Globalisation 100328154229-phpapp02-170825091135
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Globalisation and Multinational Business
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Globalisation 100328154229-phpapp02-170825091135
- 2. Globalisation: Setting the Scene • Current issues in the global economy • Defining globalisation – global economic interdependence – implications for business • What is driving globalisation? – market drivers – cost drivers – government drivers – competitive drivers
- 3. The drivers of globalisation
- 4. The drivers of globalisation
- 5. The drivers of globalisation
- 6. The drivers of globalisation
- 7. The drivers of globalisation
- 8. The drivers of globalisation
- 9. Globalisation: Setting the Scene • Current issues in the global economy • Defining globalisation – global economic interdependence – implications for business • What is driving globalisation? – market drivers – cost drivers – government drivers – competitive drivers • Globalisation: the good and the bad
- 10. Multinational Corporations • Statistics on growth and size of MNCs – the comparative size of MNCs and countries' GDP
- 11. Comparison of the 10 largest multinational corporations (by gross revenue) and selected countries (by GDP): 2002
- 12. Multinational Corporations • Statistics on growth and size of MNCs – the comparative size of MNCs and countries' GDP – foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows
- 13. FDI inflows ($ millions)
- 14. FDI inflows ($ millions)
- 15. FDI inflows ($ millions)
- 16. FDI inflows ($ millions)
- 20. Multinational Corporations • Diversity among MNCs – size – the nature of the business – overseas business relative to total business – production locations – ownership patterns – organisational structure
- 21. Why do Businesses go Multinational? • Categories of multinational organisation – horizontally integrated – vertically integrated – conglomerate • Advantages to firms – reductions in costs • international differences in factor prices • international differences in factor productivity • low-cost access to local markets • spreading overheads
- 22. Why do Businesses go Multinational? • Advantages to firms (cont.) – government support in host countries • lower taxes • subsidies • provision of infrastructure – increased demand – spreading risks – can exploit advantages over local firms • ownership of superior technology • entrepreneurial and managerial skills • R&D capacity – access to local technology
- 23. Why do Businesses go Multinational? • The product life cycle and the MNC – the launch phase – the growth phase – maturity – late maturity and decline • Problems facing multinationals – language barriers – selling and marketing – relations with host governments – relationships between subsidiaries
- 24. MNC Investment and the Host State • Advantages of MNC investment – employment – balance of payments – technology transfer – tax revenues • Disadvantages – uncertainty – power and control by the MNC over the host – transfer pricing – the environment
- 25. MNCs and Developing Countries • The scale of MNC investment in developing countries • Advantages to host country – the saving gap • the importance of development finance • the contribution of saving to growth – the foreign exchange gap – public finance gap – skills and technology gaps
- 26. MNCs and Developing Countries • Disadvantages to host country – MNCs may drive local firms out of business – limited demand for local components – repatriation of profits – transfer pricing and effects on tax revenues • competition between developing countries to attract MNCs – distorting the whole pattern of development • increasing gap between rich and poor • introducing consumerist values • What can developing countries do?
- 28. Multinational Corporations Diversity among MNCs size the comparative size of MNCs and countries' GDP
- 29. Comparison of the 10 largest multinational corporations (by gross revenue) and selected countries (by GDP): 2002
- 30. Comparison of the 10 largest multinational corporations (by gross revenue) and selected countries (by GDP): 2002
- 31. Multinational Corporations Diversity among MNCs size the nature of the business
- 32. Multinational Corporations Diversity among MNCs size the nature of the business overseas business relative to total business
- 33. Multinational Corporations Diversity among MNCs size the nature of the business overseas business relative to total business production locations
- 34. Multinational Corporations Diversity among MNCs size the nature of the business overseas business relative to total business production locations ownership patterns
- 35. Multinational Corporations Diversity among MNCs size the nature of the business overseas business relative to total business production locations ownership patterns organisational structure
- 36. Multinational Corporations Diversity among MNCs size the nature of the business overseas business relative to total business production locations ownership patterns organisational structure Trends in multinational investment
- 37. Multinational Corporations Diversity among MNCs size the nature of the business overseas business relative to total business production locations ownership patterns organisational structure Trends in multinational investment the growth and geography of FDI
- 38. 0 5 10 15 20 25 1985 1990 1995 2000 FDI inflows (% of gross fixed capital formation)FDIas%ofgrossfixedcapitalformation
- 39. 0 5 10 15 20 25 1985 1990 1995 2000 FDI inflows (% of gross fixed capital formation)FDIas%ofgrossfixedcapitalformation Advanced countries
- 40. 0 5 10 15 20 25 1985 1990 1995 2000 FDI inflows (% of gross fixed capital formation)FDIas%ofgrossfixedcapitalformation Advanced countries Developing countries
- 41. Multinational Corporations Diversity among MNCs size the nature of the business overseas business relative to total business production locations ownership patterns organisational structure Trends in multinational investment the growth and geography of FDI FDI and the UK
- 42. 0 50 100 150 200 250 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 $billion Direct investment into and out of the UK
- 43. 0 50 100 150 200 250 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 $billion Inward investment Direct investment into and out of the UK
- 44. 0 50 100 150 200 250 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 $billion Outward investment Inward investment Direct investment into and out of the UK
- 45. Types of multinational expansion horizontally integrated multinational vertically integrated multinational conglomerate Going global to reduce costs international differences in input prices international differences in productivity labour skills entrepreneurial and managerial skills learning by doing low-cost access to local markets economies of scale taking advantage of government policies Business Strategy in a Global Economy
- 46. Going global to access new markets increased demand spreading risks can exploit advantages over local firms ownership of superior technology entrepreneurial and managerial skills R&D capacity access to local technology learning from experience in diverse markets Business Strategy in a Global Economy
- 47. The product life cycle and the MNC the launch phase multinational spread likely to be limited the growth phase MNC likely to shift production abroad in order to retain cost competitiveness maturity MNC increasingly seeks markets abroad as growth in home market slows late maturity and decline MNC increasingly seeks both markets and ever lower cost production abroad Business Strategy in a Global Economy
- 48. Problems facing multinationals language barriers selling and marketing cultural issues relations with host governments relationships between subsidiaries possible diseconomies of scale easier if subsidiaries are run independently The global strategy trade-off economies of scale of standardisation or higher costs of customisation? determinants of trade-off Problems Facing Multinationals
- 49. MNC Investment and the Host State Advantages of MNC investment employment balance of payments technology transfer tax revenues Disadvantages uncertainty power and control by the MNC over the host transfer pricing the environment
- 50. Is Globalisation a 'Good Thing'? The benefits of globalisation benefits of trade benefits of increased FDI competition reduces costs and encourages innovation faster spread of technology political and social ties The costs can exacerbate inequality erodes national cultures environmental costs domination by MNCs