This document discusses sewage disposal and pollution control. It begins by defining sewage and classifying it into domestic and industrial categories. It then outlines the three stages of sewage treatment: primary, secondary, and tertiary. The document also discusses various types of pollution like air, water, noise, soil and their causes and control methods. It provides details about pollution control strategies and concludes by listing some references.

1. SEWAGE DISPOSALAND
POLLUTION CONTROL
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES Dr.
HARISINGH GOUR VISHWAVIDYALAYA, SAGAR (M. P.)
Submitted to:- Presented by:-
Ankit Verma
M.Pharm II-Sem
Y21254006
Dr. Dharmendra Jain

2. CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• CLASSIFICATION OF SEWAGE
• SEWAGE TREATMENT
• POLLUTION CONTROL
• AIR POLLUTION
• NOISE POLLUTION
• SOIL POLLUTION OR LAND POLLUTION
• WATER POLLUTION
• REFERENCES

3. INTRODUCTION
SEWAGE
Sewage is waste water from community, containing solid &
liquid excreta, derived from houses, street & yard washings,
factories & industries.
Sullage: Waste water which does not contain human excreta.

4. CLASSIFICATION OF SEWAGE
Sewage is mainly classified in two groups:
1.Domestic Sewage.
2. Industrial Sewage.

5. DOMESTIC SEWAGE
• It is composed of human waste and waste water resulting from personal
washing, institutions, and other waste products of normal living.
• It contain low amount of solid usually being 99% of water.
• It contains million of bacteria per millilitre which may cause cholera,
dysentery, and typhoid fever.
• It contains numbers of synthetic detergent, resistant to biodegradation.

6. INDUSTRIAL SEWAGE
1.These are wastes that result from an industrial process or the
production or manufacture of goods.
2.Their flows and strength are usually more varied, intense ,and
concentrated than those of sanitary sewage.
3.It contain both organic and inorganic compound.
4.It contain high amount of solid content.

7. SEWAGE TREATMENT
Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from
wastewater and household sewage, both effluents and domestic.
It includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to
remove physical, chemical and biological contaminants.

8. Its objective is to produce an environmentally safe fluid waste
stream and a solid waste suitable for disposal or reuse.

9. Sewage treatment generally involves three stages-
 PRIMARY TREATMENT
 SECONDARY TREATMENT
 TERTIARY TREATMENT

10. PRIMARY TREATMENT
Primary treatment removes materials that can be easily collected from
the raw sewage before they damage or clog the pumps and sewage
lines of primary treatment clarifiers trash, tree limbs, leaves,
branches etc..
The settled and floating materials are removed and the remaining
liquid may be discharged or subjected to secondary treatment.

11. BAR SCREENING
The influent sewage water passes through a bar screen to remove
all large objects like cans, rags, sticks, plastic packets etc. carried
in the sewage stream.
This is most commonly done with an automated mechanically
raked bar screen in modern plants serving large populations, whilst
in smaller or less modern plants, a manually cleaned screen may be
used.

12. BAR SCREEN

13. SECONDARY TREATMENT
 Secondary treatment removes dissolved and suspended biological
matter. Secondary treatment is typically performed by indigenous,
water-born micro-organisms in a managed habitat.
 Secondary treatment may require a separation process to remove
the micro organisms from the treated water prior to discharge or
tertiary treatment.

14. Secondary sedimentation tank

15.  The purpose of tertiary treatment is to provide a final treatment
stage to raise the effluent quality before it is discharged to the
receiving environment (sea, river, lake, ground, etc.). More than
one tertiary treatment process may be used at any treatment plant.
 If disinfection is practiced, it is always the final process. It is also
called ‘effluent polishing.”
Methods of tertiary treatment-
 Filtration
 Sludge drying beds
 Chlorination
TERTIARY TREATMENT

16. POLLUTION CONTROL
POLLUTION:-
 When harmful substances contaminate the environment
it is called pollution.
 Pollution refers to the very bad condition of environment
in terms of quantity and quality.
 Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the
natural environment that cause adverse change.

