This document provides an overview of carbohydrates for students. It defines carbohydrates and discusses the main types: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Examples of each type are given, such as glucose and fructose as monosaccharides, sucrose and maltose as disaccharides, and starch, glycogen, and cellulose as polysaccharides. The functions and examples of polysaccharides like starch, glycogen, and cellulose are described in more detail. An assessment quiz is included to test understanding of carbohydrate types. Students are assigned an activity to identify examples of carbohydrates and the foods they are found in.
this power point is about the biochemistry of carbohydrates and the different types of carbohydrates and detailed information about every one of them and in the last slides the deficiency of carbohydrates explained and the symptoms also.
It describes all the necessity of nutrition plus what nutrition includes and from which type of food u can get it.It also refers to deficiency diseses and diorders,
this power point is about the biochemistry of carbohydrates and the different types of carbohydrates and detailed information about every one of them and in the last slides the deficiency of carbohydrates explained and the symptoms also.
It describes all the necessity of nutrition plus what nutrition includes and from which type of food u can get it.It also refers to deficiency diseses and diorders,
After reading the text, please describe the 3 types of chemical bond.docxMARK547399
After reading the text, please describe the 3 types of chemical bonds and the four important macromolecules. In addition, describe the types of cells you know and give us a brief description of the cell structure.
TEXT:
The large molecules necessary for life that are built from smaller organic molecules are called biological
macromolecules
. There are four major classes of biological macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids), and each is an important component of the cell and performs a wide array of functions. Combined, these molecules make up the majority of a cell's mass. Biological macromolecules are organic, meaning that they contain carbon. In addition, they may contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and additional minor elements.
Carbon
It is often said that life is "carbon-based." This means that carbon atoms, bonded to other carbon atoms or other elements, form the fundamental components of many, if not most, of the molecules found uniquely in living things. Other elements play important roles in biological molecules, but carbon certainly qualifies as the "foundation" element for molecules in living things. It is the bonding properties of carbon atoms that are responsible for its important role.
Carbon Bonding
Carbon contains four electrons in its outer shell. Therefore, it can form four covalent bonds with other atoms or molecules. The simplest organic carbon molecule is methane (CH4), in which four hydrogen atoms bind to a carbon atom (
Figure 13
).
However, structures that are more complex are made using carbon. Any of the hydrogen atoms could be replaced with another carbon atom covalently bonded to the first carbon atom. In this way, long and branching chains of carbon compounds can be made (
Figure 14a
). The carbon atoms may bond with atoms of other elements, such as nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus (
Figure 14b
). The molecules may also form rings, which themselves can link with other rings (
Figure 14c
). This diversity of molecular forms accounts for the diversity of functions of the biological macromolecules and is based to a large degree on the ability of carbon to form multiple bonds with itself and other atoms.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
are macromolecules with which most consumers are somewhat familiar. To lose weight, some individuals adhere to "low-carb" diets. Athletes, in contrast, often "carb-load" before important competitions to ensure that they have sufficient energy to compete at a high level. Carbohydrates are, in fact, an essential part of our diet; grains, fruits, and vegetables are all natural sources of carbohydrates. Carbohydrates provide energy to the body, particularly through glucose, a simple sugar. Carbohydrates also have other important functions in humans, animals, and plants.
Carbohydrates can be represented by the formula (CH2O)
n
, where
n
is the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. In other words, the ratio of carbon to hydrogen.
Chapter 2 Chemistry part 2Raw materials and fuel for our bodi.docxwalterl4
Chapter 2: Chemistry part 2
Raw materials and fuel for our bodies
Bio100 NU Phelan
‹#›
1
Hi and welcome to the lecture corresponding to Chapter 2, chemistry.
Four Types of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates: fuel, some structures
Lipids: fuel, insulation, hormones, membranes
Proteins: structural and functional roles (enzymes, transporters, antibodies, contractile fibers ect.etc.)
Nucleic acids: genetic information
Bio100 NU Phelan
‹#›
2
The are four types of macromolecules—large molecules made up from smaller building blocks—found in living organisms: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Carbohydrates
C, H, and O
Primary fuel for organisms: store energy in their bonds
Cell structure
Bio100 NU Phelan
‹#›
3
Carbohydrates are molecules that contain mostly carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen: they are the primary fuel for running all of the cellular machinery and also form much of the structure of cells in all life forms.
Sometimes they contain atoms of other elements, but they must have carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen to be considered a carbohydrate.
