dcn5013

2. UNIT KEJURUTERAAN ALAM SEKITARUNIT KEJURUTERAAN ALAM SEKITAR
JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAMJABATAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
POLITEKNIK SULTAN IDRIS SHAH
CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3
IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTIONIMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION
2

3. Upon completion of this course,
student should be able to :
 Explain the effects of air pollution.
 Determine the effects of air pollution on human health
 Determine the effects of air pollution on vegetation.
 Determine the effects of air pollution on environment and
materials.
 Explain the long-term effects of air pollution.
 Discuss the causes of long-term air pollution effect.
 Determine the phenomenon of acid rain
 Discuss the phenomenon of global warming and greenhouse
effect
 Discuss the phenomena of ozone depletion

4. Effects Of Air Pollution

5. Premature Deaths Due To Air
Pollution
Acco rding to the WHO :
e ach ye ar 3 m illio n
pre m ature de aths due to
air po llutio n.
 8 , 20 0 pe r day
 9 3% fro m indo o r air
po llutio n
In U. S. EPAe stim ate s
1 50 , 0 0 0 to 350 , 0 0 0

6. Premature Deaths Due To Air
Pollution
EPA:
Each ye ar 1 25, 0 0 0
Am e ricans g e t lung
cance r fro m PMfro m
die se le xhaust .

8. What are common symptoms effect of
air pollution?
nau.edu/iaqtc
 Eye, nose, and throat irritation
 Coughing, sneezing, and wheezing
 Asthma attacks
 Headaches
 Fatigue
 Aggravated allergies and asthma
 Respiratory infections
Toronto Sun 12.07.11

9. Human Health
 Depends on intensity & duration of exposure,
age & prior health status
 At-risk groups: young, old, or already suffering
from respiratory/cardiovascular disease. Also,
more active & outside vs. sedentary inside
lifestyle
 Most susceptible- LDC use smoky fires for
cooking & heating

10. Exposure
Time spent in various environments in US and less-
developed countries

11. How air pollution get in to the
body?
 Inhalation(SMOKE)
 Absorption thru skin(CHEMICAL DROPLET)
 Contamination of food & water
(BACTERIA)

12. Examples of Health Effects on
Respiratory System
 Bronchitis (acute and chronic)
 Pulmonary emphysema
 Lung cancer
 pneumoconiosis
 cough
 chest pain

13. Respiratory System Protections
Yo ur re spirato ry syste m
has se ve ralways to
he lp pro te ct yo u fro m air
po llutio n.
 hairs in nose
 Mucus lining throat
 Cilia lining respiratory
tract
 Sneezing, coughing

14. Respiratory System Protections
Re spirato ry syste m can
be o ve rwhe lm e d by
po llutants.
Asthma: typically an
allergic reaction causing
muscles in the lung
walls to spasm and
shortness on breath.
From 1980 to 1994 asthma
rates 160% increase in
school age children.

16. Diseases Caused By Air Pollution
Prolongedexposureto air
pollutants canleadto:
 Lung cancer
 Chronic bronchitis
 Emphysema
 Decreased lung function
 Acute shortness of breath
Childre n, e lde rly, pe o ple
with he art dise ase are
e spe cially at risk

18. Normal human lung
Lung exposed to
prolonged
smoking and air
pollution

19. Effects of AirPollution on PlantsEffects of AirPollution on Plants
Air pollution commonly leads to oxidation damage of both crop plants andAir pollution commonly leads to oxidation damage of both crop plants and
wild species.wild species.

20. Effects of AirPollution on PlantsEffects of AirPollution on Plants
Air pollution weakens plants by damaging their leaves, limiting the nutrients
available to them, or exposing them to toxic substances slowly released from
the soil. Quite often, injury or death of plants is a result of these
effects of acid rain
in combination with
one or more
additional threats.

21. Effects of Pollution on BuildingsEffects of Pollution on Buildings
For limestone, the acidic water reacts with the calcium to form calcium sulfate:
CaCO3
+ H2
SO4
CaSO4
+ 2H+
+ CO3
2-
The calcium sulfate is soluble so it is easily washed away during the next rain storm.
Statue carved in 1702
photographed in 1908 (left) and
1969 (right).

22. Costs of PollutionCosts of Pollution
Health: $36 billion in sickness annually - health care and lost work.
Agriculture: up to 10% of nation's crops lost to all forms of pollution.
Materials: corrosion - $5.5 billion annually.

