2. ๏ง Koreaโs transition is unique.
๏ง Eight-point democratization package (June 29 Declaration) was
announced in response to the demands of people in 1987.
๏ง Who was a chairman of the ruling party?
๏ง What was a ruling party in 1987?
Civil Society and Democratizing in Korea
10. 1. The government will amend the constitution to provide for the direct
election of the president.
2. The government will revise the law to ensure the free, fair, and
competitive election.
3. The government will grant amnesty to political prisoners, including Kim
Dae-jung.
4. The government will protect human dignity and extend the human
rights.
5. The government will abolish the Basic Press Law and restore
the freedom of the press.
June 29 Declaration
11. 6. The government will strengthen the autonomy of local government and
education.
7. The government will change the political climate towards dialogue and
compromise.
8. The government will achieve substantial social reform. It is about the
removal of corruption.
June 29 Declaration
12. The October Yushin refers to President Park Chung-hee's Special
Presidential Declaration on October 17, 1972.
It included unconstitutional martial law, dissolution of the National
Assembly, and suspension of the Constitution.
In this declaration, President Park announced four emergency measures
and amended the Constitution of the Third Republic on December 27,
1972.
The constitution at this time is called the Yushin Constitution, and the
period during which the Yushin Constitution came into effect is called the
Yushin system.
October Yusin [10์ ์ ์ ]
13. Under this system, the president appointed one-third of the National
Assembly members and all judges, had the power to take emergency
measures and dissolve the National Assembly, and could be reappointed
an unlimited number of times during his six-year term.
Additionally, the method of electing the president changed from direct
election to an indirect election system.
The Yushin system was a one-person presidential system designed so
that the president, who held all three powers of administration,
legislation, and judiciary, could remain in power for life.
14. It can be defined as the process of making a system, organization, or
society more democratic.
In a broader sense, democratization involves the expansion of
democratic principles, practices, and institutions within a society,
with the goal of increasing political participation, protecting
individual rights and freedoms, promoting equality, and fostering
transparency and accountability in governance.
Democratization
15. Thus, democratization can be defined as โ a movement
toward establishing a popular political regimeโ , โinvolving to hold
free elections on a regular basis and determining who governs on
the basis of this resultโ, โtransition to a more democratic political
regimeโ or โtransition from authoritarian regime to democratic
system.โ
16. 1. Decay of authoritarian rule = liberalization
2. Transition
3. Consolidation
4. Maturing of democracy = deepening of democracy
Stages of Democratization
17. Wave of Democratization:
โa group of democratic transition from nondemocratic to
democratic regime that occur within a specified period of time
and that significantly outnumber transitions in the opposite
direction during that period of time.โ
18.
19.
20. There are three waves of democratization in the history.
1st wave of democratization: 1828~1916
2nd wave of democratization: 1943~1962
3rd wave of democratization: 1974~
Since 1974, the number of democratic countries has increased.
=> Samuel Huntington called โ3rd Wave of Democratization.โ
21. Why democratization?
๏ฃ A high overall level of economic wealth
๏ฃ Relatively equal distribution of income and/ or wealth
๏ฃ A market economy
๏ฃ Economic devolvement and social modernization
๏ฃ The absence of feudalism in the society
๏ฃ A strong bourgeoisie
๏ฃ A strong middle class
๏ฃ High levels of literacy and education
๏ฃ Protestantism
๏ฃ Social pluralism and strong intermediate groups
๏ฃ The development of political contestation before the expansion of political
participation
๏ฃ Low level of civil violence
๏ฃ Low levels of political polarization and extremism
๏ฃ Political leaders committed to democracy
๏ฃ Traditions of toleration and compromise
๏ฃ Elite desire to emulate democratic nations
๏ฃ And so on โฆโฆ.
22. year Number of
Country
Number of Democratic
Country
% of Democratic
Country
1974 145 39 27%
1990 165 76 46%
1991 183 91 50%
1992 186 99 53%
1993 190 108 57%
1994 191 114 60%
1995 191 117 61%
1996 191 118 62%
1997 191 117 61%
2000 192 120 63%
2005 192 123 64%
2010 194 115 59%
2015 123 Above 60%
Electoral Democracy (1974~)
23. Propositions
1. result of a combination of causes
2. no single faction is sufficient
3. varies from country to country
4. sometimes successful but sometimes failure
5. a continuing process of change
6. multi-level phenomenon : mass public level, institutional level,
elite level
24.
25. ๏ง What brought about democratization in Korea?
๏ง Several possible factors
(1) External factor
(2) Pact (negotiation)
- What is this? It focuses the role of elite. Without elite fragmentation,
no democratic transition
ex) Latin America, Southern Europe , How about Korea?