Further, a carbohydrate generally has approximately the same number of carbon atoms as it does H2O units.
For instance, the best-known carbohydrate, glucose, has the composition C6H12O6 (6 carbons and a little math will show us that it also has 6 H2O units; notice that 6 H2 = H12 and 6 O = O6).
Simple sugars: monosaccharides
Three to six carbon atoms.
Example: glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose
Glucose:
Fuel for cellular activity
Stored temporarily as glycogen in liver/muscle (think “carbo loading”)
Converted to fat
Bio100 NU Phelan
‹#›
Carbohydrates are classified into several categories, based on their size and their composition. The simplest—monosaccharides or simple sugars—contain anywhere from three to seven carbon atoms.
The carbohydrate of most importance to living organisms is glucose. This simple sugar is found naturally in most fruits, but most of the carbohydrates that you eat, including table sugar (called sucrose) and the starchy carbohydrates found in bread and potatoes, are converted into glucose in your digestive system. The glucose then circulates in your blood at a concentration of about 0.1%. Circulating glucose, also called “blood sugar,” has one of three fates it can be used directly as cellular fuel, it can be stored as a complex polysaccharide called glycogen (this is what you do when you eat a lot of carbs before a race), or can be also converted to fat.
What is “carbo-loading”?
Bio100 NU Phelan
‹#›
5
“Carbo-loading” is a method by which athletes can, for a short time, double or triple the usual amount of glycogen that is stored in their muscles and liver, increasing the amount of fuel available for extended exertion and delaying the onset of fatigue during an endurance event.
Carbo-loading is usually done in two phases: a depletion phase and a loading phase.
The depletion phase begins six or seven days before a compe.
After reading the text, please describe the 3 types of chemical bond.docxMARK547399
After reading the text, please describe the 3 types of chemical bonds and the four important macromolecules. In addition, describe the types of cells you know and give us a brief description of the cell structure.
TEXT:
The large molecules necessary for life that are built from smaller organic molecules are called biological
macromolecules
. There are four major classes of biological macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids), and each is an important component of the cell and performs a wide array of functions. Combined, these molecules make up the majority of a cell's mass. Biological macromolecules are organic, meaning that they contain carbon. In addition, they may contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and additional minor elements.
Carbon
It is often said that life is "carbon-based." This means that carbon atoms, bonded to other carbon atoms or other elements, form the fundamental components of many, if not most, of the molecules found uniquely in living things. Other elements play important roles in biological molecules, but carbon certainly qualifies as the "foundation" element for molecules in living things. It is the bonding properties of carbon atoms that are responsible for its important role.
Carbon Bonding
Carbon contains four electrons in its outer shell. Therefore, it can form four covalent bonds with other atoms or molecules. The simplest organic carbon molecule is methane (CH4), in which four hydrogen atoms bind to a carbon atom (
Figure 13
).
However, structures that are more complex are made using carbon. Any of the hydrogen atoms could be replaced with another carbon atom covalently bonded to the first carbon atom. In this way, long and branching chains of carbon compounds can be made (
Figure 14a
). The carbon atoms may bond with atoms of other elements, such as nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus (
Figure 14b
). The molecules may also form rings, which themselves can link with other rings (
Figure 14c
). This diversity of molecular forms accounts for the diversity of functions of the biological macromolecules and is based to a large degree on the ability of carbon to form multiple bonds with itself and other atoms.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
are macromolecules with which most consumers are somewhat familiar. To lose weight, some individuals adhere to "low-carb" diets. Athletes, in contrast, often "carb-load" before important competitions to ensure that they have sufficient energy to compete at a high level. Carbohydrates are, in fact, an essential part of our diet; grains, fruits, and vegetables are all natural sources of carbohydrates. Carbohydrates provide energy to the body, particularly through glucose, a simple sugar. Carbohydrates also have other important functions in humans, animals, and plants.
Carbohydrates can be represented by the formula (CH2O)
n
, where
n
is the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. In other words, the ratio of carbon to hydrogen.
Chapter 2 Chemistry part 2Raw materials and fuel for our bodi.docxwalterl4
Chapter 2: Chemistry part 2
Raw materials and fuel for our bodies
Bio100 NU Phelan
‹#›
1
Hi and welcome to the lecture corresponding to Chapter 2, chemistry.
Four Types of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates: fuel, some structures
Lipids: fuel, insulation, hormones, membranes
Proteins: structural and functional roles (enzymes, transporters, antibodies, contractile fibers ect.etc.)
