This document discusses plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) and grid-enabled vehicles (GEVs), which can be charged from the electric grid and allow bidirectional power flow to discharge energy back to the grid. There are three types of GEVs: hybrid or fuel cell vehicles, battery-powered or plug-in hybrid vehicles, and solar vehicles. GEVs have lower operating costs and reduce emissions and oil dependence, but disadvantages include high battery costs, limited charging infrastructure, potential grid overloading, and fire risks.

2. PEV - motor vehicle with rechargeable battery packs that can
be charged from the electric grid
Plug-in electric vehicles grid enabled vehicles (GEV)
PLUG IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES

3. GEV or GRID ENABLED VEHICLE that is fully
or partially powered by the ELECTRIC GRID
Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V)
Bidirectional flow of power
enabling EVs to charge from the grid
& discharge back to the grid.
 V1G one-way power flow

4. V2G version of battery-
to-grid power applied to vehicles.
3 versions are:
• HYBRID OR FUEL CELL
VEHICLE
• BATTERY-POWERED OR PLUG-
IN HYBRID VEHICLE
• SOLAR VEHICLE

6. WORKING

7. ADVANTAGES:
Lower operating and maintenance costs
Air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions
Less dependence on imported oil
Vehicle-to-grid

8. DISADVANTAGES:
Cost of batteries and cost of ownership
Availability of recharging infrastructure
Potential overload of the electrical grid
Risks of battery fire

9. NISSAN LEAF