The document discusses various charging technologies for electric vehicles (EVs), including unidirectional smart charging (V1G) and bidirectional vehicle-to-grid (V2G) solutions. It emphasizes the importance of updating infrastructure to meet the growing energy demands anticipated with the increase of EVs, which could reach a 40% market mix by 2030. Additionally, it highlights the potential financial and environmental benefits of implementing V2G systems while addressing challenges such as high implementation costs and the need for better communication protocols.

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V1G | V2G | V2X
SUSTAINABLE FUTURE CHARGING
Ioannis Roussis
Senior Product Manager – Kia Europe GmbH

2. DEFINITIONS
Time based – User Defined Charging
Grid to Vehicle [V1G] - Unidirectional Controlled Smart Charging
Vehicle to Grid [V2G] - Bidirectional Controlled Smart Charging
V2x – Power supply from vehicle to its surroundings (V2L, V2H, etc.)
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3. ELECTRIFICATION TREND
INCREASING IMPORTANCE
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Exponential electrification growth will lead to high energy demands
Graph
source:
Deloitte
Insights
~40% EV Mix by 2030
~6m new EVs per year
(>15m UIO by 2030)

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CHARGING HABBITS
CLOSE LOOK INTO THE FUTURE IMPACTS
EV growth from 2% to almost 40% in 10 years poses risk in the existing power grids
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Solutions:
1. Invest in infrastructure to cover all needs & securing no outages during peak charging times
2. Update infrastructures & use the available energy stored in EVs

5. Operation:
 The user can define the charging time & duration
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GRID TO VEHICLE CHARGING
1. TIME-BASED CHARGING AC CHARGING
User Benefit:
 Intuitive and easy to use
 All modern EVs provide this function
 Targeted pricing guides the usage
Restrictions & Future:
 Not enough to balance the grid in the future
 Increasing “peaks” at current “off-peak” times
Suitable solution at the early stages of electrification
Image source: Kia Europe

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GRID TO VEHICLE CHARGING
2. V1G UNIDIRECTIONAL SMART CHARGING
What is it?
 Grid to vehicle charging moderated by the DSO to achieve grid balance during peak times
 Controlling time & speed of charging
Charging Profiles
Energy flow management
Communication protocols
Benefits & Restrictions:
 Mid-term solution to moderate power consumption during a day
 Suitable for residential areas, since it operates on AC Charging
 Requires protocol management between vehicles & DSOs
 Relatively high investment needs to update the grid and smart data flow
V1G can support vs. the exponential energy consumption

7.  Vehicles receive and feed energy to the grid
 Vehicles support grid balance throughout the day
 Renewable energy source  usage optimization
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VEHICLE TO GRID – V2G
BI-DIRECTIONAL SMART CHARGING
Important step to a Zero Carbon Future

8. How does it work?
 Mainly DC Charging with CHAdeMO
 Automated management of the power flow towards and from the vehicle to optimize grid load
 The car charges during the day with renewable energy and discharges during peak times
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VEHICLE TO GRID – V2G
BI-DIRECTIONAL SMART CHARGING
Important step to a Zero Carbon Future

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VEHICLE TO GRID – V2G
BI-DIRECTIONAL SMART CHARGING
Peak Shaving Income Generation Sustainable EV future
A. Avoid exceeding the
agreed power threshold
B. Financial benefit for the
household, company
A. When demand peaks,
the energy providers
immediately feed with
EV energy to keep the
grid stable
B. Lower grid maintenance
C. EV owners compensation
A. Virtual storage facility
next to renewable power
storage infrastructure
B. Stores energy during the
renewable energy
creation and supports
during peak times
Peak Shaving graph source: https://elum-energy.com/en/2021/01/19/peak-shaving-solar-energy-storage-methods-to-reduce-peak-load-2/

10.  V2G chargers only DC CHAdeMO
 CCS Combo expected ~2025
 Implementation costs remain high
 EV Owner income remains unclear
 Governments & Regulators
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VEHICLE TO GRID – V2G
BI-DIRECTIONAL SMART CHARGING
Restrictions: Future:
 45% of households to provide
energy to grid via V2G, by 2050*
 V2G expected to be a viable
solution after 2030
 AC & CCS availability highly needed
 V2G key for Zero Carbon Future
* Source: National Grid’s Future Energy Scenarios, published in July 2020. https://electricnation.org.uk/2020/09/02/the-future-of-vehicle-to-grid-ev-charging/

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VEHICLE TO ANYTHING
V2L TO V2X AND THE FUTURE
Stored energy readily
available
Providing energy at
times of need
EVs useful in daily life
around the world
Image source: Hyundai Tech: https://tech.hyundaimotorgroup.com/article/looking-into-e-gmp-a-balance-of-function-and-sensibility/

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VEHICLE TO ANYTHING
V2L TO V2X AND THE FUTURE
Image source: Hyundai Tech: https://tech.hyundaimotorgroup.com/article/looking-into-e-gmp-a-balance-of-function-and-sensibility/

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VEHICLE TO ANYTHING
V2L TO V2X AND THE FUTURE
Image source: Hyundai Tech: https://tech.hyundaimotorgroup.com/article/looking-into-e-gmp-a-balance-of-function-and-sensibility/
Easy to implement
Clear user benefit
Local authorities’ back-up solution

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THE END
Ioannis Roussis
Senior Product Manager – Kia Europe