this would be helpful to class 10 students for their civics chapter and would also helpful if project is given in school . plz like

1. INTRODUCTION
 NAME : JEET SHAH
 CLASS : 10TH D
 ROLL NO : 13
 SUBJECT : SST

3. Major Aspects of this Chapter
Nepal
1. Popular Struggle in Nepal
2. Meaning of Constitutional Monarchy
3. Meaning of Absolute monarchy
4. Second Movement for Democracy in Nepal
5. Seven Party Alliance (SPA)
6. Maoist

4. Bolivia
1. Popular Struggle in Bolivia
2. Difference in between the popular struggle in Nepal and
Bolivia
3. Importance of the popular movements (Struggles)

5. Mobilisation and Organisation
1. Importance of organisations in Popular struggle
2. Two ways of participation in a struggle- Direct and
Indirect Participation
Pressure Groups and Movements
1. Meaning- Pressure group
2. Difference- Pressure group and Political Party
3. Different forms of pressure group
4. Meaning- Public interest group
5. Different types of Movement Group
6. How the pressure group & Movements influence on politics
7. Difference between sectional and public interest group
8. The influence of pressure groups in politics is it healthy?

6. Popular Struggle in Nepal
 Nepal is a landlocked country in South Asia
 Nepal is one of the ‘thirdwave’ country that had won
democracy in 199o and became a Constitutional Monarchy.
 The King remained as the head of the state but the real
power was exercised by popularly elected representatives.
 King Birendra who has accepted the transition from Absolute
Monarchy to Constitutional Monarchy.
 But he was killed in a mysterious massacre of the royal family
in 2001 and his brother Gyanendra inherited his throne.
 But he was not ready to accept the democratic rule and he
wanted absolute powers for himself.

7.  In February 2005 he dismissed the entire government and
assumed full executive powers.
 He stated that he has done so to prevent the Maoist from gaining
the power.
 In January 2006, all major political parties came together and
formed a Seven Party Alliance (SPA). The Maoist also joined and
organised a mass protest against the King.
 Thousands of people also supported their movements and came to
the street to protest against the King.
 Foreign pressure also increased on the king to give up the powers.
 Finally on 24 April 2006, king announced he was giving up the
absolute powers and power should be transferred to the people.
 The SPA chose Girija Prasad Koirala as the new Prime Minister.
 This struggle to regain democracy came to be known as the
Second Movement for Democracy

8. Meaning- Constitutional Monarchy
It is a form of government under which the Constitution of the
country acknowledges an elected representative as the head
of the state. In the modern constitutional monarchies, the
monarch is the head of the state but he plays only symbolic
rule.
Meaning- Absolute Monarchy
Under the absolute monarchy, the head of the state has
absolute powers. The monarchs runs the country with
total powers.

9. What do you meant by Nepal’s Second
Movement for democracy?
 In February 2005, King Gyanendra has dismissed the entire
government in Nepal and assumed full executive powers.
 He stated that he has done so to prevent the Maoist from gaining
the power.
 In January 2006, all major political parties came together and
formed a Seven Party Alliance (SPA). The Maoist also joined and
organised a mass protest against the King.
 Thousands of people also supported their movements and came to
the street to protest against the King.
 Foreign pressure also increased on the king to give up the powers.
 Finally on 24 April 2006, king announced he was giving up the
absolute powers and power should be transferred to the people.
 The SPA chose Girija Prasad Koirala as the new Prime Minister.
 This struggle to regain democracy came to be known as the
Second Movement for Democracy

10. Seven party Alliance (SPA) in Nepal
In February 2005, King Gyanendra has dismissed the entire
government in Nepal and assumed full executive powers.
For to restore democracy in Nepal all the political parties in the
parliament formed a Seven Party Alliances (SPA) and this
party called for a four day strike in Kathmandu, the country’s
capital.
The king Gyanendra was forced to accept all the demands of
the SPA and selected Girija Prasad Koirala as the new Prime
Minister of the interim government.

11. Maoists
Those communists who believe in the ideology of Mao-
Tse-Tung, the leader of the Chinese revolution. They
see to overthrow the government through an armed
revolution so as to establish the rule of the peasants
and workers.