Nucleic acids: genetic information
Bio100 NU Phelan
‹#›
2
The are four types of macromolecules—large molecules made up from smaller building blocks—found in living organisms: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Carbohydrates
C, H, and O
Primary fuel for organisms: store energy in their bonds
Cell structure
Bio100 NU Phelan
‹#›
3
Carbohydrates are molecules that contain mostly carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen: they are the primary fuel for running all of the cellular machinery and also form much of the structure of cells in all life forms.
Sometimes they contain atoms of other elements, but they must have carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen to be considered a carbohydrate.
Further, a carbohydrate generally has approximately the same number of carbon atoms as it does H2O units.
For instance, the best-known carbohydrate, glucose, has the composition C6H12O6 (6 carbons and a little math will show us that it also has 6 H2O units; notice that 6 H2 = H12 and 6 O = O6).
Simple sugars: monosaccharides
Three to six carbon atoms.
Example: glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose
Glucose:
Fuel for cellular activity
Stored temporarily as glycogen in liver/muscle (think “carbo loading”)
Converted to fat
Bio100 NU Phelan
‹#›
Carbohydrates are classified into several categories, based on their size and their composition. The simplest—monosaccharides or simple sugars—contain anywhere from three to seven carbon atoms.
The carbohydrate of most importance to living organisms is glucose. This simple sugar is found naturally in most fruits, but most of the carbohydrates that you eat, including table sugar (called sucrose) and the starchy carbohydrates found in bread and potatoes, are converted into glucose in your digestive system. The glucose then circulates in your blood at a concentration of about 0.1%. Circulating glucose, also called “blood sugar,” has one of three fates it can be used directly as cellular fuel, it can be stored as a complex polysaccharide called glycogen (this is what you do when you eat a lot of carbs before a race), or can be also converted to fat.
What is “carbo-loading”?
Bio100 NU Phelan
‹#›
5
“Carbo-loading” is a method by which athletes can, for a short time, double or triple the usual amount of glycogen that is stored in their muscles and liver, increasing the amount of fuel available for extended exertion and delaying the onset of fatigue during an endurance event.
Carbo-loading is usually done in two phases: a depletion phase and a loading phase.
The depletion phase begins six or seven days before a compe.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
10. z CARBOHYDRATES
What are carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates are found in a wide array of both healthy and
unhealthy foods—bread, beans, milk, popcorn, potatoes,
cookies, spaghetti, soft drinks, corn, and cherry pie. They also
come in a variety of forms. The most common and abundant
forms are sugars, fibers, and starches.
Foods high in carbohydrates are an important part of a
healthy diet. Carbohydrates provide the body with glucose,
which is converted to energy used to support bodily functions
and physical activity. But carbohydrate quality is important
12. z
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES
OF CARBOHYDRATES?
• Monosaccharides
• Disaccharides
• Polysaccharides
13. z Monosaccharides
From the prefix “mono” which means one
the monosaccharide is the simplest sugar and
the basic sub-unit of a carbohydrate.
Examples of monosaccharides;
Glucose (dextrose)
Fructose (fruit sugar)
Galactose
16. z Disaccharides
Is a type of carbohydrates made by
condensation reaction of
monosaccharides.
It is a combination of two basic sugar
(monosaccharide)
17. z Disaccharides
Digestible Disaccharide in food are as
follow
Sucrose (Glucose + fructose)
Lactose (Galactose + Glucose)
Maltose (Glucose + Glucose)
18. z
Sucrose (saccharose)
glucose + fructose
Sucrose is table sugar. It is purified from sugar cane or sugar beets.
Maltose
glucose + glucose
Maltose is a sugar found in some cereals and candies. It is a product of
starch digestions and may be purified from barley and other grains.
Lactose
galactose + glucose
Lactose is a disaccharide found in milk. It has the formula C12H22O11
and is an isomer of sucrose.
20. z POLYSACCHARIDE
A polysaccharide is a large molecule made of many smaller
monosaccharides.
A polysaccharide is also called a glycan. A polysaccharide can be
a homopolysaccharide, in which all the monosaccharides are the
same, or a heteropolysaccharide in which the monosaccharides
vary. Depending on which monosaccharides are connected, and
which carbons in the monosaccharides connects, polysaccharides
take on a variety of forms.
A molecule with a straight chain of monosaccharides is called a
linear polysaccharide, while a chain that has arms and turns is
known as a branched polysaccharide.
