Polysaccharides
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Polysaccharides are carbohydrate polymers made of long chains of monosaccharides bonded together by glycosidic bonds. They serve important cellular functions like providing structural support to cells through materials like cellulose in plant cell walls and structural support within cells through glycogen and starch. Polysaccharides also function in energy storage as glycogen and starch are produced by plants and animals for energy storage.
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Polysaccharides properties (vaccine)
Polysaccharides are long carbohydrate molecules composed of repeated monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds. They can be classified as homopolysaccharides containing a single monosaccharide or heteropolysaccharides containing multiple monosaccharides. Polysaccharides serve important structural and storage functions in organisms. Their solubility is determined by factors like branching, molecular weight, charged groups, and regularity of structure. Capsular polysaccharides allow bacterial classification and are targets for vaccine development against pathogens like Salmonella Typhi, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis.
Polysaccharides presentation
Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides or sugar derivatives joined by glycosidic bonds. They are classified as homopolysaccharides or heteropolysaccharides. Homopolysaccharides contain a single type of monosaccharide subunit, like starch which contains glucose. Heteropolysaccharides contain multiple types of monosaccharides, like mucopolysaccharides which contain amino sugars and uronic acids. Examples of important polysaccharides discussed are starch, glycogen, cellulose, inulin, and mucopolysaccharides.
Fyna sebastian polysaccharides
Polysaccharides are carbohydrate molecules composed of monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds. They can be classified as homopolysaccharides containing a single monosaccharide unit or heteropolysaccharides containing multiple types of units. Common homopolysaccharides include starch, glycogen, and cellulose which serve storage and structural functions. Heteropolysaccharides like hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate provide extracellular support and are components of connective tissues.
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Polysaccharides
This document summarizes various types of polysaccharides:
1) Starch is a homopolymer of glucose that exists in plants as either amylose, a non-branched chain, or amylopectin, a branched chain linked by alpha linkages.
2) Glycogen is the branched polysaccharide that serves as the animal version of starch.
3) Inulin is a fructan polysaccharide found in plants that is readily soluble in water.
4) Cellulose is the main component of plant cell walls and is made of straight chains of beta-linked glucose monomers that are insoluble.
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Starch presentation
This document discusses the structures and functions of carbohydrates including glucose, starch, glycogen, and cellulose. It describes starch as being made up of amylose and amylopectin, with amylose forming long coiled chains and amylopectin having branches every 25 subunits. Glycogen is also described as being highly branched with 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds, allowing it to be quickly broken down into glucose. Cellulose is explained to have parallel beta glucose chains with 1-4 bonds that form microfibrils and macrofibrils, giving plant cells strength and allowing water movement through cell walls. The document relates these carbohydrate structures to their roles in energy storage and
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Polysaccharides properties (vaccine)
Polysaccharides are long carbohydrate molecules composed of repeated monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds. They can be classified as homopolysaccharides containing a single monosaccharide or heteropolysaccharides containing multiple monosaccharides. Polysaccharides serve important structural and storage functions in organisms. Their solubility is determined by factors like branching, molecular weight, charged groups, and regularity of structure. Capsular polysaccharides allow bacterial classification and are targets for vaccine development against pathogens like Salmonella Typhi, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis.
Polysaccharides presentation
Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides or sugar derivatives joined by glycosidic bonds. They are classified as homopolysaccharides or heteropolysaccharides. Homopolysaccharides contain a single type of monosaccharide subunit, like starch which contains glucose. Heteropolysaccharides contain multiple types of monosaccharides, like mucopolysaccharides which contain amino sugars and uronic acids. Examples of important polysaccharides discussed are starch, glycogen, cellulose, inulin, and mucopolysaccharides.
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Polysaccharides are carbohydrate molecules composed of monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds. They can be classified as homopolysaccharides containing a single monosaccharide unit or heteropolysaccharides containing multiple types of units. Common homopolysaccharides include starch, glycogen, and cellulose which serve storage and structural functions. Heteropolysaccharides like hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate provide extracellular support and are components of connective tissues.
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1) Starch is a homopolymer of glucose that exists in plants as either amylose, a non-branched chain, or amylopectin, a branched chain linked by alpha linkages.
2) Glycogen is the branched polysaccharide that serves as the animal version of starch.
3) Inulin is a fructan polysaccharide found in plants that is readily soluble in water.
4) Cellulose is the main component of plant cell walls and is made of straight chains of beta-linked glucose monomers that are insoluble.
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Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides that can be formed from pentoses or hexoses. The most common hexosans in physiology include starch, cellulose, and dextrin. Starch is insoluble in water and turns blue with iodine. Cellulose is the structural substance of plants and does not dissolve in water. Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles and supplies glucose to the body.
