The document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and their programming. It discusses what a PLC is, its basic components like the CPU, I/O modules, and power supply. It also covers PLC programming languages and common types of programs like ladder logic. The document then presents examples of interfacing sensors and output devices to PLC I/O modules. It discusses digital and analog I/O modules and how devices are connected via sinking and sourcing configurations. Finally, it provides guidance on setting up a basic PLC system by selecting components based on I/O counts and power requirements.
A PLC is a digital operating electronic apparatus.
Which uses a programmable memory for internal storage of instruction for implementing specific function such as logic, sequencing, timing, counting and arithmetic to control through analog or digital input/output modules various types of machines or process.
well it is about the basics of plc and the working of the plc and the different types of the plc manufactures in the plc plc automation in industries and in the large scale companies.
Seminar Presentation on Programmeble Logic Controller , By an Engineering Student For doing Professional Presentation like Business Presentation, Industrial Use
CETPA INFOTECH PVT LTD is one of the IT education and training service provider brands of India that is preferably working in 3 most important domains. It includes IT Training services, software and embedded product development and consulting services.
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A PLC is a digital operating electronic apparatus.
Which uses a programmable memory for internal storage of instruction for implementing specific function such as logic, sequencing, timing, counting and arithmetic to control through analog or digital input/output modules various types of machines or process.
well it is about the basics of plc and the working of the plc and the different types of the plc manufactures in the plc plc automation in industries and in the large scale companies.
Seminar Presentation on Programmeble Logic Controller , By an Engineering Student For doing Professional Presentation like Business Presentation, Industrial Use
CETPA INFOTECH PVT LTD is one of the IT education and training service provider brands of India that is preferably working in 3 most important domains. It includes IT Training services, software and embedded product development and consulting services.
http://www.cetpainfotech.com
A Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) or Programmable Controller is an electronic device used for Automation of industrial processes, such as control of machinery on factory assembly lines.
PLC TEAM MEMBERS
Team Sponsors
Glenn Maleyko
Dearborn Public Schools Superintendent
Rose Aldubaily
English Learner (EL) Director
Team Leader
Scott Casebolt
Edsel Ford High School Principal
Team Scribe
Laurie Lintner
Dearborn High School Literacy Coordinator
Team Members
Mohammed Abdelfattah
EL Bilingual Resource Teacher
Eman Ahmed
Salina Intermediate Teacher
Kellie Bugajski
EL Language & Literacy SIOP Trainer
Sean Fisher
O.L. Smith Middle School Principal
Jeanine Oynoian
Whitmore-Bolles Elementary Instructional Coach
PROJECT STATEMENT
To achieve effective implementation of Professional Learning Communities (PLCs) as measured by continuity, common understanding, collaboration, and accountability, resulting in increased student achievement.
This is a small project on Siemens PLC Step 7 models. The project required lot of lateral thinking and logical decision making in order to develop programs for the traffic light management for the entire chandigarh city. The project is known as Total Traffic Security & Management (TTSM)
This presentation is specially for freshers and students who are seeking the best ways of making resume.
It also contains:
- the 5 Mostly Questions asked in the interview.
- 5 Questions a candidate must asked in his/her Interview
- Myths of Interviews
-Do's & Don't of Interview
Do you want to know more about PLC and control systems then this lecture will be beneficial to you. This lecture/PPT contains all the basic views about PLC and Control Systems.
If you are more very curious to Know more about PLC, SCADA, DCS, HMI, VFD, Panel Designing, AutoCAD etc... then feel free to contact to me. My Contact no. Is. 9718474287.