(3) Civil society
โ most important
28. Packed democratic transition
๏ Negotiation between political leaders
๏ Authoritarian government vs. opposition party
๏ Soft-liners and hard-linders
29. Philippe Schmitter (1936- )
Professor at University of Chicago, European University
Institute, Stanford University
Book: Transition from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative
Conclusions about Uncertain
Democracies. Co-author with Guillermo OโDonnell
31. Civil Society
โa set of self-organized groups and movements that are relatively
autonomous from the state, basic unit of production and reproduction,
and political society, and are capable of political activities in the public
sphere to express their concerns and advance their interests according
to the principles of pluralism and self-governance.โ
1. Involving citizen acting collectively in the public areas
2. Different from political society and economic (market) society
32. ๏ฌ Three junctures in Koreaโs history:
1st: 1956-61; 2nd : 1973-80; 3rd : 1984-87
๏ฌ What is democratic juncture?
Periods of collapse in authoritarian regime or democratic transition
Who? In particular, students and labor union
Democratic Junctures
33. ๏ต 1st Democratic Juncture
- Collapse of Rheeโs regime by April Uprising
- Student
- Democratic transition -> Chang Myon regime
- Soon collapsed by the military coup
๏ต 2nd Democratic Juncture
- Antigovernment struggles -> Split of authoritarian regime -> assassination
- Military hardliners -> military coup (Chun)
- Chun extended the martial law and tool over government in 1980
๏ต 3rd Democratic Juncture
- Demonstration from various groups pressed Chun government
- Revising the constitution and adopting a direct presidential election
In all three democratic junctures, civil society directly or indirectly facilitated
authoritarian breakdown and democratic transition.
34. ๏ฌ Conventional wisdom for civil society in the process of
democratization:
After the democratic transition, the role of civil society has rapidly
demobilized
๏ฌ How about Korea? What is an answer? What is civil society?
He defined it as โa set of self-organized groups and movements that are
relatively autonomous from the state, basic units of production and
reproduction, and political society, and are capable of political activities in
the public sphere to express their concerns and advance their interests
according to the principles of pluralism and self-governanceโ
๏ฌ It implies two aspects of civil society.
1) It is distinct from other society
2) It is separate from political society
35. Two characteristics of civil society since 1988
What kinds of civil society groups does he mention in this part?
๏ฌ Two groups: ( ? ) + ( ? )
๏ต Expansion of citizensโ movement group
Since 1987, many groups emerged and engaged in various issues
Examples? Citizensโ Coalition for Economic Justice, Korean Federation of
Environmental Movement, Korea Council of Citizensโ Movements
๏ต Trial to find a new identity in peopleโ movement group
Examples? Korean Coalition for National Democracy Movement (์ ๋ฏผ๋ จ),
National Alliance for Democracy and Unification of Korea(์ ๊ตญ์ฐํฉ)
How did they change?
Korean Trade Union Council, Korean Teachersโ and Educational Workersโ Union,
Korean Peasant Movement Coalition, / National Council of University Student
Representatives
Changes in Korean Civil Society Since 1988
36. 1. Who involved? Members are different.
- white-collar, professionals, religious leaders, intellectuals vs. blue-collar,
peasants, unban poor, students, and local residents
2. Goals of each group are different. What are they?
- gradual institutional reforms vs. radical reforms
3. Style of movement is different. How?
- legal and nonviolent (distribution of brochure / campaign) vs. illegal and
violent (strikes / demonstration)
4. Issue is different. How?
- various social issues vs. inequality issue
Difference between two groups
37. 1. Political Reforms
(1) Monitoring the process of the national assembly inspection of government
offices (๊ตญ์ ๊ฐ์ฌ ๋ชจ๋ํฐ๋ง)
(2) Movement of Citizensโ Alliance for the 2000 General Elections
(์ด์ ์๋ฏผ์ฐ๋์ ๋์ฒ, ๋์ ์ด๋)
(3) Movement for judicial reform (์ฌ๋ฒ๊ฐํ์ด๋)
2. Economic Reforms
(1) Monitoring National Assembly hearings on the financial crisis
(๊ธ์ต์๊ธฐ์ ๋ํ ๊ตญํ์ฒญ๋ฌธํ ๋ชจ๋ํฐ๋ง)
(2) Minority shareholders movement (์์ก์ฃผ์ฃผ์ด๋)
Reforms
38. 1. Monitoring the National Assembly Inspection of the Administration
๏ง In 1999, forty civil society groups created Citizensโ Solidarity for Monitoring
the National Assembly Inspection of Government Offices(๊ตญ์ ๊ฐ์ฌ ๋ชจ๋ํฐ ์
๋ฏผ์ฐ๋).