23. Contribution of Climate - InversionContribution of Climate - Inversion
LayersLayers

24. Contribution of Climate - InversionContribution of Climate - Inversion
LayersLayers

25. Criteria Air Pollutants:
Ozone
 Cause: ______________________
 Source: ______________________
 “Good O3” vs. “Bad O3”
 Primary component of photochemical smog
 Sunlight and hot weather
→
→
Los Angeles, Wikipeida, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_(CA)

26. Criteria Air Pollutants: Ozone
 Unpleasant appearance in
urban cities
→ photochemical smog
 Deterioration of synthetic
rubber, textiles, paints
Gates Corporation
http://www.gates.com/brochure.cfm?brochure=2833&location_id=3369
US EPA in How Stuff Works Website,
http://science.howstuffworks.com/ozone-pollution.htm

27. Criteria Air Pollutants: Ozone
 Leaf damage
 Chlorophyll damage: “flecks”
 Discoloration
 Reducing crop yields and forest
growth
 US damage to crops est. as 1 billion
dollars annually (1985)
 25% reduction: +$1.7 billion
 40% reduction: +$2.5 billion
 Loss of forest in US and Europe
Tobacco leaf which has sustained ozone damage
http://www.lambtonwildlife.com/nature_notes_98/tobac.fld/tobacp.htm
Ozone damage on white pine (Photograph courtesy of A. Heagle)
NC State, http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/pp/notes/Ornamental/odin19/od19.htm
Ponderosa Pine (left: undamaged;
right: damaged)
Image from Miller et al (1996)
USFS PSW-GTR-155
http://www.cbesurvey.org/aplv/panek/research.htm

28. Criteria Air Pollutants: NOx
 Cause:
 Source:
 Regional impacts
 Acid precursor (covered later)
 Ozone precursor
 Absorbs blue-green λ
 Plant damage
 Necrosis at 2-10 ppm
 Growth retardation at 0.5 ppm
 Ecosystem
 Eutrophication
 Nitrophilous
Brown haze over Fort Collins, Photo by M. Osecky
http://ccc.atmos.colostate.edu/~hail/cool/polution/pages/ftc_12-19-2003.htm

29. Criteria Air Pollutants: SOx
 Cause:
 Source:
 Regional impacts
 Acid precursor (covered later)
 Damage to plants
 Chlorosis:
 Necrosis:
 Plasmolysis:
 Damage to animals
 Similar to health effects in humans
 Paper: converted to H2SO4, brittling paper
 Leather: initiates cracking
Lettuce with discoloration due to chlorosis
UC IPM, photo by Jack Kelly Clark
http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/L/D-CC-LIYV-FS.006.html
http://www.dias.kvl.dk/Plantvirology/esymptoms/symp-color.html

30. Criteria Air Pollutants: NOx and
SOx
 Acid precipitation
 Non-localized pollution
 Normal precip: pH ~ 5 to 5.6
 Acid precip: pH ~ 3 to 4.5
 HNO3 and H2SO4
 Form acids in atmosphere
 Wet deposition
 Dry deposition
 60%- sulfur based; 35%-
nitrogen based
 Corrosion and deterioration
of structures
Original limestone
sculpture in
Krakow, Poland,
severely damaged
after years of
exposure to acid
rain
Replicate made to
replace original
Photo: Sebastian Wypych;
http://www.atmosphere.mpg.de/enid/Nr_6_Feb__2__6_acid_rain/C__Formation_of_acids_5i8.htm
l

31. Criteria Air Pollutants: NOx and
SOx
 Decrease water/soil pH
 Episodic acidification
 Water Body acidification
 Release of aluminum
 Reduce fish populations
 Lakes becoming fishless
 Affect biodiversity
 Little Echo Pond, Franklin, NY
→pH = 4.2
 Harmful to Trees
 Dissolves nutrients and minerals
from soil
 Necrosis
 Growth abnormalities
US EPA, http://www.epa.gov/acidrain/effects/surface_water.html
Effects of acid rain on forest in Jizera Mountains of Czech Republic;
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rain

32. Criteria Air Pollutants: NOx and SOx
 200+ now-fishless
lakes in Adirondacks
 Little Echo Pond,
Franklin, NY
→pH = 4.2
 Thousands of lakes in
Canada (Ontario,
Quebec, New
Brunswick) now-
fishless
http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/194acidraineffects.html

