International Marketing Management - IntroductionSOMASUNDARAM T
Definition; scope and challenges; difference between international marketing and domestic marketing; the dynamic environment of international trade; transition from domestic to international markets orientation of management and companies; international marketing environment.
World trade in goods and services – major trends and developmentsmeenee
This ppt shows how trade has emerged and evolved. Further, the graphs and charts, picked from wto reports show the trade pattern wrt the year 2011. Further, recent trends in world trade are mentioned.
International Marketing Management - IntroductionSOMASUNDARAM T
Definition; scope and challenges; difference between international marketing and domestic marketing; the dynamic environment of international trade; transition from domestic to international markets orientation of management and companies; international marketing environment.
World trade in goods and services – major trends and developmentsmeenee
This ppt shows how trade has emerged and evolved. Further, the graphs and charts, picked from wto reports show the trade pattern wrt the year 2011. Further, recent trends in world trade are mentioned.
A Theoretical Analysis of the Tenets of Multinational Enterprise (MNE)Claretta Webb
In this paper, we analyzed the basic tenets of multinational enterprise (MNE) from a theoretical perspective, shedding light on the growing significance of MNEs in today’s global economy. The concept of MNE has been reviewed. We examined two theories of MNE – the trade theory and the transaction cost or internalization theory, in line with emerging global trends. We conclude that no single theory can explain MNE, rather, a combination of theories.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2. DO YOU KNOW?
• Who are the players in the international business
arena?
• How can you tell the degree of a firms
internationalization?
• Will a higher degree of internationalization lead to
higher corporate performance?
• What advantages and disadvantages do MNEs
have when they operate overseas compared to
local firms?
www.StudsPlanet.com
3. WHAT IS A MULTINATIONAL
ENTERPRISE
The internationally committed company – has at least
one plant or joint venture abroad.
The internationally leaning company – has foreign sales
and/or a representative office and/or a licensing
agreement abroad.
The multidomestic firm – has multiple international
subsidiaries independent of headquarters.
The transactional firm – has subsidiaries that fulfill a variety
of strategic roles typically performed by HQ.
The multinational firm – engages in FDI and owns or
controls value adding activities in more than one
country.
The global firm – has integrated international subsidiaries
controlled by headquarters
www.StudsPlanet.com
4. WHAT IS A MULTINATIONAL
ENTERPRISE
Multinational Enterprise (MNE) – a firm with
foreign direct investment, service or
manufacturing, over which it maintains
effective control.
International firm – a firm engaged in trade
activities but without an FDI component.
Small and Midsize International Enterprises
(SMIE) – Most of these firms do not have FDI
presence and do not qualify as MNEs
www.StudsPlanet.com
5. THE DEGREE OF
INTERNATIONALIZATION
• Transnationality Index (TNI) – the level of MNE
internationalization.
• Calculated as the average of three ratios:
• Foreign assets to total assets
• Foreign sales to total sales
• Foreign employment to total employment
www.StudsPlanet.com
7. HISTORY OF THE MNE
• MNEs can be traced to the Phoenician,
Carthaginian, Greek, and Roman empires
• Date back to Assyria around 2000 B.C.
• Faced the same obstacles as today’s MNEs:
• Tariffs
• Nationalistic opposition to foreign trade and investment
• Using competitive advantage and market power
www.StudsPlanet.com
8. THE WORLD’S LARGEST MNES
•In 1998, the top 100 non-
financial MNEs accounted for
• 13% of all foreign assets
• 19% of all foreign sales
• 18% of all foreign employment.
www.StudsPlanet.com
9. THE WORLD’S LARGEST MNES
Exhibit 4-3: Home country of the world’s largest 100
MNEs by TNI and foreign assets
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10. THE WORLD’S LARGEST MNES
Exhibit 4-4: The largest 10 U.S. MNEs (at the end of
1999)
www.StudsPlanet.com
11. THE INDUSTRY COMPOSITION OF
MNES
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Exhibit 4-5:
Industry
composition of
the largest 100
MNEs
Dominated by a
limited number
of industries.
12. THE INDUSTRY COMPOSITION OF
MNES
Exhibit 4-6: The largest 5 MNEs in each industry
www.StudsPlanet.com
13. THE GROWTH OF SERVICE MNES
• There has been significant growth of MNEs in service
areas, due to:
• Economic transformation – developed nations shifting into
service economies
• Globalization and liberalization of regulatory systems –
“open skies” agreements, accounting standards, flexible
store hours, etc.
• Communication advances – allow MNEs to coordinate
knowledge-intensive operations across borders.
www.StudsPlanet.com
14. THE GROWTH OF SERVICE MNES
www.StudsPlanet.com
Exhibit 4-7: The world’s
top 20 banks 2001
(based on total assets)
Note the U.S.
15. THE GROWTH OF SERVICE MNES
www.StudsPlanet.com
Exhibit 4-8: The world’s top
airlines, 2001
16. THE MNE IN THE PUBLIC EYE
• The MNE has been both lauded and vilified for its
impact on host and home countries.
• Among the more positive attributes are:
• MNEs provide knowledge, capital, technology, expertise,
global affiliations, contributions to national productivity and
exports, innovation, employment, and societal change.
www.StudsPlanet.com
17. THE MNE IN THE PUBLIC EYE
• Among the negative attributes are:
• the MNE is perceived as a threat to national
sovereignty
• have unfair advantages over local competition
• exploit government incentives at the expense of
taxpayers
• limit knowledge transfer to developing nations
• exploit critical national and natural resources
• move on when their exploitation is finished
www.StudsPlanet.com
18. THE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE OF
THE MNE
• The MNE generally has large capital, human, brand,
and technological resource base, it can use many
countries.
