Population ecology 2.07
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Population ecology notes discuss key concepts in population ecology including: 1) Populations can be described by their size, spacing, and density. Density refers to the number of individuals in a specific area. 2) Population density is the size of a population occupying an area of a specific size. More dense populations have more individuals while less dense have fewer. 3) Limiting factors restrict population growth and can include resources like food, temperature, living space. Populations cannot grow uncontrolled and what affects one can affect others in the same area.
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Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth, including genetic diversity within species, between species, and among ecosystems. It is commonly measured through counts of species richness in a given area. High biodiversity, which depends on both richness and evenness of species populations, creates more stable ecosystems. The document then discusses factors like adaptation and ecosystem dynamics that impact biodiversity.
Option c1 species and communities
Understandings:
The distribution of species is affected by limiting factors
Community structure can be strongly affected by keystone species
Each species plays a unique role within a community because of the unique combination of its spatial habitat and interactions with other species
Interactions between species in a community can be classified according to their effect
Two species cannot survive indefinitely in the same habitat if their niches are identical
Population growth
The document discusses factors that affect population growth, including biotic potential, environmental resistance, carrying capacity, mortality factors, population distribution patterns, population size and density. It defines these terms and concepts, provides examples, and describes models of population growth like logistic growth curves. The document is a presentation on population ecology that aims to teach about the biological and environmental influences on populations.
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Complete Chapter 9:2 - Interactions Between Living Things
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Plant responses to the environment
Plant responses to environmental stimuli are called tropisms. Tropisms describe the growth or turning movement of a plant in response to external factors and can be positive, towards the stimulus, or negative, away from the stimulus. The main tropisms include phototropism, where plants grow towards light; geotropism, where plants grow towards or against gravity; thigmotropism, where plants respond to physical touch; and hydrotropism, where plants sense and grow towards sources of water.
Protista Kingdom
Protists are eukaryotic organisms that are mostly single-celled and can reproduce both sexually and asexually. They are decomposers and consumers. There are three main groups of protists: fungus-like protists, plant-like protists called algae, and animal-like protists called protozoa. Protozoa move using flagella, cilia, pseudopods, or they cannot move if they are parasitic. Some disease-causing protists are Giardia, which causes diarrhea, and Plasmodium, which is carried by mosquitoes and causes malaria.
Seed plants characteristics
Seed plants have three main characteristics: 1) they have vascular tissue that transports nutrients and water throughout the plant, 2) they reproduce using seeds, and 3) they have a complex life cycle involving sporophytes and gametophytes. Seeds contain an embryo, stored food, and a protective seed coat. The embryo develops into a new plant, the stored food nourishes the embryo's growth, and the seed coat protects these parts. Leaves capture sunlight for photosynthesis, stems transport nutrients and provide structure/support, and roots anchor the plant and absorb water and nutrients.
Plant kingdom characteristis
Plants share three key characteristics: they are eukaryotic, multicellular, and autotrophic, obtaining their energy through photosynthesis. They have five adaptations for living on land: obtaining water and minerals from soil through root systems; retaining water through a cuticle layer; transporting materials through vascular tissue and cells; supporting their bodies through leaves exposed to sunlight and vascular tissue; and most engaging in sexual reproduction through fertilization. Plants have a complex life cycle with two alternating stages - the sporophyte stage produces spores, while the gametophyte stage produces sex cells that fuse to form a zygote and restart the cycle.
Plant divisions mosses and ferns
The document summarizes the characteristics and life cycles of nonvascular and seedless vascular plants. It describes two divisions of plants - nonvascular plants like moss that lack roots, stems, and leaves, and vascular plants that have transport tissues. Moss and liverworts are examples of nonvascular plants that reproduce via alternation of generations between sporophyte and gametophyte stages. Ferns are an example of seedless vascular plants that have true stems, roots, and leaves called fronds. Their life cycle also involves alternation between sporophyte and gametophyte stages. Ferns and other seedless plants were important in forming peat bogs and peat, which was used as fuel.