33. Criteria Air Pollutants:
Particulate Matter
 Review from 1/24 lecture
 Very small solids/liquids that remain suspended
 Anthropogenic causes: materials handling, combustion
processes, gas conversion reactions
 Main sources: industrial processes, coal and oil burning,
vehicles
Pollutant Primary Stds.
Averaging
Times
Secondary
Stds.
Particulate
Matter (PM10
)
Revoked(2) Annual(2)
(Arith. Mean)
150 µg/m3
24-hour(3)
Particulate
Matter (PM2.5
)
15.0 µg/m3
Annual(4)
(Arith. Mean)
Same as Primary
35 µg/m3
24-hour(5)

34. Criteria Air Pollutants: Particulate
Matter
 Visibility Reduction
 PM2.5 → haze (review from 1/28
lecture)
 Eastern parks’ avg. visual range
reduced from 90 to 15-25 mi.
 Western parks’ avg. visual range
reduced from 140 to 35-90 mi.
 http://www2.nature.nps.gov/air/Per
mits/ARIS/index.cfm for more national
parks air quality info
 Wildfires
 Weather Patterns
 Serve as condensation nuclei
 Effect on fog and precipitation
Great Smokey Mountains National Park,
US EPA, http://www.epa.gov/visibility/

35. Criteria Air Pollutants: Particulate
Matter
 PM derivatives of SO2 and
NOx (sulfates and nitrates)
 Intensifier
 Refer to SOx and NOx
section
 Environmental Damage
 Lake/stream acidification
 Nutrient depletion in soils
 Plant damage
 Ecosystem diversity upset
 Aesthetics Damage
 Stain and damage stone
structures
New York City building façade after century of dirt (PM) accumulation
http://www.nycjpg.com/2003/pages/0802.html

36. Criteria Air Pollutants:
Carbon Monoxide
 Review…
 Cause: incomplete combustion
 Source: transportation sector, energy production, residential heating
units, some industrial processes
 Ambient concerns addressed by NAAQS
 OSHA (50 ppm avg over 8-hour period)
 CO contributes to the formation of ground-level ozone (refer to
ozone section) → photochemical smog
 Otherwise, largely inert to plants and materials
Pollutant
Primary
Stds.
Averaging
Times
Secondary
Stds.
Carbon
Monoxide
9 ppm 8-hour(1) None
(10 mg/m3
)
35 ppm 1-hour(1) None
(40 mg/m3
)

37. Criteria Air Pollutants: Lead (Pb)
 Health effects in animals
 Domestic and wild
 Similar to humans
 What would these include?
 Slow vegetation growth
 Crop damage
http://www.eaglevalleyraptorcenter.org/rehabilitation.asp
http://www.unbc.ca/nlui/wildlife_diseases_bc/lead_poisoning.htm

38. Other Heavy Metals
 Source: metal
smelters
 Copper, zinc,
nickel
 Severe vegetation
destruction
 Including crops
Rock left barren by Nickel smelter emissions in the Sudbury area;
Natural Resrouces Canada
http://ess.nrcan.gc.ca/2002_2006/sdki/mine/geospatial_e.php
Area of forest where vegetation cover has colonized as a result
of reduced emissions; Natural Resrouces Canada
http://ess.nrcan.gc.ca/2002_2006/sdki/mine/geospatial_e.php

39. HAPs: Mercury
 Elemental Hg inhaled as a
vapor, absorbed by lungs
 Cause: vaporized mercury
 Sources: coal combustion,
accidental spill, mining
 Deposition in lakes, streams,
estuaries
 Biologically turned into
methylmercury
 Accumulation in fatty tissue
 Effects:
 Progresses up food chain
http://www.friendsforourriverfront.org/2005/02/i
nformation-for-press-and-media.html
Some Florida Fish Advisories:
Lake Alto (Alachua Co.): Children & Women of
Childbearing Age should NOT eat Large Mouth
Bass, Bowfin, or Gar
Lake Disston (Flagler Co.): No one should eat Large
Mouth Bass, Bowfin, or Gar
From coastal waters: No one should eat: Shark
larger than 43 in.; King mackerel larger than 31 in.
http://www.doh.state.fl.us/floridafishadvice/Fish_consumption_guide.pdf