This presentation explains various parameters used in AC drive of Allen Bradley Model Powerflex 4M
Unlock full featured course with 100+ Video Lectures at 30% Discount on "Advanced AC Drive- VFD, Stepper and Servo Drives" lifetime E-Learning course for 39 USD only: https://www.udemy.com/learn-vfd-in-a-day/?couponCode=slideshare2016
Enroll for Advanced Industrial Automation Training with PLC, HMI and Drive Combo with 300+ Video Lecture for 69.3 USD only: http://online.nfiautomation.org/catalog/1769?couponCode=LEARNING_MADE_EASY
Unlock full featured course with 250+ Video Lectures at 20% Discount for "Learn 5 PLC's in a Day" lifetime E-Learning course for 39 USD only: https://www.udemy.com/nfi-plc-online-leaning/?couponCode=slideshare2016
Enroll for Advanced Industrial Automation Training with PLC, HMI and Drive Combo with 300+ Video Lecture for 69.3 USD only: http://online.nfiautomation.org/catalog/1769?couponCode=LEARNING_MADE_EASY
Unlock full featured course with 250+ Video Lectures at 20% Discount for "Learn 5 PLC's in a Day" lifetime E-Learning course for 39 USD only: https://www.udemy.com/nfi-plc-online-leaning/?couponCode=slideshare2016
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Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
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Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
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2. Overview
What is a control System?
Fundamentals of PLC?
PLC hardware and basic operation
Sensor and output devices
Control program
Types of PLC programming language
Summary
Introduction to ladder diagram
PLC programming Exercises
Bonus programming (ST &SFC)
WGA_PLC_02092016
10. So any idea what is a PLC?
WGA_PLC_02092016
network
digital inputs
digital outputs
analog inputs / outputs
11. WGA_PLC_02092016
It is a device that is used to control an
output equipment base on the input
signal.
The PLC works by looking at its inputs,
executes a user defined program, check
for error during program execution and
then update outputs if no error
encountered.
What exactly is a PLC?
13. Consider the following design requirements
Design and build a circuit to operate
a 10 submersible pumps with its
corresponding interlocks of tank
level, discharge pressure and motor
protection sensor.
WGA_PLC_02092016
14. Assuming your design required
65 relays to be installed in a
350 x 300 x 150 mm panel?
1 PLC
Over 200 possible
relay, timer,
counter, real time
clock,
combination
25 Timers
25 Switches
65
Relays
How about if you
have timers
switches?
How many PLC do you need for the
given number of relays, switches,
and timers?
1 PLC
Over 200
possible relay,
timer, counter,
real time clock,
combination
WGA_PLC_02092016
15. Installation mounting, wiring, and commissioning
Troubleshooting
Configuration and reconfiguration
Remote monitoring
Networking
Major issues of conventional relay circuit
WGA_PLC_02092016
19. 19
Major Components of a Common PLC
CPU
POWER
SUPPLY
I M
N O
P D
U U
T L
E
O M
U O
T D
P U
U L
T E
PROGRAMMING
DEVICE
From
SENSORS
Pushbuttons,
contacts,
limit switches,
Sensing devices
Proximity sensors
Light detector
To
OUTPUT
Solenoids
Contactors
motors
any electrical
devices
YOU
Memory
WGA_PLC_02092016
20. 20
POWER SUPPLY
Provides the voltage needed to run the primary PLC components
I/O MODULES
Receive signal from external input devices, performs signal conversion and
provide appropriate signal to external devices.
CPU
Provides intelligence to command and govern the activities of the entire PLC
systems.
PROGRAMMING DEVICE
Used to enter the desired program that will determine the sequence of operation
and control of process equipment or driven machine.
Major Components of a Common PLC
WGA_PLC_02092016
26. WGA_PLC_02092016
PHASE 2
Program
Execution
PHASE 3
Diagnostics/
Comm
PHASE 4
Output
Scan
PHASE 1
Read Inputs
Scan
PLC Operations
Step 1-CHECK INPUT STATUS - PLC takes a
look at each input module to determine if it is on or
off, or reads analog measurement value
Step 2-EXECUTE PROGRAM - PLC executes your
program one instruction at a time.
Step 4-UPDATE OUTPUT STATUS -PLC updates
the status of the outputs. It updates the outputs based
on which inputs were on during the first step and the
results of executing your program during the second
step. is true.