Plant divisions gymnosperms and angiosperms
This document summarizes the key characteristics and divisions of vascular seed plants. It describes the two main groups, gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms produce naked seeds on cone scales, lack flowers, and have needle-like or scale-like leaves. They are divided into four groups including conifers. Angiosperms enclose seeds in an ovary that develops into a fruit. They are characterized by flowers and are divided into monocots and dicots.
Plant characteristics
Plant characteristics include being made of cells with DNA, cell walls, and chloroplasts. They are multicellular producers that make their own food through photosynthesis. There are two main types of plants: nonvascular and vascular. Nonvascular plants like mosses and liverworts do not have roots, stems or leaves, lack vascular tissue, and reproduce through spores. Vascular plants contain vascular tissue to transport food and water, and some contain seeds while others reproduce through spores.
Parts of a flower
The document describes the main parts of a flower, including the petals that attract insects, the pistil made up of the stigma, style and ovary that receives and protects pollen and ovules, the stamens that contain pollen in anthers, and the sepals that protect the developing flower bud. It explains the functions of each part in plant reproduction, such as the style raising the stigma to reduce self-pollination and the ovary protecting the ovule to later become the fruit after fertilization.
Parts of a flower notes
This document describes the main parts of a flower, including the petals that attract insects, the pistil made up of the stigma, style and ovary that receives and protects pollen and ovules, the stamens that produce and release pollen, and the sepals that protect the developing flower bud. It provides details on the functions of each part in plant reproduction and fertilization.
Fungi Kingdom
Fungi are single or multi-cellular organisms that are eukaryotic, have cell walls, and reproduce via spores. There are several types of fungi including mushrooms, shelf fungi, molds, and yeasts. Fungi can act as decomposers to break down dead organic matter and recycle nutrients or cause harm by destroying crops, spoiling food, and causing diseases in plants and animals.
5.00 History of time
Fossils, Molds, Casts provides information about fossils and the geological time scale. It aims to describe how fossils record Earth's history and evidence of evolution. Key points include that fossils are preserved plants and animals, the law of superposition establishes layer age relationships, and absolute dating determines fossil ages in years using radioisotope methods. The geological time scale is a calendar used by scientists to outline Earth and life history, broken into eras like the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic. Mass extinctions have occurred throughout Earth's history.
5.03 Evolution
Phones and personal music devices have changed significantly over time. The document discusses key concepts from evolution including species, adaptations, Charles Darwin, and his observations of finches in the Galapagos Islands. It notes that adaptations arise due to DNA mutations and are not chosen by organisms, helping them survive and reproduce based on their environment.
5.03 Evolution evidence
This document provides information about evidence for evolution through fossils, vestigial structures, similar skeletal structures, similar DNA, and similar embryonic structures. It defines key terms like fossils, ancestors, and vestigial structures. Examples of each type of evidence are described, such as whale leg bones as vestigial structures. Students are assigned a creative writing task or collage to explain the five types of evidence for evolution.
5.03 Evolution evidence
This document provides information about evidence for evolution through fossils, vestigial structures, similar skeletal structures, similar DNA, and similar embryonic structures. It defines key terms like fossils, ancestors, and vestigial structures. Examples of each type of evidence are described, such as whale leg bones as vestigial structures. Students are assigned a creative writing task or collage to explain the five types of evidence for evolution.
5.00 Animal adaptations
1. An adaptation is anything that helps an organism survive in its environment. Adaptations develop over many generations through evolution, not during an individual animal's lifetime.
2. There are several types of adaptations including structural adaptations like physical features, behavioral adaptations like ways animals act, camouflage to blend into surroundings, mimicry where animals resemble other dangerous species, and warning coloration where bright colors signal being poisonous.