40. HAPs: Dioxins
 Generic term for several
chemicals that are highly
persistent in the environment
 chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs)
 chlorinated dibenzofurans (CDFs)
 certain polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs)
 Cause: burning chlorine-based
compounds with hydrocarbons
 Sources: waste incinerator
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran
3,3',4,4',5,5'-Hexachlorobiphenyl

41. HAPs: Dioxins
Fish Consumption
Advisory for Dioxins in
Florida:
Do NOT Eat Checker Puffer
Fish or Striped Mojarra
from Wagner Creek in
Miami-Dade County
http://www.doh.state.fl.us/floridafishadvice/Fish_consumpti
on_guide.pdf
 Airborne dioxins
deposit in environment
 Slowly decompose
 Taken up by animals
(domestic or wild)
 Accumulate in fat
 95% of human dioxin
exposure through
dietary intake of animal
fats
http://www.southfloridasportfishing.com/species2.cfm?c=v&n=91&ct=5&l=S

42. Fluoride
 Source: metal and stone processing,
fertilizer manufacturing
 Livestock damage
 Used to cause most domestic animal
damage of all air pollutants
 Still a concern in developing countries
 Intake from contaminated forage
 Fluorosis
 Chronic: dental and skeletal changes
 Plant damage
 Uptake of gaseous HF through leaves
 Uptake of soluble particulates through
leaves/roots
 Accumulate in leaf margins and tips
→ Tip necrosis
Fluorine damage in Dracina leaf; http://www.plantpath.wisc.edu/PDDCEducation/MasterGardener/General/Slide57.htm

43. Other Aerosols: Bioaerosols
 Aerosols with organic origin
 Non-viable: pollen, dander,
insect excreta, sea salt
 Viable: microorganisms
 Cause: aerosolization of
organic material
 Sources:
 Human: sneezing, coughing,
agriculture
 Non-human: wind, waves,
WWTP
 Welfare Effects: crop,
livestock damage, GEM,
tourism
Mechanical aeration in
oxidation ditch at UF WWTP

44. Other Aerosols: Bioaerosols
 Crop Damage
 Fungi
 Irish Potato Famine
 Fungi phytophthora infestans
 500,000-1,000,000 people killed between
1849-1846
 2,000,000 refugees to England, US, etc
 Livestock Damage
 Close quarters
 Bovine Respiratory Disease
 1999 Deaths: ~60%
 1991 BRD deaths: $624 million
 Genetically Engineered Crops
 Cross-pollination w/ non-GE crops
 Reduction of genetic diversity
→ allows for susceptibility
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Potato_Famine_%281845%E2%80%931849%29

45. Other Aerosols: Bioaerosols
 Red tide
 Dinoflagellate produces toxin
 Broken in waves
 Toxin released
 Irritating
Woods Hole Oceanological Institution
http://www.whoi.edu/redtide/page.do?pid=9257
Tourism ↓
Image courtesy of P. Schmidt, Charlotte (FL) Sun

46. Odors
 Largely nuisance
 Common sources:
WWTP, pulp and paper
mills, feedlots/livestock,
rendering plants
 Amines, sulfur gasses
(H2S, mercaptans),
phenol, NH3, aldehydes,
fatty acids
Photo by Kurt Hegre, the Fresno Bee, 2000

47. Ecosystem Destruction
 Effects rarely isolated
 Everything connected
 Forest destruction
 Habitat
 Animal death or
bioaccumulation
 Food chain
USGS South Florida Information Access
http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/fs/166-96/fig1.html

48. Economic Losses
 In light of the many welfare effects, in
what ways could these have an economic
impact?

49. Case Study: San Joaquin Valley
 San Joaquin Valley…
 Nation’s “Salad Bowl”
 Major transportation sector
 Western border: Coastal Range
 Eastern border: southern Sierra
Nevadas
 Yosemite, Kings Canyon, Seqouia
National Parks
 Winds enter through Bay Area
 Hot summers
 A few large cities: Bakersfield,
Fresno, Stockton, Modesto,
Visalia
 All cities <500,000 population
 Population growth: +20% from
’90 to ’00
 Daily VMT: +25% from ’90 to ‘00