21. z
Functions of a Polysaccharide
Depending on their structure,
polysaccharides can have a wide variety of
functions in nature. Some polysaccharides
are used for storing energy, some for
sending cellular messages, and others for
providing support to cells and tissues.
23. z
STARCH
Starch is the chief storage form of
carbohydrates in plants and the most
important source of carbohydrates in human
nutrition. A starch molecule is a
polysaccharide assembled from the simple
sugar glucose;
24. z GLYCOGEN
Is a polysaccharide that is similar to starch
because it is also composed of alpha
glucose units
It is readily available energy storage in liver
and muscles
It is used during prolonged exercise or
activity
25. z Cellulose
Cellulose is the main substance in
the walls of plant cells, helping
plants to remain stiff and upright.
Humans cannot digest cellulose, but
it is important in the diet as fiber
26. z
Cellulose is one of the most abundant biomaterials on
the earth. It is generally synthesized by plants, but it is
also produced by some bacteria. Like starch, cellulose
is a homopolymer of glucose
Cellulose, a tough, fibrous, and water-insoluble
polysaccharide, plays an integral role in keeping the
structure of plant cell walls stable.
Cellulose chains are arranged in microfibrils or
bundles of polysaccharide that are arranged in fibrils
(bundles of microfibrils), which in turn make up the
plant cell wall.
28. z Assessment
Given the examples of carbohydrates, identify which type it belongs
(monosaccharide, polysaccharide or disaccharide)
Examples of Carbohydrates Types of carbohydrates
GLYCOGEN POLYSACCHARIDE
GLUCOSE MONOSACCHARIDE
FRUCTOSE MONOSACCHARIDE
MALTOSE DISACCHARIDE
GALACTOSE MONOSACCHARIDE
CELLULOSE POLYSACCHARIDE
STARCH POLYSACCHARIDE
30. z
APPLICATION
As your week 3 output kindly do the activity in
your learning activity sheet
You will give examples of carbohydrates and
identify in which food can we found such
examples
RADIO TEACHER:
Good Afternoon, Grade 10 learners.
You are still listening to 87.6
TATAK CHS CAMPUS RADIO, School-on-Air.
I am Teacher APLE M. RIGOR from Junior HS department Calibungan High School to give you interesting topics in Science 10
BIZ: MSC UP FOR 3 SECS THEN FADE UNDER
RADIO TEACHER: Let us begin by preparing yourselves for 35 mins broadcast of
learning in Science 10. First, check your headsets or speakers
if they are functioning well so you could hear clearly this
broadcast. Second, find a comfortable place to study…away from
distractions. Third, prepare your learning materials in Science 10.
Did you follow my instructions? (PAUSE) Good! Now, we are all set
BIZ: MSC UP FOR 5 SECS THEN FADE UNDER
Since you are all set let us first do some recall
What are the concepts that you’ve still remember in our lesson
Last week
BIZ: MSC UP FOR 3 SECS THEN FADE UNDER
BIZ: MSC UP FOR 5 SECS THEN FADE UNDER
RADIO TEACHER: At this point I want you to bring out your Quarter 4 Week 3
Module 2 in Science 10. (PAUSE)
BIZ: MSC UP FOR 3 SECS THEN FADE UNDER
Are you holding now your Modules? Alright!
Lets get started.
Biomolecule, also called biological molecule, any of numerous substances that are produced by cells and living organisms.
It has wide range of sizes and structures and perform a vast array of functions.
The four major types of biomolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins
What are carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates are found in a wide array of both healthy and unhealthy foods—bread, beans, milk, popcorn, potatoes, cookies, spaghetti, soft drinks, corn, and cherry pie. They also come in a variety of forms. The most common and abundant forms are sugars, fibers, and starches.
Foods high in carbohydrates are an important part of a healthy diet. Carbohydrates provide the body with glucose, which is converted to energy used to support bodily functions and physical activity. But carbohydrate quality is important
Carbohydrates are probably the most abundant and widespread organic substances in nature, and they are essential constituents of all living things.
They are formed by green plants from carbon dioxide and water during the process of photosynthesis.
Commonly, carbohydrates are the major source of energy for the body. These are simple sugar, starch and cellulose.
All carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
From the prefix “mono” which means one
the monosaccharide is the simplest sugar and the basic sub-unit of a carbohydrate.