Step 3-DIAGNOSTIC AND COM – PLC preforms
diagnostic and communication task
Repeat Cycle
27. WGA_PLC_02092016
Read all field input devices via the input interfaces, execute
the user program stored in application memory, then, based
on whatever control scheme has been programmed by the
user, turn the field output devices on or off, or perform
whatever control is necessary for the process application.
Scanning is the process of sequentially reading the inputs,
executing the program in memory, and updating the outputs.
Scan time (cycle time) – the time to complete one PLC
operation (step 1 to 4).
Basic Function of a Typical PLC
30. Monolithic (one-piece) construction
Fixed casing
Fixed number of I/O (most of them binary), up to 128 I/O’s and memories
up to 2 Kbytes.
No process computer capabilities (no MMC)
Can be extended and networked by an extension (field) bus
Sometimes LAN connection
Mono-processor
Small or compact
32. Large PLC
Modular with network of Remote IOs (RIO)
It is the most sophisticated units of the PLC family. They have up to
8192 I/O’s and memories up to 75 Kbytes.
It can control individual production processes or entire plant.
34. Let us consider a medium type PLC
PLC Rack
PLC
sections
WGA_PLC_02092016
35. Power Supply Section
The PS output provides power to every module
in the PLC; however, it does not provide the DC
voltages to the PLC's peripheral I/O devices.
WGA_PLC_02092016
36. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The processor section makes the
decisions needed by the PLC so that it
can operate and communicate with other
modules.
Executes the programs.
It has memory section. This size tells us
how many locations are available in the
memory for storage. Additional memory
modules can be added to your PLC
system as the need arises.
Flash Memory
sometimes EEPROM
WGA_PLC_02092016
37. Input Module
The input module has two functions:
– reception of an external signal
– and status display of that input
point.
The input to an input module is either a
discrete or analog signal.
WGA_PLC_02092016
38. Input Module
Typical types of input modules
Analog input (4-20 mA or 0 -10 Vdc).
DC voltage (110, 220, 14, 24, 48, 15-30V)
AC voltage (110, 240, 24, 48V)
TTL (transistor-transistor logic) input (3-15VDC).
Word input (16-bit/parallel).
Thermocouple input.
Resistance temperature detector.
High current relay.
Low current relay.
Latching input (24VDC/110VAC).
Isolated input (24VDC/85-132VAC).
WGA_PLC_02092016
39. Output Module
The output module transmits discrete or analog
signals to activate various devices such as hydraulic
actuators, solenoids, motor starters, and displays
the status (through the use of LEDs) of the
connected output points. Signal conditioning,
termination, and isolation are also part of the
output module's functions.
WGA_PLC_02092016
40. Output Module
Some typical output modules available today include the
following:
DC voltage (24, 48,110V) or current (4-20 mA).
AC voltage (110, 240v) or current (4-20 mA).
Isolated (24VDC).
Analog output (12-bit).
Word output (16-bit/parallel).
WGA_PLC_02092016
43. Sensor
I. Digital/logical sensor – detect the state of an event (either True or
False)
Mechanical switch
1. Contact (float switch, position switch etc.)
2. REED switch (electromagnetic switch)
Proximity Switch
1. Capacitive ( detect non metal object)
2. Inductive ( detect metal object)
3. Photo sensor (uses light to detect almost all types of
object)
WGA_PLC_02092016
44. Sensor
II. Analog/continuous sensor
Detect variable physical events and convert it into a
corresponding proportional electrical signal. This sensors normally
requires a transmitter to amplify and condition the analog sensor
output to a level acceptable for transmission and detection of DI
module in either voltage (0 to 10Vdc) or currents (4-20 mA).
Level Sensor (ultrasonic, pressure, capacitive, mechanical)
Flow Sensor (ultrasonic, pressure , electromagnetic, etc)
Pressure Sensor ( Bourdon tube)
Temperature Sensor (RTD, Thermocouple)
Speed transmitter Sensor ( tachometer)
Force, torque, position sensor, etc.
