Random switching of power system equipment may lead to high-frequency overvoltage transient and inrush current.
This, in turn, may stress the equipment, leading to rapid aging or dielectric failure.
What is ?
Point on Wave Controller/ Switch?
Point on Wave Switch (PoW), often called Point on Wave Controller is a high speed microprocessor based relay used for the controlled switching of circuit breaker of HVAC system. Controlled switching refers to open or close a breaker at a pre-determined point on the voltage waveform.
Design of substation (with Transformer Design) SayanSarkar55
This ppt is made for the subject Machine Design. Here the basic types, equipment, designs of substation is described with the preocess and calculation of designing a transformer also.
This PPT explains about the circuit breaker, and its types. Then about the need and purpose of the circuit breaker. And finally the testing and types of testing of circuit breakers.
Design of substation (with Transformer Design) SayanSarkar55
This ppt is made for the subject Machine Design. Here the basic types, equipment, designs of substation is described with the preocess and calculation of designing a transformer also.
This PPT explains about the circuit breaker, and its types. Then about the need and purpose of the circuit breaker. And finally the testing and types of testing of circuit breakers.
The following topics are covered: components of power distribution systems, fuses, padmounted transformers, pole mounted transformers, vault installed transformers, transformer stations protection, transformer connections, thermometers, pressure relief devices, restricted ground faults, differential protection current transformers connections, overexcitation, inrush current, percentage differential relays, gas relays, characteristics of CTs.
Practical handbook-for-relay-protection-engineersSARAVANAN A
The ‘Hand Book’ covers the Code of Practice in Protection Circuitry including standard lead and device numbers, mode of connections at terminal strips, colour codes in multicore cables, Dos and Donts in execution. Also, principles of various protective relays and schemes including special protection schemes like differential,
restricted, directional and distance relays are explained with sketches. The norms of protection of generators, transformers, lines & Capacitor Banks are also given.
This directional over current relay employs the principle of actuation of the relay....It has a metallic disc free to rotate between the poles of two...
To sense/detect the fault occurrence and other abnormal conditions at the protected equipment/area/section.
To operate the correct circuit breakers so as to disconnect only the faulty equipment/area/section as quickly as possible, thus minimizing the damage caused by the faults.
To operate the correct circuit breakers to isolate the faulty equipment/area/section from the healthy system in the case of abnormalities like overloads, unbalance, undervoltage, etc.
To clear the fault before the system becomes unstable.
To identify distinctly where the fault has occurred.
A brief about 33kv Substation........
like and share.................
want some help in your ppt or in any project visit..
https://www.fiverr.com/dawachya
The following topics are covered: components of power distribution systems, fuses, padmounted transformers, pole mounted transformers, vault installed transformers, transformer stations protection, transformer connections, thermometers, pressure relief devices, restricted ground faults, differential protection current transformers connections, overexcitation, inrush current, percentage differential relays, gas relays, characteristics of CTs.
Practical handbook-for-relay-protection-engineersSARAVANAN A
The ‘Hand Book’ covers the Code of Practice in Protection Circuitry including standard lead and device numbers, mode of connections at terminal strips, colour codes in multicore cables, Dos and Donts in execution. Also, principles of various protective relays and schemes including special protection schemes like differential,
restricted, directional and distance relays are explained with sketches. The norms of protection of generators, transformers, lines & Capacitor Banks are also given.
This directional over current relay employs the principle of actuation of the relay....It has a metallic disc free to rotate between the poles of two...
To sense/detect the fault occurrence and other abnormal conditions at the protected equipment/area/section.
To operate the correct circuit breakers so as to disconnect only the faulty equipment/area/section as quickly as possible, thus minimizing the damage caused by the faults.
To operate the correct circuit breakers to isolate the faulty equipment/area/section from the healthy system in the case of abnormalities like overloads, unbalance, undervoltage, etc.
To clear the fault before the system becomes unstable.
To identify distinctly where the fault has occurred.
A brief about 33kv Substation........
like and share.................
want some help in your ppt or in any project visit..
https://www.fiverr.com/dawachya
ABB has extensive service experience with controlled switching, and the first generation of Switchsync™ controllers
was launched in 1986. Controlled switching is used for elimination of harmful electrical transients upon planned
switching of mainly capacitor banks, shunt reactors and power transformers. The method is also gaining acceptance
for reenergizing of EHV transmission lines, and replacing traditional pre-insertion resistors. Since 1986, thousands of
Switchsync™ controllers have been delivered all over the world.
ABB is at the forefront of development of controlled switching
and its applications, and has built up unique expertise
in switching transients and mitigation of related problems in
both main and secondary circuits. Our development program
is strongly focused on providing added value for our customers.
A key aspect of all controlled switching applications is the
precision achieved during making and breaking.
The live tank circuit breakers supplied by ABB are particularly
well suited for controlled switching due to their good stability
in regards to mechanical operating time and dynamic dielectric
behavior. In addition, the Switchsync™ controllers are equipped
with a special adaptive control, which compensates for any systematic
variations in operating time. Necessary signals for the
function are received from existing instrument transformers.
