Here are the answers to the flatworm quiz:
1. Phylum Platyhelminthes
2. Platy means “flat” and helminth means “worm”
3. Nephridium
4. Ecto or endoparasitic and few are free-living (usually aquatic)
5. Bilateral symmetrical
6. Non-parasitic flatworm respire through their body surface while parasitic worms absorb the host’s digested food through body wall.
7. Sexually and asexually
8. Body cavity and acoelomate
PART 2
1. Class Turbellaria - includes non-parasitic and aquatic flatworm (marine flatworm
Introduction to phylum Kinorhyncha
Introduction to phylum Nematoda
Characteristics of phylum Nematoda
Locomotion in Nematodes
External and Internal features
Feeding and Digestive systems
Reproduction and development in Nematodes
Some other organ systems
Presentation
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Introduction to phylum Kinorhyncha
Introduction to phylum Nematoda
Characteristics of phylum Nematoda
Locomotion in Nematodes
External and Internal features
Feeding and Digestive systems
Reproduction and development in Nematodes
Some other organ systems
Presentation
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Cnidaria is a phylum containing over 9,000 species found only in aquatic and mostly marine environments. All cnidarians have radial symmetrical. There are two major body forms among the Cnidaria - the polyp and the medusa. Sea anemones and corals have the polyp form, while jellyfish are typical medusae.
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Turbellaria
Class Monogenea
Class Trematoda
Class Cestoidea
Characteristics
Reproduction and Development
Presentation
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(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
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Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Cnidaria is a phylum containing over 9,000 species found only in aquatic and mostly marine environments. All cnidarians have radial symmetrical. There are two major body forms among the Cnidaria - the polyp and the medusa. Sea anemones and corals have the polyp form, while jellyfish are typical medusae.
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Turbellaria
Class Monogenea
Class Trematoda
Class Cestoidea
Characteristics
Reproduction and Development
Presentation
Best of Luck
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
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2. • Phylum Platyhelminthes includes the flatworms. Platy
means “flat,” like a plate; helminth “worm”.
3. Characteristics feature
• Invertebrate organism
• Flatworm have soft and unsegmented body
• No body cavity (no specialized respiratory and
circulatory system) also called acoelomate
• Other species have digestive system (incomplete or
absent)
• Most flatworm have gastro-vascular cavity.
• Diffuse CO2 and O2 through the body wall
4. Characteristics feature
• Primitive nervous system is present (can sense stimuli
and coordinate movement)
• Have excretory organ called nephridium formed by
channels with terminal flame cell which control
excretion and osmoregulation. (Excretetion of
nitrogenous wastes through protonephridial pores or
their mouth)
• Can reproduce Sexually and Asexually
• Most species are hermaphrodites
7. • Flatworms are bilateral symmetrical. It is different from
radially symmetrical animals, like the anemones, which can
be cut anywhere top to bottom to get two similar halves.
• Non-parasitic flatworm respire through their body surface
while parasitic worms are mostly anaerobes.
Body Structure
8. • In some flatworms, the process of cephalization has
included the development in the head region of light-
sensitive organ called ocelli.
• Have nervous system consists of a head ganglion connected
to nerve cords which are interconnected across the body by
transverse nerve connections
Body Structure
9. .
Diversity
Divided into three classes:
• Tubellaria, Trematoda and Cestoda
• Class Turbellaria includes non-parasitic and aquatic flatworm (marine
flatworms and planarian).
• Class Trematoda, includes parasitic flatworm that live inside the host,
this are commonly called as flukes (fasciola hepatica and sheep liver
fluke).
• Class Cestoda also known as tapeworms. All tapeworms are internal
parasites.
10. • Free-living flatworm usually are predators or scavenger
• Have an extended tube-like pharynx out of their mouth
which release digestive enzymes
• In contrast, a parasitic flatworm have a hook or suckers that
attaches to the host’s intestine, and then absorbs the host’s
digested food through body wall.
Feeding
11. Support and Movement
• Flatworm have a hydrostatic skeleton
• Some flatworms movement is controlled by longitudinal,
circular and oblique layers of muscles.
• Others move along slime trails by beating of epidermal cilia.
12. • Flatworms reproduce sexually by having both a male and female
part. The majority of sexual reproduction is through cross-
fertilization (where fusion of male and female gametes from
different individual ).
• Asexually through: Fragmentation and regeneration or budding
Reproduction
Video
13. Protection
• A tough outer layer that protects parasitic flatworm against the
host digestive and immune system
• Free-living forms secrete a protective mucus.
• Have cuticle which protects their body
15. Marine Flatworm
• Some of the most fascinating creature in the world’s
oceans
• Found in coral reefs
• They are usually brightly colored in black, pinks,
blues, reds, green, and yellow
• Their bright coloring advertises their toxicity to
predators
• Generally carnivorous. They prefer to eat
invertebrates that cannot easily to move, such as sea
squirts, mussels or oysters.
16. Marine Flatworm
• Marine flatworms are hermaphroditic.
• Life span of marine flatworms is
generally between three weeks to three to
four months long, depending on the
species.
Video
17. Planarian
• Widely distributed, mostly free-living flatworms
of the class Turbellaria
• They are typically found under rockes and debris
in stream, ponds, and springs.
• Body is elongated, is soft and leaf-shaped. The
spade-shaped head has two eyes. The length is
usually 3 to 15 mm (0.1 to 0.6 inches); some
grow about 1 foot long.
• Most are carnivorous night feeders.