3. Examples of adaptations include a bird's beak shape, a rabbit freezing when scared, a snake's camouflage patterns, a monarch butterfly mimicking the viceroy, and poisonous coral snakes having distinctive black-yellow-red banding.
5.00 the earth’s history
The document discusses theories about the Earth's history, including relative dating which estimates the age of fossils based on their position in layers, absolute dating which determines age based on unstable atoms, and the geologic time scale which outlines life on Earth. It also defines key terms like extinct species, Pangaea as the land once connected into one continent, and plate tectonics as the theory of crustal plates moving over time.
5.03 natural selection
This document provides notes on natural selection. It begins by stating the objective is to explain how natural selection works. It then outlines the four main steps of natural selection: 1) overproduction where each species produces more offspring than will survive, 2) genetic variation between individuals provides different traits that help or hurt survival, 3) struggle to survive and competition for limited resources means only some individuals survive to adulthood, 4) successful reproduction where the individuals best adapted to the environment are more likely to survive and pass on their genes, leading to evolution over long periods of time. Examples of adaptations like camouflage and fast swimming are provided. The document asks questions to check understanding of natural vs artificial selection and factors controlling natural selection.
5.00 Animal phylum
1. Animals are multicellular organisms that obtain energy by consuming other organisms. They are classified as vertebrates, which have backbones, or invertebrates, which do not.
2. The document describes several animal phyla - Cnidaria, which includes jellyfish and coral, have stinging cells; Annelida includes segmented worms; Mollusks have a muscular foot and shells; Echinodermata are spiny with radial symmetry and tube feet; Arthropoda are the most successful and include insects, spiders, and crustaceans; and Chordata are backboned and include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
3.
5.00 dichotomous keys 2010
Dichotomous keys are tools used by scientists to classify organisms. They are arranged in steps with two descriptive statements at each step, where one statement leads to the next step or the name of the organism. Dichotomous keys help scientists methodically sort and identify organisms based on observable characteristics.
5.07 classification kingdoms
This document outlines the six kingdoms of classification: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plant, and Animal. It provides details on the key characteristics of each kingdom, including whether they are prokaryotic or eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular, producers or consumers, and how they reproduce. Examples are given for each kingdom, such as archaebacteria living in extreme environments, eubacteria including decomposer bacteria, protista including algae and amoebas, fungi being decomposers like mushrooms and mold, plants being producers that undergo photosynthesis, and animals being able to move and being consumers.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
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Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
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Population ecology 2.07
- 2. Population ecology 1. Populations can be described according to certain characteristics. - size of population - spacing (how organisms are arranged in a given area) - density – how many individuals there are in a specific area
- 4. Population Density 2. The size of a population occupying an area of a specific size is called population density - the more individuals = more dense of a population - less individuals = less dense of a population
- 7. Limiting Factors 3. Limiting factor – any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the number of individuals in a population - examples: food, temperature, living space, other resources - populations cannot grow uncontrolled forever - what affects one population can affect others living in same area
- 8. Competition 4. Competition – contest among organisms to obtain the resources they need to survive and reproduce - population density increases = increase in competition
- 10. Carrying Capacity 5. Carrying capacity – the largest number of individuals an environment can support and maintain for a long period of time - when this happens – some individual may not be able to compete, and will die or have to find another place to live
- 13. Biotic Potential 6. Biotic potential – the number of individuals each female of a population can produce under the best possible conditions - plenty of food and shelter - ideal weather, no disease or enemies - populations never reach biotic potential in the wild
- 15. 7. Niche and habitat 1. Niche – all of an organism’s relationships with its environment (both biotic and abiotic factors) a. Relationships with others, its offspring, time of day its most active, and where it finds shelter b. An organism’s “lifestyle” – how it contributes to and fits into its environment 2. Habitat – the actual place an organism lives
- 17. Questions 1. How is habitat and niche different? 2. Give some examples of things that will limit a population’s growth? 3. What is the carrying capacity of a population? 4. What are the three characteristics used to describe populations?