All controllers have provisions for adaptive input to compensate for systematic variations in operating time of the circuit breaker.
In addition, Switchsync™ F236, T183, and L183 have provisions for two external, predictive inputs (e.g. temperature variation,
control voltage). These functions make it possible to achieve added precision in the timing of the controlled circuit breaker.
They also have a data memory that stores information on switching times, thus permitting condition monitoring of the circuit
breaker. Sensors for compensation purposes and communication software for all controllers except E-models are accessories
that are ordered separately.
The
microprocessor based automatic synchroniser (8085)BIJU GANESH
It is well known that electrical load on a power system or an
industrial establishment, is never constant but it varies. To meet the requirement of
variable load , economically and also for assuring continuity of supply the number of
generating units connected to a system busbar are varied suitably . The connection of
an incoming alternator to system bus, ie; synchronization requires fulfillment of the
condition like the same phase sequence equality of voltages and frequency between
the incoming machine and frequency between the in coming machine and busbar.
Review of Step down Converter with Efficient ZVS OperationIJRST Journal
This paper presents the review of step down converter with efficient ZVS operation. The designed buck converter uses ZCS technique and the function is realized so that the power form is converted from 12V DC 5V DC (1A). A detailed analysis of zero current switching buck converters is performed and a mathematical analysis of the mode of operation is also presented. In order to reduce the switching losses in associated with conventional converters; resonant inductor and resonant capacitor (LC resonant circuit) is applied which helps to turn on-off the switch at zero current. The dc-dc buck converter receives the energy from the input source, when the switch is turned-on. The buck–buck converters have characteristics that warrant a more detailed study. The buck converters under discontinuous conduction mode /continuous conduction mode boundary.
Speed Control Of DC motor By Using PWM TechniqueRITESH D. PATIL
Generally the pwm is the duty cycle which greater control on the dc motor effectively & the pulses reach the full supply voltage and will produce more torque in a motor by being able to overcome the internal motor resistances more easily.
Thermography test of electrical panels Thermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panel
What does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving meanWhat does peak shaving mean
Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide Power System Restoration Guide
Big data analytics Big data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analyticsBig data analytics
Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action Scheme
SPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action SchemeSPS to RAS Special Protection Scheme Remedial Action Scheme
SVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer Frequency and voltage support for dynamic grid...Power System Operation
SVC PLUS
Frequency Stabilizer
Frequency and voltage support for dynamic grid stability
SVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer Frequency
What is load management What is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load management
What does merit order mean What does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order meanWhat does merit order mean
What are
Balancing Services ? What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?What are Balancing Services ?
The Need for Enhanced Power System Modelling Techniques & Simulation Tools Power System Operation
The Need for Enhanced Power System Modelling Techniques & Simulation Tools The Need for Enhanced Power System Modelling Techniques The Need for Enhanced Power System Modelling Techniques & Simulation Tools The Need for Enhanced Power System Modelling Techniques & Simulation Tools & Simulation Tools
Power Quality Trends in the Transition to Carbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemPower System Operation
Power Quality
Trends in the Transition to
Carbon-Free Electrical Energy System Carbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemCarbon-Free Electrical Energy System
Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPA
Harmonic study and analysis Harmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysisHarmonic study and analysis
What is leakage current testing What is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testingWhat is leakage current testing
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
2. Random switching of power system
equipment may lead to high-frequency
overvoltage transient and inrush
current.
This, in turn, may stress the equipment,
leading to rapid aging or dielectric
failure.
3. • What is ?
Point on Wave Controller/ Switch?
• Point on Wave Switch (PoW), often
called Point on Wave Controller is a
high speed microprocessor based relay
used for the controlled switching of
circuit breaker of HVAC system.
Controlled switching refers to open or
close a breaker at a pre-determined
point on the voltage waveform.
4. This controller is used for switching of
Shunt Reactors, Transmission Lines,
Power Transformers & Capacitor Bank.
• Point On Wave (POW) controllers, also
known as Synchronous Switching Controllers
(SSC), are high-speed microprocessor-based
relays used to open and close the contacts of
independent pole operation (IPO) circuit
breakers (CB) at the pre-determined point on
wave for minimizing the switching transients.
5. • This approach minimizes the disturbance to the
network, as well as the stresses to the
associated equipment.
• Very sophisticated algorithm implementations
are available in the market, allowing POW
controllers to perform optimum switching of
capacitor banks, shunt reactors, power
transformers, and compensated or
uncompensated transmission lines.
6. Why Controlled Switching is required?
Random switching of equipment may lead to
high frequency over-voltage transient and
inrush current.
This in turn may stress the equipment and
leads to rapid aging.
It is suggested to read Transformer Inrush
Current for better understanding of inrush
phenomenon.
7. How Controlled Switching by Point
on Wave Switch / PoW Controller
achieved?
• Point on Wave Switch basically synchronizes
the random closing / opening input order so
that individual poles of the breaker get close
/ open at pre-determined point on reference
voltage waveform.