12. Bolivia
1. Popular Struggle in Bolivia/ Water war in Bolivia
2. Difference in between the popular struggle in Nepal and
Bolivia
3. Kittiko- Hachchiko Movement

13. Popular Struggle in Bolivia (Or)
Prepare a note about- Water War in Bolivia
 Bolivia is a poor country in Latin America
 The World bank pressurized the government to give up its control
of municipal water supply.
 The government sold this right for the city of Cochabamba to a
Multi National Company (MNC)
 The company immediately increased the price of water by four
times.
 People received the water bill of Rs 1000 in a country where
average income is around Rs 5000 a month
 This led to a popular protest.
 In January 2000, formed an organisation called FEDECOR
labourers, human right activists, and community leaders,
environmentalists has organised a successful four day general
strike

14.  The government agreed to negotiate, and strikes called off
but police restored to brutal repression so agitation again
started in February.
 Another strike started in April but government imposed
martial laws.
 But as a result of the power of the people struggles the MNC
officials had flee the city and finally government agreed all
the demands
 The contract of MNC was cancelled and the water supply
restored to the municipality at old rates.
 This came to be known as Bolivia’s water war.

15. To make a comparison between the
popular struggles in Nepal and Bolivia
1. The Movement in Nepal was to re establish democracy but
the movement in Bolivia was one specific policy of the
government
2. Both these are instances of political conflict that led to the
popular struggles
3. In both movements peoples had came in to the streets and
they had raise their demands
4. The public demonstration finally resulted to the
government has agreed to their demands
5. In both conflicts had saw mass mobilization of the people
6. In both struggles new political organisation get formed at
the time of conflicts.

16. Prepare a note about- Kittiko-
Hachchiko Movement
 In 1984 Karnataka government set up a company called
Karnataka Pulpwood Limited
 30000 hectares of land was given free to this company for 40
years.
 Much of this land was used by local farmers for grazing the
cattle
 The company planted eucalyptus trees for paper pulp.
 In 1987, a movement started Kittiko Hachchiko (pluck and
plant) led non violent method and they plucked the
eucalyptus and planted saplings of trees that useful to the
people
(your opinion- as a farmer, environmental activist, government
official and consumer of paper)

17. Mobilisation and Organisation
1. Importance of organisations in Popular struggle
2. Two ways of participation in a struggle- Direct and
Indirect Participation

18. Two different ways of participation of an
Organisation in to a struggle
The people organise the mass protest against the government
and the government policies. The examples of Nepal and
Bolivia shows that various human rights, labour and
community leaders join together to protest. Different kinds
of organisations work behind all the big struggles. They
organised the mass protest more systematically and make
the protest more effective.
These organisation play their role in to two different ways
1. Direct Participation
2. Indirect participation

19. Direct paticipation
The organisation try to influence the decision in a democracy by
directly participating in active politics. They themselves create
new political parties and contest elections. They aim to form good
policies by being a part of the government itself. They enter the
politics and make good policies for the citizens of the country
Indirect Participation
Every citizen cannot form a political party. They don’t have the
necessary skills or the desire to take part in direct political
activity. They voice their demands by voting. People form
organisations to voice their interest. These organisations promote
the interests and the viewpoints of the members of the
organisation. They are called pressure groups. They influence the
government policies without the sharing the political power.

20. Pressure Groups and Movements
1. Meaning- Pressure group/ Interest Group
2. Difference- Pressure group and Political Party
3. Meaning- Sectional and Public interest group
4. Different forms of pressure group
5. Different types of Movement Group
6. How the pressure group & Movements influence on
politics
7. Difference between sectional and public interest group
8. The influence of pressure groups in politics is it healthy?

21. Meaning of Pressure Group
A pressure group is an organised or unorganised body that
promotes its particular interests within a society. They exert
influence on public officials and agencies for their interests.
They direct their efforts towards influencing the government
policies and forming public opinion. They do not aim to
share the political power.
These organisations are formed by the people for common
interests, occupations or opinions and work for the common
objectives
Eg: Narmada Bacahao Andolan, Movt for Right to information,
Anti Liquor movement, Women’s movement, Environmental
movement etc

22. Difference between pressure group and
Political Party
A pressure group is an organised or unorganised body that
seeks to promote its interests. It is formed by the people of
common interests, occupations and opinions. It aims to
influence the government policies and form the public
opinion. It does not aim to directly control or share the
political power. It works for the common interest of the
group alone.
A political party seeks to attain political
power in the country by contesting the elections. They have
their own ideology and vision and represent various interests.