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Polysaccharide
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Chemical properties of monosaccharides
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Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are made up of sugar molecules linked together to form starches and fiber. They serve four primary functions in the body: providing energy, storing energy as glycogen in the liver and muscles, building macromolecules, and sparing protein and fat for other uses. There are three main types of carbohydrates: monosaccharides like glucose and fructose, disaccharides like sucrose and lactose, and complex carbohydrates. Sources of carbohydrates include fruits containing fructose, dairy products containing galactose and lactose, and cereals, potatoes, and pasta containing maltose.
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Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Glucose is a simple carbohydrate or monosaccharide that provides energy for cells and is found in plants and animals. Multiple glucose molecules can join together through condensation reactions to form polysaccharides like glycogen, starch, and cellulose, which serve as food storage. Disaccharides like sucrose are double sugars formed from two glucose molecules bonded together.
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Polysaccharide by kk sahu sir
Solubility
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Oligosaccharides
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Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that can be classified as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides based on their structure. Monosaccharides like glucose and fructose are simple sugars that cannot be further broken down. Oligosaccharides contain a few monosaccharide units bonded together, while polysaccharides have many monosaccharide units and include starch, cellulose, and glycogen. Carbohydrates serve important functions in cells, providing a major source of energy through glucose and storing energy long-term as glycogen or starch. They also serve as a primary structural component in plant cell walls through cellulose.
Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides are complex monosaccharide polymers that serve a wide variety of functions. They can be classified as homopolymers containing a single monosaccharide unit or heteropolymers containing different sugar units. Starch is a major plant polysaccharide composed of amylose and amylopectin. It is used as food, in pharmaceuticals, and to produce dextrins and soluble starch. Dextrins are prepared from starch by partial hydrolysis and are used as substitutes for gums. Cyclodextrins are obtained from starch and have a hydrophobic central cavity, making them useful for enclosing drugs.
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Summary ch02
This document summarizes key biological molecules:
- Starch and glycogen are energy storage compounds in plants and animals, respectively, made of glucose molecules in branching structures; cellulose is made of glucose molecules bonded together in plant cell walls.
- Lipids include triglycerides that store energy as fat and oils, and phospholipids that form cell membranes. The emulsion test detects lipids.
- Proteins are polymers of amino acids that fold into precise shapes determining function; they form alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets through hydrogen bonding.
- Carbohydrates range from monosaccharides like glucose to polysaccharides like starch; Benedict's reagent detects sugars.
- Water enables life through its solvent
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The document discusses various carbohydrates including disaccharides like maltose, cellobiose, lactose, and sucrose. It also mentions higher oligosaccharides that are incorporated into drug structures and polysaccharides such as amylose, amylopectin, glycogen, dextrans, and cellulose. The key differences between cellulose and amylose are noted. Finally, it briefly outlines O-linked and N-linked glycoproteins, providing the structures of ABO blood group carbohydrates.
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Polysaccharide
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Chemical properties of monosaccharides
The document discusses various chemical properties and reactions of monosaccharides, including:
1) Reaction with hydrazines to form osazones and reduction to form sugar alcohols such as sorbitol and mannitol.
2) Oxidation to produce sugar acids such as gluconic acid, which is important physiologically for detoxification.
3) Reducing action in alkaline solutions and formation of esters, phosphates, acetates, and propionates.
4) Formation of important sugar derivatives like amino sugars and glycosides.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are made up of sugar molecules linked together to form starches and fiber. They serve four primary functions in the body: providing energy, storing energy as glycogen in the liver and muscles, building macromolecules, and sparing protein and fat for other uses. There are three main types of carbohydrates: monosaccharides like glucose and fructose, disaccharides like sucrose and lactose, and complex carbohydrates. Sources of carbohydrates include fruits containing fructose, dairy products containing galactose and lactose, and cereals, potatoes, and pasta containing maltose.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Glucose is a simple carbohydrate or monosaccharide that provides energy for cells and is found in plants and animals. Multiple glucose molecules can join together through condensation reactions to form polysaccharides like glycogen, starch, and cellulose, which serve as food storage. Disaccharides like sucrose are double sugars formed from two glucose molecules bonded together.
Glycosidic bonding
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Solubility
Source
Classification
Important polysaccharide
Starch
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Pectin
Agar
Inulin
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Function of polysaccharide
Conclusion
Oligosaccharides
This document provides information about various carbohydrates including monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. It discusses the structures and properties of common disaccharides like maltose, lactose, and sucrose. Larger carbohydrates covered include maltodextrins, dextrans, inulin, chitin, cellulose, starch, and glycogen. For each carbohydrate, details are given about its source, structure, properties when tested, and digestive breakdown. The document aims to describe the chemistry of many important carbohydrates.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that can be classified as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides based on their structure. Monosaccharides like glucose and fructose are simple sugars that cannot be further broken down. Oligosaccharides contain a few monosaccharide units bonded together, while polysaccharides have many monosaccharide units and include starch, cellulose, and glycogen. Carbohydrates serve important functions in cells, providing a major source of energy through glucose and storing energy long-term as glycogen or starch. They also serve as a primary structural component in plant cell walls through cellulose.
Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides are complex monosaccharide polymers that serve a wide variety of functions. They can be classified as homopolymers containing a single monosaccharide unit or heteropolymers containing different sugar units. Starch is a major plant polysaccharide composed of amylose and amylopectin. It is used as food, in pharmaceuticals, and to produce dextrins and soluble starch. Dextrins are prepared from starch by partial hydrolysis and are used as substitutes for gums. Cyclodextrins are obtained from starch and have a hydrophobic central cavity, making them useful for enclosing drugs.
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This document summarizes key biological molecules:
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Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones that are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They serve important functions in cells including as an energy source and structural component. Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on their size. Starch and cellulose are two important polysaccharides - starch is used by plants for energy storage while cellulose provides structure in plant cell walls.
Poly saccharides(inulin,dietary fiber,glycemic index)
This document discusses various types of carbohydrates including polysaccharides like starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin, dextrin, dextrans, and inulin. It provides details about their structure, composition, sources, and properties. Starch is described as a homopolymer of glucose that serves as a stored fuel in plants, animals, and bacteria. It consists of amylose and amylopectin units joined by alpha linkages. The document also covers glycogen and cellulose structure and functions.
4.1 carbohydrates.ppt
Carbohydrates are one of the four major macromolecules and are the most abundant organic molecules in nature. They contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrates have many functions including energy storage, structural components, and cell signaling. They can be classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on the number of sugar units. Common monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Polysaccharides serve important structural and storage roles. Carbohydrates are broken down into monosaccharides through digestion before being absorbed.
05 Lecture BIOL 1010-30 Gillette College
This document provides an overview of the structure and function of large biological molecules, specifically carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It discusses how these macromolecules are made up of monomers that polymerize through dehydration reactions. The roles of these molecules include serving as fuels and building materials for cells, acting as enzymes to catalyze reactions, providing structure and support, transporting materials, and more. Each class of macromolecule has distinctive properties and functions that allow living organisms to carry out essential life processes.
BIOMOLECULES.pptx
The document discusses the four main types of biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It focuses on carbohydrates, describing them as molecules made of aldehydes/ketones with hydroxyl groups. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides like glucose, disaccharides formed from two monosaccharides like sucrose, and polysaccharides like starch, glycogen, and cellulose. The document also briefly discusses proteins, which are polymers of amino acids that serve structural and enzymatic functions in the body.
Plant biochemistry
Here are the key points about the role of acyl carrier protein (ACP) in fatty acid biosynthesis:
- ACP is a small acidic protein that carries the growing fatty acid chain during fatty acid synthesis.
- At the start of each cycle of fatty acid elongation, malonyl-CoA donates a two carbon unit to ACP, forming malonyl-ACP.
- Then a series of enzymes add the malonyl group to the growing fatty acid chain on ACP through a cycle of reactions.
- Each cycle results in the addition of two carbons to the fatty acid chain. ACP acts as a carrier to shuttle the growing chain between the different enzyme complexes involved in elongation.
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Carbohydrates metabolism and lipids biosynthesis and oxidation
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Polysaccharides
- 1. Polysaccharides Manuel Padilla, Fermín Serra Vázquez and Juan Pablo Uva
- 3. Cx(H2O)y X = Between 200 and 2500
- 5. Cellular support While enzymes work on monosaccharides producing energy, polysaccharides usually fold together concentrating big amounts of enzymes in a very small place. Also, as they are hydrophobic, they can take in more sugar. A polysaccharide can be mixed with any number of other components to create tissues that are more rigid, less rigid, or even materials with special properties. Polysaccharides protect almost every type of cell, or example: Cellulose is a polysaccharide that protects all plant cells as a cell wall Storage of energy
- 7. The monomers of polysaccharides are monosaccharides, while the polymers are polysaccharides
- 8. How are the monomers bonded together?
- 9. Glycosidic bonds All polysaccharides are formed by the same basic process: monosaccharides are connected through glycosidic bonds. When in a polysaccharide, individual monosaccharides are known as residues. Depending on the polysaccharide, any combination of them can be combined in series.
- 10. Examples
- 11. Glycogen and starch Cellulose can be found on all plant cells as the cell wall Glycogen and starch is produced by all plants and animals Cellulose