Examples of monosaccharides include glucose also called dextrose, fructose and galactose. The most common monosaccharides are glucose and fructose
Glucose, fructose and galactose are the three monosaccharides important in nutrition. These single sugar molecules contain 6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms and 6 oxygen atoms (i.e. chemical formula as C6H12O6).
Among these three common monosaccharides, glucose is of most significance as it always exists as one of the two sugar molecules found in a disaccharide, plus it is the basic unit that makes up starch and glycogen. Furthermore, it is worth mentioning that our brain is almost exclusively dependent on glucose as energy source.
Fructose, having the same chemical formula as glucose, has different chemical structure. Because of its unique structure, it stimulates the taste buds which result in a sweet sensation. Fructose is the "sweetest" of all sugars (i.e. with the highest intensity of sweetness) and it is most abundant in fruits and honey.
On the contrary, galactose, the other monosaccharide, has low sweet intensity and can rarely be found free in foods. It combines with a glucose molecule to form the disaccharide lactose, commonly known as milk sugar, since it is found in milk (4.7% in cow's milk and 7% in human breast milk).
In Grade 8, you have learned how carbohydrates are broken down in digestion.
During digestion, carbohydrates turned into monosaccharide which is absorbed into the blood and transported to the cells providing instant energy to perform our activities. Sometimes we eat too much, especially when we are tired, the excess glucose is stored in the liver as glycogen for later use. It is very important to have a steady supply of glucose in the blood to maintain body functions. When blood glucose drops, the pancreas secretes glucagon, which causes the liver, muscles and fat to convert glycogen back to glucose.
Fruits like mango, apple or atis contain a monosaccharide called fructose or fruit sugar. Starchy food that we eat is widely distributed in the plant world. Thus, its main constituent glucose is found in all plants and in the sap of trees. However, glucose is also found in glycogen that is produced in animal cells.
Disaccharides
Is a type of carbohydrates made by condensation reaction of monosaccharides.
It is a chemical combination of two basic sugar (monosaccharide)
A disaccharide (also called a double sugar) is the sugar formed when two monosaccharides are joined by glycosidic linkage. Like monosaccharides, disaccharides are simple sugars soluble in water. Three common examples are sucrose, lactose, and maltose.
Summary of monosaccharide and disaccharide
A polysaccharide is a large molecule made of many smaller monosaccharides. Monosaccharides are simple sugars, like glucose. Special enzymes bind these small monomers together creating large sugar polymers, or polysaccharides. A polysaccharide is also called a glycan. A polysaccharide can be a homopolysaccharide, in which all the monosaccharides are the same, or a heteropolysaccharide in which the monosaccharides vary. Depending on which monosaccharides are connected, and which carbons in the monosaccharides connects, polysaccharides take on a variety of forms. A molecule with a straight chain of monosaccharides is called a linear polysaccharide, while a chain that has arms and turns is known as a branched polysaccharide.
Functions of a Polysaccharide
Depending on their structure, polysaccharides can have a wide variety of functions in nature. Some polysaccharides are used for storing energy, some for sending cellular messages, and others for providing support to cells and tissues.
Starch is the chief storage form of carbohydrates in plants and the most important source of carbohydrates in human nutrition. A starch molecule is a polysaccharide assembled from the simple sugar glucose;
Starch is the chief storage form of carbohydrates in plants and the most important source of carbohydrates in human nutrition. A starch molecule is a polysaccharide assembled from the simple sugar glucose;
Glycogen and Starch
Probably the most important storage polysaccharides on the planet, glycogen and starch are produced by animals and plants, respectively.
Cellulose is one of the most abundant biomaterials on the earth. It is generally synthesized by plants, but it is also produced by some bacteria. Like starch, cellulose is a homopolymer of glucose
Cellulose, a tough, fibrous, and water-insoluble polysaccharide, plays an integral role in keeping the structure of plant cell walls stable.
Cellulose chains are arranged in microfibrils or bundles of polysaccharide that are arranged in fibrils (bundles of microfibrils), which in turn make up the plant cell wall.
DO YOU UNDERSTAND OUR LESSON?
Now LET US SEE HOW WELL YOU understand OUR LESSON
How was your score?
Did you get it right?
Good job Grade 10!
I do hope that you will master our lesson for today.(PAUSE)
Once again This has been your teacher broadcaster on air, Maam Aple M. Rigor
leaving you with the saying never stop learning because life never stop teaching
a blessed afternoon
This is 87.6 tatak chs campus radio
Makinig, manood at matuto
Aral na Chsians!