50. Case Study: San Joaquin Valley
25 Most Ozone-Polluted Cities
2006 Rank1
Metropolitan Areas
11 Bakersfield,CABakersfield,CA
2 Los Angeles-Long Beach-
Riverside,CA
33 Visalia-Porterville,CAVisalia-Porterville,CA
44 Fresno-Madera,CAFresno-Madera,CA
55 Merced,CAMerced,CA
6 Houston-Baytown-Huntsville,TX
7 Sacramento-Arden-Arcade-
Truckee,CA-NV
8 Dallas-Fort Worth, TX
9 New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-
NJ-CT-PA
10 Philadelphia-Camden-Vineland,
PA-NJ-DE-MD
Metropolitan Areas Most Polluted by Year-Round
Particle Pollution (Annual PM2.5)
2006 Rank1
Metropolitan Areas
1 Los Angeles-Long Beach-
Rivereside, CA
22 Bakersfield, CABakersfield, CA
3 Pittsburgh-New Castle, PA
44 Visalia-Porterville, CAVisalia-Porterville, CA
55 Fresno-Madera, CAFresno-Madera, CA
6 Detroit-Warren-Flint, MI
77 Hanford-Corcoran, CAHanford-Corcoran, CA
8 Cleveland-Akron-Elyria, OH
9 Birmingham-Hoover-Cullman,
AL
9 Atlanta-Sandy Springs-
Gainesville, GA-AL
American Lung Association 2006 State of the Air Best and Worst Cities
http://lungaction.org/reports/sota06_cities.html

51. Case Study: San Joaquin Valley
 Some of the nation’s most polluted air
 Non-attainment for state or federal ozone and PM2.5
 35-40 days exceeding federal ozone
 >100 days over CA ozone
 ~5 days exceeding federal PM2.5
 90-100 days exceeding CA PM2.5
 Largely rural
 ~3.5 million in entire valley (250 miles long by ~75 miles wide)
 Compared to Miami-Dade/Broward/Palm Beach Counties: 5.4
million in area 110 miles long by 5-20 miles wide
 Why the San Joaquin Valley?

52. Case Study: San Joaquin Valley
 Group Activity…
 What are the likely sources of
pollutants in this valley?
 Why is it so bad in this area?
 What are the likely health
effects of these pollutants?
 What are the likely welfare
effects of these pollutants?

53. What is acid deposition?
Often called acid rain
SO 2 and NO x in the
atm o sphe re inte racts to
pro duce acidic che m icals
that can trave llo ng
distance s be fo re falling to
e arth.
Coal power plants are huge
source.
Secondary Pollutant

54. Acidic Review
“Normal”
precipitation is
slightly acidic.

55. Acidity Review

56. Measuring Acid Rain
 Normal rain is slightly
acidic and has a pH of
about 5.0-5.6
 Any rainfall with a pH
value less than 5.0 is
defined as acid rain
 As of the year 2000, the
most acidic rain falling in
the US has a pH of about
4.3.

57. Two Forms…
 Wet
Refers to acid
rain, fog, sleet,
cloud vapor and
snow.
 Dry
Refers to acidic
gases and
particles.

58. Regional Outdoor Air Pollution from
Acid Deposition
 Acid deposition
 Wet deposition  Dry deposition
Fig. 20-8 p. 444

59. Compounds
Two main contributers to acid deposition:
 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
 Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
 NO- nitric oxide (or nitrogen monoxide)
 NO2- nitrogen dioxide
 N2O- nitrous oxide
 66% of all sulfur dioxides and 25% of all
nitrogen oxides comes from coal or oil electric
power plants. Most nitrogen oxides come from
cars

60. When gas pollutants e.g. sulfur
dioxide, nitrogen dioxidedissolve
in rain water, various acids are
formed.
CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 (carbonic acid)
SO2 + H2O → H2SO3 (sulfuric acid)
NO2 + H2O → HNO2 (nitrous acid) +
HNO3 (nitric acid)

61. ACIDIC PRECIPITATION
Primary Pollutants
SO2
NO2
Secondary Pollutants
H2SO4 HNO2
sulfuric acid nitric acid
Fossil fuels
Power plants
Industrial emissions
Auto emissions
vegetation
direct toxicity
indirect health effects
soils
leaching of minerals

63. Wind
Transformation to
sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
and nitric acid (HNO3)
Nitric oxide (NO)
Acid fog
Ocean
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
and NO
Windborne ammonia gas
and particles of cultivated soil
partially neutralize acids and
form dry sulfate and nitrate salts
Dry acid
deposition
(sulfur dioxide
gas and particles
of sulfate and
nitrate salts)
Farm
Lakes in
deep soil
high in limestone
are buffered
Lakes in shallow
soil low in
limestone
become
acidic
Wet acid deposition
(droplets of H2SO4 and
HNO3 dissolved in rain
and snow)
AcidicAcidic
PrecipitationPrecipitation