8. Figure below shows the simplified
diagram of PoW controller operation
The above figure shows the use of PoW controller for switching Shunt Reactor. It can be
easily seen that, a Point on Wave controller takes the following inputs:
9. Source side PT supply
• Only one phase i.e. R-N of source side PT supply
is taken for reference. This PT supply acts as a
reference for system voltage and PoW controller
decides the target point on this system voltage.
In case of Shunt Reactor switching to minimize
the inrush current, it is desirable to close the
breaker at voltage peak. Since the load is reactive
in nature, therefore closing the breaker at
voltage peak will cause the shunt reactor to take
zero current (current through an inductor lags by
90°) and therefore the transients in current will
be minimized.
10. CB Parameter
• For PoW controller to decide the point of
switching on the system voltage
waveform, it is necessary for it to know
the breaker opening and closing time.
Therefore, breaker closing and tripping
parameter is fed.
• Breaker timing is obtained through the
timing test which is carried out along
with DCRM test.
11. CT Input
• CT input to PoW controller serves the purpose for
analysis of load current upon closing / opening of
breaker. It is also used for the estimation of breaker
opening / closing time. It shall be noted at this point
that breaker closing is the instant at which pre-
arcing at take place.
• Pre-arcing take place before the actual closing of
mechanical contacts. Normally pre-arcing time is
2ms. Similarly for opening operating, breaker
opening time is the instant between mechanical
contacts open and arc extinguishes. Therefore arcing
time must be considered for determination of target
point. Normally, arcing time is 6 ms.
12. Working Principle of Point on Wave Switch
• When a random closing / opening command is
given to the breaker through control switch, PoW
receives the command and process it before issuing
the closing / opening command to the breaker. It
introduces a time delay between the issue of
random command from control switch to the issue
of command by PoW Switch as shown in figure
below.
• In this time period, the controller does the
necessary calculation such that breaker may close at
defined point on reference voltage waveform. For
this calculation, breaker operating time is
considered and then PoW issues command in such a
time that breaker may close at the target point. In
the figure below, target point is at voltage zero.
13.
14. Let us consider an example for better
understanding. Let us suppose that breaker
closing time is 104.78 ms and it is used for
switching shunt reactor. Therefore our target
point shall be voltage peak. Point on Wave
Switch has its own time delay and it adjusts its
delay in such a way that the sum of PoW delay
and Breaker closing time corresponds to
voltage peak. Suppose the controller delay be
37.80 ms, therefore expected target point
shall be (Breaker closure time + Controller
Delay = 104.78+37.80) 142.58 ms.
15. • But actual closure of breaker means the
instant of time where current start flowing
through the circuit.
• Thus pre-arcing time shall be taken into
consideration. Assuming pre-arcing time to
be 2 ms, the target point shall be 140.58 ms.
Figure below shows the graph of switching
instant for Shunt Reactor.
16. Following
points shall
be noted
from the
above
graph:
The target point for shunt reactor is at voltage peak to limit inrush current.
PoW Switch determines the target point for Y and B phase assuming balanced three phase
voltage as only one phase voltage input is given to it. Thus if R phase voltage is assumed
reference then VY = VmSin(ωt-120°), VB = VmSin(ωt+120°)
As voltage peak either positive or negative for Y phase is occurring first, therefore closing
command to Y pole of breaker will be issued first. Thereafter R and at last B pole will close.
Thus the difference in target point for two consecutive phases will be (30° = 10 ms / 6)
1.67 ms as evident from the graph above.
Carefully observe the current curve and see how smooth current transition is taking place.
It can be realized from the above graph that how inrush current is limited.
17. Adaptive Nature of Point on Wave Switch
• As we know that, Breaker opening and closing time
changes with time and aging. Further it is also
affected by the environmental condition. Therefore
it is necessary to compensate for these.
Compensation for environmental condition is
accounted by giving ambient temperature input to
Point on Wave Switch.
• For accounting change in breaker operating time
due aging, PoW is made adaptive. Adaptive means,
it can adapt its timing as per the previous switching
data so that required target point can be achieved.
18. Point on Wave Switch Bypass Feature
• A provision for bypassing PoW switch is generally
provided by the manufacturer. The controller gets
automatically bypassed in case of internal fault in
it.
• For manual bypass, two hand switches CLOSE and
TRIP with IN & OUT positions are provided to
bypass closing and tripping operation of breaker
manually when required.
• It shall be noted that, in case of protection
breaker always trips on PoW bypass mode. This is
done to avoid for any intentional introduction of
time delay for clearing fault.
19. Review of Switching Strategies
• One advantage of POW controllers is their capability to
perform more than one switching strategy to better adapt
when the network changes (e.g., changes in line
compensation levels or replacement of CBs with a different
operating mechanism). Our team can recommend new
operating strategies, improved settings, or potential
controller upgrades to fit the application.
Conlcusion: Point-on-Wave Switching
• It offers a cost-effective and compact electronic
solution to switching transients and can be installed at
initial build stage or as a retrofit to existing circuit
breakers.