๏ง Who involved? ; CCEJ, PSPD, KFEM and so on.(professionals participated)
๏ง Goals? (1) checking attendance / evaluating performance
๏ง (2) whether or not 166 important reforms were discussed
๏ง What are 166 reforms?
๏ง Process? What was a response from National Assembly? => refused
to cooperate
๏ง Why?
Political Reforms
39. 2. Movement of Citizensโ Alliance for the 2000 General Elections
๏ง In 2000, solidarity were created to change the fundamental structure of
electoral system.
๏ง It is called Citizensโ Solidarity for the General elections (CSGE, ์ด์ ์๋ฏผ์ฐ๋)
๏ง Who involved? 412 civil society groups.
๏ง What is Nakchโon and Nakson movement?
-Nakchโon : campaign against nomination by political party
-Nakson: the solidarity appealed to voters not to support the person who was
already nominated by political party
๏ง Process?
- CSGE created a list for Nakchโon : 66 politicians were included
=> how? / What are criteria for a list?
Political Reforms
40. ๏ต Reactions from parties?
โข What is National Congress for New Politicsโ ์์ ์น๊ตญ๋ฏผํ์
โข Grand National Party โ ํ๋๋ผ๋น
โข United Liberal Democrats โ ์๋ฏผ๋ จ
โข ULD โ angry
โข GNP - ?
โข NCNP โ support the movement / Who else supported? : Religious groups
and Lawyers for Democracy (๋ฏผ๋ณ)
41.
42. Result of 16th General Election
Party Seats
Grand National Party 133
National Congress for New
Politics
115
United Liberal Democrats 17
Others 8
Total 273
43. ๏ต Response from DJ government?
โ Two sides
(1) Government ordered the abolishment Article 87 of elections law
(2) National Election Commission claimed that the movement violated the
election law.
๏ต Result of the movement?
; 59 out of 86 candidates who were included in a list failed in the election
44. ๏ต Contribution
1. The movement showed the potential of civil society to change the
political society
2. The movement showed a potential to create the networks in various
Groups
3. The movement increased the political interest and political efficacy,
and reduced political indifference among Korean voters
45. ๏ต Limitation
1. It was negative campaign
2. It was narrow in terms of sphere
3. It didnโt overcome regionalism
4. Turnout was 6% point lower than the one 4 years ago
-Why?
Distrust towards politicians -> cynicism/negative attitudes-> lower turnout
As a result, it can be argued that CAGE movement reduced the turnout.
5. It didnโt overcome the fundamental problem in Korean politics.
47. ๏ฌ In 1999, 13 civil society groups Citizensโ Groupsโ Solidarity Roundtable for
Judicial Reform
๏ฌ It created 15 reform tasks.
- special prosecutor system (most important!)
- introduction of law school
- reform for hearings on the appointment of important positions
- transparency for lawyerโs fee
- reform for prosecutor system and so on.
๏ฌ What happened?
-Several political scandals, which were related with high-ranking government
officials. => Finally, the government and ruling
๏ฌ Party decided to adopt a special prosecutor system
Movement for Judicial Reform
61. (1) Monitoring National Assembly Hearings on the Financial Crisis
(๊ธ์ต์๊ธฐ์ ๋ํ ๊ตญํ์ฒญ๋ฌธํ ๋ชจ๋ํฐ๋ง)
โข Demands from the civil society groups for the hearing.
โข They request to punish the persons who were responsible for the crisis.
โข - evaluated hearing to the press
โข They were not satisfied with the hearing
โข - Lawmakers lacked the professionalism
(2) Minority shareholders movement (์์ก์ฃผ์ฃผ์ด๋)
โข What is this?
โข PSPD and CCEJ began this movement
โข To increase accountability and transparency of Chabol
โข Result? Some Chabol accepted the PSPDโs demands for transparent
management, such as external auditors
Economic Reform
62. ๏ต Why did not the role of civil society decrease in the process of
democratic consolidation?
1. Political society is problem.
Political party did not function well as a representative institution
2. Circumstances changed.
People were mobilized to do the collective action
3. The image of citizensโ movement group
; PDPD, KFEM, and CCEJ became more moderate, reasonable, and
accessible to the public
Continued Vibrancy of Civil Society:
An Analysis
63. ๏ฌ Democratic consolidation cannot be successful without highly
institutionalized political party
๏ฌ What are problems of political party?
Confucian culture, boss politics, regionalism
๏ฌ Condition for consolidated democracy? What?
Balance between civil society and political society
๏ฌ How about this balance in DJ government?
๏ฌ Conclusion!!
๏ฌ What are the problems of civil society in Korea? Think this
question deeply!!
Conclusion