64. Where is acid rain a problem
Coal power plants in the
midwest lead to very
acidic precipitation in the
northeastern U.S.
Land with limestone
buffers acid where
granite soils are very
vulnerable

65. Acid Deposition in the US
Fig. 20-9 p. 445

66. Worst Acid Deposition Problem
China gets 59% of its
energy from coal
burning.
Parts of European forest
have long been in
decline from acid
deposition.

68. Acid Deposition and Humans
 Respiratory diseases
 Toxic metal leaching
 Decreased visibility
 Damage to structures, especially
containing calcium carbonate
 Decreased productivity and
profitability of fisheries, forests,
and farms

69. Acid Deposition Impacts
Damage to
lakes, forests,
statues and
buildings and
rivers.

70. Acid Deposition and Aquatic Systems
 Fish declines
 Aluminum toxicity
 Acid shock
In Canada 1,200 lakes
contain little or no fish
due to acid levels.

71. Acid Deposition, Plants, and
Soil
 Nutrient
leaching
 Heavy metal
release
 Weakens trees
Fig. 20-11 p. 447

72. Buffering Capacity
 Acid rain primarily affects sensitive bodies of
water, which are located in watersheds
whose soils have a limited “buffering
capacity” (places that have granite bedrock
or soil for example)
 Lakes and streams become acidic when the
water itself and its surrounding soil cannot
buffer the acid rain enough to neutralize it.

73.  In areas where buffering capacity is low,
acid rain also releases aluminum from soils
into lakes and streams
 aluminum is highly toxic to many species of
aquatic organisms.
 Can attach to fish gills causing suffocation
 Can release from soil particles & enter solutions
taken up by plants causing death
http://home.earthlink.net/~photofish/fish_photos/sw10_thumb.jpg

74. Effects on
Wildlife
 Some birds have left areas- no
fish, forests destroyed- less nesting
space
 Young of most species are more
sensitive to environmental
conditions than adults.
 At pH 5, most fish eggs cannot
hatch.
 At lower pH levels, some adult fish
die.
 Both low pH and increased
aluminum levels are directly toxic
to fish.
 Can also stress fish resulting in low
body weight, small size, less able to
compete for food, habitats, reduced
reproduction, increased
susceptibility to disease
Salmon populations have
decreased in Norway since 1950
due to acid rain. Red areas
show where populations have
declined.
Loons no
longer nesting
in Adirondack
Mtn lakes- too
acidic for fish
which they eat

75. Acid Rain and Forests
 Acid rain does not usually kill trees directly.
 Instead, it is more likely to
 weaken trees by damaging their leaves
 limit the nutrients available to them
 expose them to toxic substances slowly
released from the soil.

76. Acid Rain & Forests
 Trees at higher
elevations can be
more effected
because of increased
exposure to acid fog
or acid cloud vapor
 As water evaporates
from leaf, acid
becomes more
concentrated, burning
the leaf tissue.
 Adirondack Mtns

77. Effects on Plant Nutrients
 Acidic water dissolves the
nutrients and helpful
minerals in the soil and
then washes them away
before trees and other
plants can use them to
grow.
 Acid rain also causes the
release of substances that
are toxic to trees and
plants, such as aluminum,
into the soil.

78. Global Warming And
Greenhouse

79. What Is Global Warming?
Global warming is the
warming of the earth
through carbon dioxide
(CO2) being pumped into
the atmosphere from
tailpipes and
smokestacks. Then the
gases trap heat like the
glass in a greenhouse.
This is where the term
the “greenhouse effect”
came from.
http://www.worldviewofglobalwarming.org/

80. What’s Happening
Scientists say that the
barrier insulating the
continental ice caps is
melting.
“The impacts of warming
temperatures in Antarctica
are likely to occur first in
the northern sections of
the continent, where
summer temperatures
approach the melting point
of water, 32 degrees F (0
degrees C).”
http://www.climatehotmap.org/antarctica.html

81. What’s Happening
As the ice melts, big
chunks of glaciers will
break off and become like
ice cubes in a big glass of
water. The ice chunks,
known as icebergs, create
mass in the ocean. The
icebergs displace the water
causing the ocean level to
rise. Some of the shoreline
in many places like Florida
(where the land is at a low
altitude) will go under
water.