17. POLLUTANT
 A pollutant is a substance or energy introduced into the environment
that has undesired effects, or adversely affects the usefulness of a
resource.
 A pollutant may cause long- or short-term damage by changing the
growth rate of plant or animal species, or by interfering with human
amenities, comfort, health, or property values.
Types of Pollutant-
Biodegradable
Nonbiodegradable

18. TYPES OF POLLUTION
 AIR POLLUTION
 WATER POLLUTION
 LAND/SOIL POLLUTION
 NOISE POLLUTIN

19. AIR POLLUTION
What is air pollution?
Air pollution is the release of chemicals and particulates
into the atmosphere.
Common gaseous pollutants include-
• Carbon monoxide
• Sulfur dioxide
• Chlorofluorocarbons
• nitric oxides produced by industry and motor vehicles.

20.  Dust storms and dust from natural source.
 Smoke and carbon dioxide from Forest Fires.
 Volcanic activity which produces sulphur, chlorine, and ash
particulates.
 Methane that is emitted by the digestion of food by animals e.g. Cattle
 Radon gas from radioactive decay within the earth’scrust.

21. CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION
To control particulate emissions following equipments
are employed:-
 Settling chambers
 Cyclone separators
 Fabric filters
 Electrostatic precipitators
 Wet collector

24. NOISE POLLUTION
 Sound that is unwanted or which disrupts one’s quality of life is
called as noise. When there is lot of noise in the environment, it is
termed as noise pollution.
 Sound becomes undesirable when it disturbs the normal activities
such as working, sleeping, and during conversations.
 It is an underrated environmental problem because of the fact that
we can’t see, smell, or taste it.
 World Health Organization stated that “Noise must be recognized
as a major threat to human well-being”

25. SOURCES OF NOISE POLLUTION
 Transportation systems are the main source of noise pollution in urban
areas.
 Construction of buildings, highways, and streets cause a lot of noise,
due to the usage of air compressors, bulldozers, loaders, dump trucks,
and pavement breakers.
 Industrial noise also adds to the already unfavorable state of noise
pollution.
 Loud speakers, plumbing, boilers, generators, air conditioners, fans,
and vacuum cleaners add to the existing noise pollution.

26. EFFECTS OF NOISE POLLUTION
 Noise pollution can damage physiological and psychological
health.
 High blood pressure, stress related illness, sleep disruption,
hearing loss, and productivity loss are the problems related to
noise pollution.
 It can also cause memory loss, severe depression, and panic
attacks.

27. NOISE CONTROL STRATEGY
 Planting bushes and trees in and around sound generating sources is
an effective solution for noise pollution.
 Regular servicing and tuning of automobiles can effectively reduce
the noise pollution.
 Buildings can be designed with suitable noise absorbing material for
the walls, windows, and ceilings.
 Workers should be provided with equipment’s such as ear plugs and
earmuffs for hearing protection.
 Soundproof doors and windows can be installed to block unwanted
noise from outside.
 Social awareness programs should be taken up to educate the public
about the causes and effects of noise pollution.
 Regulations should be imposed to restrict the usage of play
loudspeakers in crowded areas and public places.
 Factories and industries should be located far from the residential
areas.

28. SOIL POLLUTION OR LAND POLLUTION
 Soil pollution is defined or can be described as the
contamination of soil of a particular region.
 The contamination of soil with solid waste, acid rain, excess of
fertilizers, insecticides and herbicides is called soil pollution
or land pollution.
 Soil pollution is caused by addition of chemicals, which reduces
it’s productive capacity.

29. CONTROL OF SOIL POLLUTION
 The disposal of waste should be done in a scientific way.
 There are different methods of waste disposal.
 The methods to be used depends on the nature of the waste.
 MODES OF WASTE DISPOSAL-
 Landfills
 Recycling
 Compositing
 Incineration
 Production of bio gas and manure.

30. WATER POLLUTION
 Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers,
oceans, aquifers and groundwater).
 Water pollution occurs when pollutants are directly or indirectly
discharged into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove
harmful compounds.
 Water pollution affects plants and organisms, living in these bodies of
water.
 In almost all cases the effect is damaging not only to individual species
and populations, but also to the natural biological communities.

31. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL STRATEGY
 Prevent ground water contamination.
 Find substitutes for toxic pollutants.
 Work with nature to treat sewage.
 Practice four R’s of resource use (refuse, reduce, recycle,
reuse) Reduce resource waste.
 Reduce air pollution.
 Reduce poverty.
 Reduce birth rates.

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University of California Press: Berkeley, 2000