WGA_PLC_02092016
46. Output devices
I. Digital/Logical controlled output devices
Digital controlled actuators
Convert command signal from DO module into mechanical
motion, which will either directly or indirectly control a
process.
Solenoid – electrical current to a limited linear motion
Solenoid valve – redirect flow of gas or fluids
Hydraulic controlled actuators – to control large and rigid
load at lower speed.
Pneumatic controlled actuators – to control small and not
stiff load at higher speed. Use combination of solenoid valve
and cylinders
Electrical (motor) controlled actuators
WGA_PLC_02092016
47. Output devices
Digital controlled Motors
Receive command signal from PLC to start and stop. Low
current motors can be directly connected to PLC DO
module. However large and high current rated motor
requires a relay, contactor or motor control devices.
Below are some motor control devices typically use in
industry
DOL (Direct on line)
Soft starter
WGA_PLC_02092016
48. Output devices
II. Continuous control output devices
Continuous controlled actuators
Allows the system output to be adjusted to pre determine
range of values.
Hydraulic controlled actuators with a positioner – to control
large and rigid load at lower speed.
Pneumatic controlled actuators with a positioner – to
control small and not stiff load at higher speed. Use
combination of solenoid valve and cylinders
Electrical (motor) controlled actuators with a positioner
Cylinder with a position feedback.
WGA_PLC_02092016
49. Output devices
Continuous controlled motor
The motor can be controlled using additional motor
control devices such as VFD
VFD – Variable Frequency Drives, rotor speed will
vary in proportion to input signal from AO module.
Normally, AO output signal is 4 – 20 mA.
Configuration and parameterization are done in
VFD and SCADA. Settings in VFD and SCADA should
match to avoid any have a proper control.
WGA_PLC_02092016
51. Selection of Sensor
Voltage
Direct current (12-24, 10
-60 Vdc)
AC (24 Vac, 100-240Vac)
Direct current (5 Vdc)
Sensor
Relay type (Dc rating)
Relay type (Ac rating)
or mechanical switch
Transistor (TTL)
WGA_PLC_02092016
53. Sinking and Sourcing
Sinking – if Active, the output will allow the current
to flow to a common reference voltage (-). This is
best selected when different voltage are supplied
Sourcing – if Active, the output will allow the
current from common source (+) through the
input/output devices and to the ground. This
method is best used when all devices uses single
supply voltage.
WGA_PLC_02092016
54. Sourcing sensor and Sinking DI
WGA_PLC_02092016
Sinking DI module
Sensor
Output
Circuit
Source (+)
PNP or Sourcing sensor
Provide a pathway to a Source (+)
To PLC Input
55. Sinking sensor and Sourcing DI
WGA_PLC_02092016
Sourcing DI module
Sensor
Output
Circuit
From PLC Input
Common (-)
NPN or Sinking input sensor
Provide pathway to a common (-)
60. Discrete Analog Inputs
Rectifier circuit is added to opto-
coupler circuit
AC input module requires longer
recognition time than DC input
module.
However AC signal are more
immune to noise than DC.
Suitable for long distances and
noisy environments.
Common
Input 0
Input 1
AC
Switch
Switch
P
L
C
WGA_PLC_02092016
61. Analog Modulating Inputs
• For transmitter it can be,
– Analog Current (0/4 to
20 ma)
– Analog Voltage (0-
10VDC)
• You need power source to
power up the transmitters.
Common
Input 0
Input 1
24
VDC
P
L
C
Transmitter(+) (-)
WGA_PLC_02092016
62. Discrete - Relay Outputs
A relay is non-polarized and typically it can
switch either AC or DC.
Here the common is connected to one
end of our power supply and the other
end of the supply is connected to the
load. The other half of our load gets
connected to the actual plc output you
have designated within your ladder
program.