82. What Will Happen
“Rising global temperatures are
expected to raise sea level, and
change precipitation and other
local climate conditions.
Changing regional climate could
alter forests, crop yields, and
water supplies. It could also
affect human health, animals,
and many types of ecosystems.
Deserts may expand into existing
rangelands, and features of some
of our national parks may be
permanently altered.”
http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarm
http://www.nrdc.org/globalWarming/default.asp

83. How Global Warming Works
Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

84. The Sun’s energy
passes through the
car’s windshield.
This energy (heat)
is trapped inside
the car and cannot
pass back through
the windshield,
causing the inside
of the car to warm
up.
Example of the
Greenhouse Effect

85. What’s the difference
between “global warming”
and “climate change”?

86. Difference
GLOBAL WARMING
is the increase of the
Earth’s average
surface temperature
due to a build-up of
greenhouse gases in
the atmosphere.
CLIMATE CHANGE
is a broader term that
refers to long-term
changes in climate,
including average
temperature and
precipitation.

87. Effects of Global Warming
Increased Temperature
Habitat Damage and
Changes in Water Supply
Rising Sea Level

88. What’s the proof that global
warming is taking place?

89. Portage Glacier
 Alaska
1914 2004
Photos: NOAA Photo Collection and Gary Braasch – WorldViewOfGlobalWarming.org

90. Colorado River
 Arizona
June 2002 Dec 2003

91. Why is global
warming happening

92. Burning of Fossil Fuels
Pollution from coal,
natural gas, and oil
Pollution from coal,
natural gas, and oil
Pollution from coal,
natural gas, and oil

94. WHEN DID GLOBAL
WARMING START?

95. When did global warming
start?

96. Global Atmospheric Concentration of CO2

97. How is global warming
measured?

98. Ice Core DataIce Core Data
COCO22 Measurements Before 1958 - AntarcticaMeasurements Before 1958 - Antarctica

99. CO2 Atmospheric
Measurements
CO2 Measurements Since 1958 – Mauna Loa, Hawaii

100. Temperature
(Northern Hemisphere) CO2 Concentrations
1000 Years of CO2 and
Global Warming
DegreeCelsiusIncrease
PartsPerMillion
Year Year
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000

101. GlobalGlobal
Warming:Warming:
Shifting GearsShifting Gears

102. 2007
Goal:
Reductions in
CO2 Per Year
BillionsofMetricToCarbon

103. 2007
Reductions
in CO2
Per Year
GigatonCarbon
Produce electricity
efficiently
Use electricity
efficiently
Vehicle efficiency
Solar and Wind
Power
Biofuels
Carbon capture
and storage
BillionsofMetricToCarbon Our Goal

104. What’s being done now to
reduce our emissions?
Solar PowerWind Power Fuel-Efficiency

105. WHAT CAN YOU DO TOWHAT CAN YOU DO TO
HELP SOLVE THEHELP SOLVE THE
PROBLEM?PROBLEM?

106. Simple Things To Do
Turn off your computer or the TV
when you’re not using it.
Take shorter showers. Heating water uses energy.
Keep rooms cool by closing the blinds, shades, or
curtains.
Turn off the lights when you leave a room.
Use compact fluorescent bulbs.

107. Be Bulb Smart—Use CFLs
Incandescent
Compact
Fluorescent
500 lbs. of
coal
What’s the
difference?
•1,430 lbs. CO2 pollution avoided
•$30 saved

108. Simple Things To Do
Dress lightly when it’s hot instead of turning up
the air conditioning. Or use a fan.
Dress warmly when it’s cold instead of turning
up the heat.
Offer to help your parents keep the air filters on
your AC and furnace clean.
Walk short distances instead of asking for a
ride in the car.
Plant a tree. Recycle.

