840 0.357 0.325 0.779 0.667 0.153 0.125 NPK+ ZnSO4+ Gypsum+Gm 0.123 0.164 1.173 0.888 0.454 0.377 1.025 0.804 0.202 0.160 Mean 0.089 0.099 0.646 0.523 0.254 0.240 0.563 0.460 0.091 0.079 S*T 0.013 0.026 0.045 0.093 0.016 0.033 0.020 0.042 0.017 0.034 Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu Mythili & Natarajan. 2003 S1: ClayLoam S2 : Sandyloam
  • 45.
    CONCLUSIONS • Recycling throughcrop residue management holds a great promise in this respect as 80% of the K assimilated is contained in vegetative parts • Soils require judicious and frequent application of potash fertilizers to prevent leaching losses for better crop production.. • There is a need to consider K fixing capacity of soils, soil texture, soil type and other factors for giving potassium recommendation to crops. • Continuous cropping without manures and fertilizers devoid of K results in imbalanced fertilization by reducing availability of K. So, use of chemical fertilizers along with organic manures improves the availability of K to plants which increases yields.
  • 46.
    -Mata Bhumih Putroham Prithivyah -TheNation that destroys it’s soils, destroys itself