When the program like ladder tells the
output to turn on, the plc will internally
apply a voltage to the relay coil. This
voltage will allow the proper contact to
close. When the contact closes, an
external current is allowed to flow
through our external circuit. When the
ladder tells the plc to turn off the output,
it will simply remove the voltage from the
internal circuit thereby enabling the
output contact to release.
Internal Circuit
Coil Coil Coil
Contact Contact Contact
COM COM0100 0101 0102
Etc,
Note:
0100, 0101, 0102 are output relay
designated in the program.
WGA_PLC_02092016
63. Discrete -Transistor Outputs
• Transistor can only switch a dc
current. For this reason it cannot
be used with an AC voltage.
• Transistor are solid-state switch. A
small current applied to the
transistors "base" lets us switch a
much larger current through its
output.
• Transistor is fast, switches a small
current, has a long lifetime and
works with dc only.
Internal Circuit
Photo coupler
COM 0100
Etc.
WGA_PLC_02092016
64. Analog Modulating Outputs
• For transmitter it can be,
– Analog Current (0/4 to
20 ma)
– Analog Voltage (0-
10VDC)
Common
Input 0
Input 1
P
L
C
Field
Devices
(+)
( - )
WGA_PLC_02092016
65. How to set up your PLC
Choose a chassis.
Count the number of input (digital
or analog)
Count the number of output (digital
or analog)
From the number of I/O compute
for the power consumption and
select the correct power supply.
InputInputInput Output OutputChoose your processor
WGA_PLC_02092016
67. PLC program
The PLC hardware requires a PLC
program.
There are many types available in
building a program. Typical are as
follows,
– Ladder Logic
– Structured text
– Function block diagram
– SFC (Sequential Function Charts).
– Instruction list
Regardless of which method is chosen,
it will be executed by the PLC's CPU
module. The software can be written
and executed with the processor in an
online state or in the off-line state
WGA_PLC_02092016
68. Sample Application
Here, we want the fill motor to pump
the fluid into the tank until the high
level sensor turns on. At that point we
want to turn off the motor until the
level falls below the low level sensor.
Then we should turn on the fill motor
and repeat the process.
Input (High Level)
Input
(Low Level)
Output (Motor)
Level
Controller
WGA_PLC_02092016
71. IEC 61131
IEC 61131 -1 Overview
IEC 61131 -2 Requirements and Test
procedures
IEC 61131 -3 Data Types and Programming
IEC 61131 -4 User Guidelines
IEC 61131 -5 Communications
IEC 61131 -7 Fuzzy Control
WGA_PLC_02092016
72. IEC 61131 – 3 Programming Languages
Five standard programming languages
Ladder Logic (LD)
Structured text (ST)
Function block diagram (FBD)
Sequential Function Charts (SFC )
Instruction list (IL)
WGA_PLC_02092016
73. Ladder Logic (LD)
Most widely used
Initially invented to replace hardwired relay
circuit
Graphical representation of control circuit
with a series of control inputs needing to
made true to activate one or more output.
Ideal for simple control circuit, but difficult to
implement for advance and complex control
system such as PID, mathematical calculation
and data analysis.
WGA_PLC_02092016
75. Functional Block Diagram
Second widely used programming language
Interconnection of functional block to
represent a graphical representation of the
control circuit.
Easier to follow process flow. Just follow the
path!
WGA_PLC_02092016
77. Structured Text (ST)
Similar to a high level computer programming
such as “C”.
Mobility from non-PLC programs
Highest rate of adoption
Ideal for more complex control circuit
requirements such as mathematical
calculations, data analysis, decision loops,
Faster execution time than LD,FBD and SFC.
Not maintenance friendly
WGA_PLC_02092016
79. Sequential Function charts (SFC)
Similar to computer flow charts
Consist of Step and transition
Starting point is the initial action box
Step or Action Box (equipment status
represented by a variable or a
code of any language)
Transition (input variables or conditions)
Easiest to implement
Maintenance friendly/Easy to trouble shoot
Slowest execution time
Not applicable to all applications
WGA_PLC_02092016
82. Instruction List (IL)
Text based non graphical
A low level language similar to assembler
language use microprocessor programming
Very step by step in layout and format
Can be move easily between hardware
platforms
Fastest execution time
Not maintenance friendly.