117. Mars
Atmosphere: mass <1% earth’s
GH Gases: >80% CO2
Sfc. Temp.: -47°C
GH Effect: 10°C
FAR TOO COLD!
Other planets also have Greenhouse Effects,
but these are unsuitable for life
Earth
GH Gases: ~0.04% CO2
~ 1% H2O
Sfc. Temp.: 15°C
GH Effect: 33°C
NOT BAD!
Venus
Atmosphere: mass 90x
earth’s
GH Gases: >90% CO2
Sfc. Temp.: 477°C
GH Effect: 523°C
FAR TOO HOT!
Sun

118. The “Greenhouse Effect”
• The Earth’s surface thus receives energy from
two sources: the sun & the atmosphere
– As a result the Earth’s surface is ~33°C warmer than it would be without
an atmosphere
Greenhouse gases are transparent to shortwave
but absorb longwave radiation
– Thus the atmosphere stores energy

119. Electromagnetic Spectrum
incoming outgoing

120. Ozone
 Two Types:
 Stratospheric
 The “Ozone Layer”
 “Good Ozone”
 (~15-50 km)
Tropospheric
 “Bad Ozone”
• (0~15 km)
All ozone is within the
first 50km of the earth’s
atmosphere.

121. O3
O3
Two Layers of Ozone
Good
Bad

122. Ozone Layer vs.
Tropospheric Ozone
 Most ozone (about 90%) resides in a
layer that begins between 6 and 10 miles
(10 and 17 kilometers) above the Earth's
surface and extends up to about 30
miles (50 kilometers).
 This region of the atmosphere is called
the stratosphere.
 The ozone in this region is commonly
known as the ozone layer.
 The remaining ozone is in the lower
region of the atmosphere, which is
commonly called the troposphere.
 The figure (left) shows an example of
how ozone is distributed in the
atmosphere.

123. 124

124. Ozone Depleting Substances
125
 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s)
 contains: Cl, F, C
 long-lived, non-toxic, non-corrosive, and non-
flammable
 in 1960’s used in refrigerators, air conditioners,
spray cans, solvents, foams
 phase out by 1996 in developed countries

125. 126
 Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)
 contains: H, Cl, F, C
 first major replacement for CFC
 ODP’s range from 0.01 - 0.1
 much less destructive by also ozone depleting
 reduce HCFC’s by 35% by 2004 in developed
countries
 Hydrofuluorocarbons (HFC)
 contain: H, F, C
 do not deplete O3
 some HFC’s have a high GWP

126. 127
 Halons
 contain: Br, Cl (in some but not all), F, H (in some but
not all), C
 Br many times more effective in destroying O3
 ODPs range up to 10
 used in fire extinguishers
 phase out by 1994
 Methyl Bromide (CH3Br)
 an effective pesticide, used to fumigate ag soil and
products
 ODP = 0.4
 production in US will end 12/31/2000

127. Ozone Depletion Potential
128
 Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP): a number
that refers to the amount of ozone depletion
caused by a substance
 The ODP is the ratio of the impact on ozone of
a chemical compared to the impact of a similar
mass of CFC-11.

128. Ozone Depletion Potential
129
 ODP of CFC-11 is defined to be 1.0.
 Other CFCs and HCFCs have ODPs that
range from 0.01 to 1.0.
 Halons have ODPs ranging up to 10.
 Carbon tetrachloride has an ODP of 1.2
 Methyl chloroform's ODP is 0.11.
 HFCs have zero ODP because they do not
contain chlorine.

129. Impacts
130
 Ozone layer absorbs most of the harmful
UV-B radiation; more UV-B means:
 more melanoma and non-melanoma skin
cancers
 more eye cataracts
 weakened immune systems
 reduced plant yields
 damage to ocean eco-ecosystems
 more damage to plastics

130. Montreal Protocol
131
 Vienna Convention in 1985
 framework agreement
 Montreal Protocol in 1987
 Phase-out schedules for CFCs and halons
 London Amendment in 1990
 accelerated phase outs; additional CFC’s, CCl4,
CH3CCl3
 Copenhagen Amendment in 1992
 added methyl bromide, HBFCs, HCFCs
 Montreal Amendment in 1997
 finalized phase-out schedules for methyl bromide

131. QUIZ
 How does our body protect us from air
pollutants?
 What types of diseases are caused by air
pollution?

132. QUIZ
 How does your respiratory
system help protect us from air
pollution?

133. QUIZ
What is acid deposition? Where does
it occur?
What are harmful impacts of acid
deposition?
How serious of a problem is it in the
United States?
What can be done to reduce acid
deposition?

134. QUIZ
 What is acid deposition? Where does
it occur?
 What are harmful impacts of acid
deposition?
 How serious of a problem is it in the
United States?
 What can be done to reduce acid
deposition?