Eyes
18. Reproduction of Planarian
• They are hermaphrodite. In some species,
the organism in the cocoon divides into two
parts, each of which develops into a complete
individual. New individuals, called buds,
form at tail end of others and may remain
attached to the parents for some time.
• They are remarkable for their ability to
regenerate parts, often they are used
experimentally to study the process of
regeneration.
19. Fluke
• Class Trematode commonly knows as flukes
or blood fluke.
• Range in size from about 5 mm (0.2 in)
• Commonly parasitize fish, frogs, and turtles;
also invertebrates such as mollusks and
crustacean
• Some are external parasites (ectoparasites)
and endoparasites
• Most are flattened and leaflike or ribbonlike,
some are stout and circular in cross section.
20. Fluke
• the body is solid and filled with spongy
connective tissue (mesenchyme) that
surround all the body organs.
• Occur in most types of vertebrates;
three species attack humans: urinary
blood fluke, the intestinal blood fluke,
and the oriental blood fluke
21. Fluke
• Almost flukes make both eggs and sperm.
Blood flukes have separate sexes, and the
adult females and males mate with each
other. Flukes with a direct life cycle use only
sexual reproduction. While indirect life cycle
use asexual and sexual reproduction.
22. • Also called as class cesteda. They are distinctly
different
• There are two subclasses, Cestodaria and
Eucestoda
• They can grow to long 5 meters long
• They not only eat food by the hots; thye alos
produce wastes and obstruct the alimentary
canal.
• The common types of tapeworms are beef and
pork tapeworms which proven to be dangerous to
human beings.
Tapeworm
23. Reproduction of Tapeworm
• Tapeworms are also hermaphrodite, each proglottid includes both male
and female gonads and generates both sperm and eggs.
• Can reproduce sexually, either through self-fertilization or cross-
fertilization with another tapeworm
• Can reproduce asexually, breaking off proglottid segments at the end
of the trunk.
24. • Tapeworms generally do not move around
much but they are capable of having muscular
undulation.
• They use distinguishing feature, the scolex,
which attaches firmly to the host’s intestine
wall. The tip of scolex is equipped with a
rectable hook-bearing rostellum which acts
like disc with teeth to hold onto the intestinal
wall.
• They will just hang on to the intestinal wall,
absorbing food through their skin via diffusion
Attachment
25. Effects on Humans
Worldwide, endoparasite such as fluke and tapeworms causes
disease of hundreds of million of people and countless
domesticated animals such as sheep, goats, dogs etc. and wild
animals.
Video
26. Video
• Through their large surface compared to their volume they can
exchange gases like carbon dioxide, oxygen and ammonia across
bodies. Flatworms can adapt to many conditions, which makes them
able to adapt to an enormous variety of habitats.
• They play important roles for healthy streams, ponds, and lakes.
• They also provide food for animals, like dragonflies, when they are
young.
Importance of the organism
27. Video
FLATWORMQUIZ
1&2. WHAT IS THE SCIENTIFIC NAME OF FLATWORM? ALSO GIVE THE MEANING OF
THE WORD.
3. THE EXCRETORY ORGAN OF FLATWORM FORMED BY CHANNELS WITH TERMINAL
FLAME CELL.
4. HINT: HABITAT. FLATWORM ARE MOSTLY______ AND FEW ARE _______.
5. FLATWORM STRUCTURE IS ______ WHICH IS DIFFERENT FROM ANIMALS LIKE
ANEMONES.
6&7. WHAT NON-PARASITIC AND PARASITIC USE TO TAKE IN THEIR FOODS?
8. FLATWORM ARE CAPABLE OF REPRODUCING ________ AND _______.
9. THEY HAVE NO ______ BECAUSE OF THIS THEY ARE CALLED_________.
PART 2
ENUMERATE THE THREE CLASSES AND INDICATE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF
FLATWORM IN EACH CLASSES.
Editor's Notes
-Unsegmented body means having a body that is not divided into segment or portion
Gastro-vascular cavity – structure that found in primitive animal phyla. It is responsible for both digestion of food and the transport of nutrients, food goes in and waste comes out at same opening.
Primitive- a process of development through series of time period
Hermaphrodite meaning they have both male and female reproductive organs.
nephridia- an organ of excretion in flatworms
Multicellular- an organism that consist of more than one cell
Triploblastic- having a body derived from three embryonic cell layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm)
a parasite that lives in the internal organs or tissues of a living organism
Vertebrates have a backbone or spinal column, have an internal skeleton made of bone, an advanced nervous system with a developed brain and have outer covering of protective cellular skin.
This means if cut length-wise it would have two mirror-image halves. They have a distinct right and left half. This is different from radially symmetrical animals, like the anemones, which can be cut anywhere top to bottom to get two similar halves
For example, planaria have eye spots at the anterior end.
Scavenger- an animal that feeds on decaying flesh of dead animal
This means if cut length-wise it would have two mirror-image halves. They have a distinct right and left half. This is different from radially symmetrical animals, like the anemones, which can be cut anywhere top to bottom to get two similar halves
Ocelli- other term for simple eye or eye spot
Scavenger- an animal that feeds on decaying flesh of dead animal
Scavenger- an animal that feeds on decaying flesh of dead animal
Direct life cycle- life cycle in which a parasite is transmitted directly from one host to the next without an intermediate host or vector of another species
Indirect life cycle- where a parasite is transmitted from one host to another by using a vector or an intermediate host of another species, therefore it requires more than one type of host species to complete their life cycle.
Vector – is an organism that helps transmit infection from one host to another.
Intermediate- is a host in which a parasite spends only part of its life cycle or does not reach sexual maturity