• Global spread provides MNEs with:
• diversification so they can compensate for SBU low
performance and uncertainty
• helps them overcome entry barriers and high start up costs.
www.StudsPlanet.com
19. MNE’S CAPABILITIES
• MNE Capabilities
• Firm capabilities
• Familiarity with national culture, industrial structure, and
government requirements
• Existing relationships with customers, suppliers, regulators
• Strategic capabilities
• Technological assets (patents, trade secrets, proprietary
designs, product development)
• Managerial skills
• International experience
www.StudsPlanet.com
20. MNE’S CAPABILITIES
• Capability Deployment
• MNE’s must transfer critical capabilities unavailable to local
players.
• Technological and financial capabilities are more
transferable than organizational skills.
• Capability Upgrading
• Learning capability – the capacity to generate ideas and
acquire new knowledge.
• More transferable than firm resources.
www.StudsPlanet.com
21. THE MNE FROM EMERGING /
DEVELOPING ECONOMIES (DMNE)
• MNEs from developed nations typically dominate
global business.
• DMNEs, however, are making inroads.
• DMNEs face the following constraints and
advantages:
• Resource constraints.
• Knowledge, sophistication constraints.
• Sheltered environment constraints.
• Home government support.
• Flexibility
www.StudsPlanet.com
22. THE LARGEST DEVELOPING
COUNTRY MNES
• DMNE Scale
• Median DFI holding for a top 50 DMNE in 1998 was $1.5
billion, versus $14 billion for a global 100.
• DMNE Industries
• Largest group consists of diversified firms
• Electronics, petroleum, and food/beverage
• The National Affiliation of DMNEs
• Dominated by South, Southeast, and East Asia
www.StudsPlanet.com
24. THE LARGEST DEVELOPING
COUNTRY MNES
Exhibit 4-11: Industry composition of the largest 50
MNEs from developing countries
www.StudsPlanet.com
25. THE LARGEST DEVELOPING
COUNTRY MNES
Exhibit 4-12: Country composition of the largest 50
MNEs from developing economies
www.StudsPlanet.com
26. OBSTACLES FACING MNES FROM
DEVELOPING ECONOMIES
• Resource Constraints
• Capital investment, lack of reputation, brand recognition
• Lack of Knowledge
• Experience in foreign operations, lack of production,
marketing and management skills
• Sheltered Environment
• Protected by duties, lack of knowledge and expertise from
conducting international business
www.StudsPlanet.com
27. DMNE ADVANTAGE IN GLOBAL
MARKETS
• Home Government Support
• Impact of the DMNE on the national economy
• Shields the firm from the marketplace, hampering its
capability development
• Flexibility
• Lower production scale permits flexibility and adaptation
• Less investment sunk in older plants and technologies
www.StudsPlanet.com
28. TYPICAL FEATURES OF DMNES
Internationalization Patterns
To develop ownership advantages
To serve as intermediaries
To overcome import quotas in developed
markets
To reduce risk via diversification
Focus on Other Developing Markets
More likely to have greater share of FDI in other
developing markets.
Reliance on Third Parties
To compensate for resource shortages
www.StudsPlanet.com
29. TYPICAL FEATURES OF DMNES
• Governance
• Less likely to be publicly traded, and tightly controlled
• Industry Domain
• More likely to be in manufacturing
• Bargaining Power
• Lack bargaining power in the host country
• Strategy
• More likely to compete on price than on product
differentiation
www.StudsPlanet.com
30. WHAT IS AN SMIE?
• The SMIE is a “small to medium sized organization”
• SMIEs account for approximately 94% of all
international firms.
• They often face serious obstacles to
internationalization.
www.StudsPlanet.com
31. WHAT IS AN SMIE?
Exhibit 4-14: Small companies can be international
www.StudsPlanet.com
32. OBSTACLES TO SMIE
INTERNATIONALIZATION
• Scale and Transaction Constraints
• Access to Capital
• Lack of Knowledge
• Lack of Market Power
• Vulnerability to Intellectual Property Violations
www.StudsPlanet.com
34. SMIE INTERNATIONALIZATION
FEATURES
• International Motivation
• Push factors – competitive pressures in its domestic market
• Pull factors – make foreign locations more attractive
• Management factors – managerial commitment and
resources devoted to international activity
• Chance factors – unforeseen circumstances that create
internationalization opportunities
www.StudsPlanet.com
35. SMIE INTERNATIONALIZATION
FEATURES
• Internationalization Patterns
• Often not incremental, often “leapfrog” into international
markets
• SMNE Exporter Profile
• 97% of U.S. exporters are small businesses
• Exporter Demographics
• SMIE Foreign Investment Profile
• At present relatively small, but growing
www.StudsPlanet.com
36. SMIE INTERNATIONALIZATION
FEATURES
• Chance Expansion
• SMIEs respond to incidental opportunity
• Nature of FDI by SMIEs
• Emphasis on Developed Markets
• More likely to invest in developed markets
• Selective Globalization
• Tend to focus on one link in the supply chain and on a selected
market
• Strategy
• Often adopt niche strategies
• Rely more on cooperative strategies
www.StudsPlanet.com
37. BORN INTERNATIONAL
• A business organization that from inception seeks
competitive advantages from the use of resources
and sale of output in multiple countries.
www.StudsPlanet.com