WGA_PLC_02092016
86. Sensor
PLC
Hardware – I/Os(DI, AI, DO, AO), CPU, Memory, PS
Operation – Scan input, execute program,self diagnostic and Scan
output
Control programs – As per IEC 611313 – 3 ( LD, FBD, ST, SFC and
IL)
Output devices
Interfacing of external devices
Source and sinking.
Sensor (sink) – DI (source), Sensor (Source) – DI (Sink)
Sensor (Either sink or source) – DI (sink and source)
Configuration in DO is the same if the output devices is transistorized
Internal switching component of IO module
Relay – for AC/DC
Transistor – for low rating DC and AC (with rectifier circuit0
TRIAC– higher rating AC DC
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Summary
87. Programming Language
IL – Mnemonic programming
ST – C or BASIC like programming
LD – Relay logic diagram based
FBD – Graphical data flow
programming method
SFC – Graphical method of
structuring programs
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Summary
89. Ladder Diagrams
Ladder Diagrams is the oldest programming language for PLC
based on relay intuition of electricians.
widely in use outside Europe.
not recommended for large new projects.
Consist of rung and rail
Rung 0
Rung 1
Rung 2
Input (contact) Output (Coils)
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90. Ladder Diagrams
The main Ladder Diagrams symbols represent the elements:
NO contact (input), %I
NC contact (input), %I
Coil (output), %Q
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97. Network by network based on the object links
from above and below.
Execution between networks shall be from top
to bottom except if it is influence by control
element.
Processing of network is ended before
processing begins on another network
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Execution sequence of Networks
98. Signal flow for Boolean link is:
Left to right for horizontal link
Top to Bottom for vertical link
Rung is one line from left rail (power) to right
rail (neutral).
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Signal flow within a Network
99. Link – Highest priority
Network by network
Rung by rung – Lowest priority
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Signal flow within a Network
100. Ladder Diagrams
01 02
50
01
02
03 50
03
relay coil
(bobine)
break contact
(contact repos)
make contact
(contact travail)
corresponding
ladder diagram
origin:
electrical
circuit
50 05
44
rung
"coil" 50 is used to move
other contact(s)
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101. Ladder Diagrams
Binary combinations are expressed by series and parallel relay contact:
+ 01 02
50
Coil 50 is active (current flows) when 01 is active and 02 is not.
01
02 50
Series
+ 01
40
02
Coil 40 is active (current flows) when 01 is active or 02 is not.
Parallel
Ladder Diagrams representation “logic" equivalent
01
02 40
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102. Ladder Diagrams
Ladder Diagrams diagram for a batch process: filling a container with a liquid,
mixing the liquid, and draining the container. The sequence of events is as follows:
1. fill valve opens and lets the liquid into the container until it is full.
2. liquid in the container is mixed for 3 minutes.
3. a drain valve opens and drains the tank.
O = output
I = input
Address of variable
(module number,
port number)
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103. Ladder Diagrams (PLC termination)
Consider a PLC with one input module and one output module. Two external switches
(SW-0 & SW-1) are connected via terminal IN-0 and In-1 of input module. Two
terminals of the output module (OUT-0 & OUT-1) drive two indicator lamps (Lamp-0 &
Lamp-1).
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105. Application # 1 – Detection of fallen bottle
Control philosophy Illustration
WGA_01312016 105
Condition: Fallen bottle will be
push to outside the conveyor
Input sensor: Capacitive sensor
“X0” & “X1”
Output device: Pneumatic
pushing pole “Y0”
106. Application # 2 – two location control
Control philosophy Illustration
t 106
Input: S1 & S2
Output: L1
Condition_1: Lamp L1 will switch on
and off if either of switch S1 is
activated
Condition_2: Switch S1 and S2 are
replace with Push button switch.