23. What do you meant by Interest Groups or Pressure
group in Politics? Which are the two types of
Interest Groups or Pressure groups in Politics?
(Or)
Differentiate between Sectional and Public Interest
(Promotional pressure groups)
An interest or pressure group is a group that seeks to encourage
or prevent changes in the public policy without getting
elected. They either work to promote a particular policy of
the government or protest against the policy of the
government depending on their interest

24. Sectional Interest Group
The sectional groups are those that represent the interests
of a particular section of the society. They aim for the
betterment of their members only not society in general.
Eg: Trade Unions, Business Assosiations, Professional
assosiations (lawyers, teachers and doctors)

25. Public Interest Group
(Promotional Pressure group)
A public interest group is one that represents the interest of
the entire society in general. Their activities benefit all the
members of the society and not just a particular section in
the society. They promote collective interests and not just
selective interest
Eg: FEDECOR (Bolivia), SPA (Nepal)Backward and Minority
Communities Employees Federation (BAMCEF) is an
organisation of government employees that campaigns
against the caste discrimination. Their principle is to ensure
social justice and equality in entire society.

26. Different Types of Movement Groups
A movement seeks to exert influence on the policies of the
government. These movements can be of various types. Some
movements are issue specific movements that concerned
with only one issue. They work to achieve that single
objective and have a very limited time frame.
Some Movements have more than one objective to deal with.
They work to achieve the broader goal and have a long time
frame
Eg: Nepalese movement for democracy, Narmada Bachao
Andolan Movement, Women Movement and Environment
movements etc

27. Narmada Bachao Andolan Movement
The movement started with the specific issue of the
people displaced by the creation of Sardar Sarovar dam
on the armada river. Its objective was to stop the dam
from being constructed. Gradually it became a wider
movement that questioned all such big dams. Metha
Padkar, the human right and environmental activists
gave the leadership to form this movement.

28. National Alliance for People’s Movements
NAPM it is an organisation of organisation. Various
movement groups struggling on specific issues are
constituents of this loose organisation which co
ordinates the activities of a large number of peoples’s
movements in our country.

29. How the Pressure groups and
Movements influence the Politics
1. They try to gain public support and sympathy for their
goals and their activities by carrying out information
campaigns, organising meetings, filling petitions etc. They
try to influence medias for to give much more attention
about their issues
2. They organise strikes or disrupting government
programmes. Worker’s organisations, employees
associtaions and most of the government groups often use
this tactics for to force the government for to accept their
demands.

30. 3. Business groups often employ professional lobbyists or
sponsor expensive advertisements. Some persons from
pressure groups or movement groups may participate in
official bodies and committees that offer advice to the
government.

31. Different forms of relationship between
political parties and pressure groups
A pressure group is an organised or unorganised body that
promotes its interests.While the movements or interest groups do
not directly engage in party politics, they trying to influence the
political party. Most of these pressure groups taking a political
stance without being a party. They have political ideology and
position on major issues. The relationship between pressure group
and political parties take different forms direct and indirect.
1. The pressure group are either formed or led by the leaders of
political parties or extended their support to the political party.
Most of the trade unions and the student movements are formed
by the political parties or they are affiliated with the political
parties.

32. 2. Some times the political parties grow out of the movement.
Eg: when the Assam movement led by students against the
foreigners came to an end, it led the formation of Asom gana
Parishad. The parties like DMK and AIADMK in T.N can be
traced to a long drawn social reform movement during the
1930- 1940
3. In most of the case the relationship between parties and
interest or movement group is not so direct. They often take
positions that opposed to each other. Yet they are in dialogue
and negotiation. Movement groups have raised new issues
that have been taken up by the political parties. Most of the
leadership of political parties comes from interest or
movement groups.

33. Is the influence of pressure group in politics
healthy?
How the activities of the pressure group are
useful in the functioning of a democratic
government?
 A pressure group is an organised or unorganised body that
seeks to promote its interests. It is formed by the people
having common interest, occupations and opinions. It aims
to influence the government policies and form the public
opinion.
 They do not aim to attain the power. They just seek to
promote their interest. This interest can be of a specific
section or the whole society.

34.  It is argued that sectional interest groups are not good for the
democracy. They promote only the interest of their section and
ignore the whole society. It makes division in the society.
 He pressure groups are not accountable to the people in general.
They are not answerable to the general public for their actions and
decisions.. The can also influence the public opinion by spending
a lot of money on advertising their idea.
 However the pressure groups they are not unhealthy for
democracy. They help the people of a particular section to voice
their interests and demands. It gives an opportunity to the people
from the socially weaker section of the society to raise their issues
and demands.
 No one sectional group can put extra pressure on the government.
If a section put extra focus on only its interests, members of the
other sectional groups can raise their own demands. This helps in
maintaining a balance between the demands of various groups in
the society.