L1
S2
S1
107. Application # 3 – Car entry/exit control
Control philosophy Illustration
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Input: Sensor I1 and I2
Output: “GO signal light” Q1 ,
“STOP signal light” Q2 and stopper
Q3
Condition_1: Initially stop is active.
Stop light is off, Go light is on and
Stopper will go up if I1 is active
Condition_2: Stop light is on, Go
light will off and stopper will move
down if I1 and I2 is not active.
108. Application # 4 – Latching circuit
Control philosophy Illustration
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Input: Push button I1(start), I2(stop)
and I3(test)
Output: Ceiling fan Q1
Condition: Push Start button to
activate ceiling fan, and push stop
button to stop. Push test button to
test temporary activate fan.
109. Application # 5 – Latching circuit (set/reset function)
Control philosophy Illustration
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Input: Push button I1(start), I2(stop)
and I3(test)
Output: Ceiling fan Q1
Condition: Use set reset function
110. Application # 6 - Forward/reverse motor control
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111. Application # 6 - Forward/reverse motor control
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Control philosophy Illustration
Input: Push buttons FWD,REV,STOP
Output: Forward contactor M1,
Reverse contactor M2. Safety
interlock “overload protection” OL
Condition: Press PB_Fwd to operate
motor Forward,PB_Rev for Reverse.
PB_Stop to stop. Motor stop if OL
circuit is activated.
112. Application # 7 – Sequential start
Control philosophy Illustration
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Providing lube for the gear box
the lathe spindle starts to run. Oil
pump starts first before main
pump can be starts
113. Application # 8 – Level and pressure control
Control philosophy
Inputs: 1 pressure switch
3 level sensor
Output: Pump “M1” and
Solenoid valve “K”
Condition 1: Pump will run according
discharge pressure set point in the
pressure tank. Incorporate a delay 20
sec prior to stopping
Condition 2: Refilling through
solenoid valve “K” will be controlled
by float switch “S2” and “ S3”
Condition 2: Pump “M1” will stop
when a level is near the pipe suction
elevation. (Dry run protection).
Illustration
WGA_01312016 113
114. Application # 9 – Entry/exit control for underground
car park (for attendees)
Control philosophy Illustration
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117. IF function (Logical branching)
Syntax
If ….. End_if
If ….. Else….. End_if
If ….. Elseif ….. End_if
Flow chart
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118. WGA_PLC_02092016
TIMER:=%S6; (* System bit, time base, 1 sec*)
COUNTER := 0;
IF TIMER THEN
IF COUNTER = 0 THEN
COUNTER_SEC:=COUNTER_SEC+1;
END_IF;
COUNTER:= COUNTER + 1;
ELSE
COUNTER:=0;
END_IF;
IF COUNTER_SEC >= 61 THEN
COUNTER_MIN:= COUNTER_MIN+1;
COUNTER_SEC:=1;
END_IF;
IF COUNTER_MIN >= 60 THEN
COUNTER_HOUR:= COUNTER_HOUR+1;
COUNTER_MIN:=0;
END_IF;
IF COUNTER_HOUR >23 THEN
COUNTER_HOUR:=0;
END_IF;
119. Syntax
Case ….. Of
Else …… End_Case
CASE SELECT OF
1: C := B + A;
2,3: C := B - A;
5..10: C := C;
ELSE
• C:= B*A;
END_CASE;
Flow chart
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Case function (multiple Branching)
120. While Function (Looping)
Syntax
WHILE ….. DO
END_WHILE;
PEOPLE:= 0
WHILE PEOPLE<1 DO
COUNTER:=COUNTER+1;
END_WHILE;
Note: test condition then
execute
Flow chart
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130. Control Parameters
Control Inputs
Sample detection
sensor
Automatic PB
Stop PB
Reset PB
Lower limit switch
Upper limit switch
Output
Solenoid valve for Piston up
Solenoid valve for
Piston down
Auto mode indicator LED
Sample part holder
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