The document summarizes the results of plasma vitrification trials conducted on surrogate intermediate level radioactive waste. The trials demonstrated over 95% retention of cesium in the vitrified wasteform and over 60% volume reduction. Flexibility in treating different waste streams was shown, along with the potential for increased storage efficiency through process modifications. The technology was demonstrated at a pilot plant scale and has generated interest from UK nuclear industry organizations.
Production of Transformed Red Mud and Application in Mining Waste Treatment -...J.J.P. (Hans) Zijlstra
PDF of 12 pages, 29 figures, 3 tables on production of transformed red mud powder and pellets with examples of treatment of heavy metal contaminated mining waste water and solids.
The document summarizes the results of an industrial scale pilot plant that tested the ENEXAL Bauxite Residue treatment process. The process treats bauxite residue from the Bayer process through smelting in an AC electric arc furnace to produce pig iron and a slag suitable for mineral wool production. Testing over one year at a pilot plant treating 25 tons of residue showed that pig iron was produced within specifications and mineral wool was produced with good quality properties. While successful as a proof of concept, further optimization is needed to improve energy efficiency and make the process profitable at larger commercial scales.
This document describes the sulfur removal system for a natural gas plant. It contains the following key points:
1. The system has a processing capacity of 71 mmscfd of sour natural gas and uses MDEA to selectively remove H2S and produce sweet natural gas containing less than 7.5 ppm of H2S.
2. The process flow involves absorption of acid gases like H2S in an amine absorber, flashing of the rich amine, amine regeneration, and preparation and recycling of the lean amine.
3. Safety systems include safety valves, interlock shutdown systems, gas detection alarms, purging lines, and fire hydrants to safely handle startup, shutdown and operation
The document discusses the environmental impacts of improper lead-acid battery recycling. It notes that without proper precautions, recycling can pollute the soil, air, and water. Soil becomes contaminated with lead that does not break down, polluting the air with acid mist and lead particles, and contaminating groundwater. Improper practices can damage the environment and people's health. The document emphasizes the importance of new recycling technologies that produce no solid waste and protect the soil, air, groundwater, and human and environmental safety.
Ozonation is Integrated in Package Bottled Drinking Water Production / Processing Scheme at two places. One for "Raw Water Treatment" & other for "Processed Water Additive". Ozone Generator Sizing Calculation & Peripheral equipment selection & sizing Calculation is explained with example.
Removal of Ammonium Hydroxide from EthanolMelissa Nguyen
This document summarizes a project to salvage ethanol from a waste stream produced using the Stober process. The goal is to reduce the ammonia content to below 0.5%. Two methods are proposed: 1) distillation to remove over 99% of ammonia but with 10% ethanol loss, and 2) using a bubble bed and activated carbon to reduce ammonia to around 1% while retaining 96% of ethanol. Both methods aim to reuse over 85% of the ethanol, a major material cost. Future work includes economic analysis and accurately measuring residual ammonia levels to optimize the process.
The document summarizes the results of plasma vitrification trials conducted on surrogate intermediate level radioactive waste. The trials demonstrated over 95% retention of cesium in the vitrified wasteform and over 60% volume reduction. Flexibility in treating different waste streams was shown, along with the potential for increased storage efficiency through process modifications. The technology was demonstrated at a pilot plant scale and has generated interest from UK nuclear industry organizations.
Production of Transformed Red Mud and Application in Mining Waste Treatment -...J.J.P. (Hans) Zijlstra
PDF of 12 pages, 29 figures, 3 tables on production of transformed red mud powder and pellets with examples of treatment of heavy metal contaminated mining waste water and solids.
The document summarizes the results of an industrial scale pilot plant that tested the ENEXAL Bauxite Residue treatment process. The process treats bauxite residue from the Bayer process through smelting in an AC electric arc furnace to produce pig iron and a slag suitable for mineral wool production. Testing over one year at a pilot plant treating 25 tons of residue showed that pig iron was produced within specifications and mineral wool was produced with good quality properties. While successful as a proof of concept, further optimization is needed to improve energy efficiency and make the process profitable at larger commercial scales.
This document describes the sulfur removal system for a natural gas plant. It contains the following key points:
1. The system has a processing capacity of 71 mmscfd of sour natural gas and uses MDEA to selectively remove H2S and produce sweet natural gas containing less than 7.5 ppm of H2S.
2. The process flow involves absorption of acid gases like H2S in an amine absorber, flashing of the rich amine, amine regeneration, and preparation and recycling of the lean amine.
3. Safety systems include safety valves, interlock shutdown systems, gas detection alarms, purging lines, and fire hydrants to safely handle startup, shutdown and operation
The document discusses the environmental impacts of improper lead-acid battery recycling. It notes that without proper precautions, recycling can pollute the soil, air, and water. Soil becomes contaminated with lead that does not break down, polluting the air with acid mist and lead particles, and contaminating groundwater. Improper practices can damage the environment and people's health. The document emphasizes the importance of new recycling technologies that produce no solid waste and protect the soil, air, groundwater, and human and environmental safety.
Ozonation is Integrated in Package Bottled Drinking Water Production / Processing Scheme at two places. One for "Raw Water Treatment" & other for "Processed Water Additive". Ozone Generator Sizing Calculation & Peripheral equipment selection & sizing Calculation is explained with example.
Removal of Ammonium Hydroxide from EthanolMelissa Nguyen
This document summarizes a project to salvage ethanol from a waste stream produced using the Stober process. The goal is to reduce the ammonia content to below 0.5%. Two methods are proposed: 1) distillation to remove over 99% of ammonia but with 10% ethanol loss, and 2) using a bubble bed and activated carbon to reduce ammonia to around 1% while retaining 96% of ethanol. Both methods aim to reuse over 85% of the ethanol, a major material cost. Future work includes economic analysis and accurately measuring residual ammonia levels to optimize the process.
This document is a final project report submitted by a team of 4 students - Alan Tam, Yuanyuan Liu, Joseph Guarnes, and Thanh-Phuong Nguyen. The report details their project to optimize the removal of ammonium hydroxide from an ethanol waste stream using either a distillation column or a bubble bed/carbon bed system. It provides background on the Stober silica process that creates the waste stream, evaluates past research methods, outlines their design specifications for the two proposed methods, analyzes safety considerations, and estimates sizing and costs.
RENOLIN THERM 380 S is a synthetic heat transfer fluid based on isomeric dibenzyl toluenes for use in closed heat transfer systems with forced circulation. It can be used over its entire working range without pressure overlap, from 250 to 340°C with an upper limit of 350°C inlet temperature. It has excellent thermal stability, is extremely low-coking, and protects against corrosion with a wide service temperature range and long service life. Typical properties include a boiling range of 385-395°C and a pumpability limit of -5°C.
Hydrogenation Process Overview
Filtration
Dissolved Nickel
Catalyst deactivation in fatty acids by corrosion
Ni soap decomposition
Nickel dissolution in the presence of hydrogen
Formation of Nickel Soaps
Dynamic State of Dissolved Nickel Soaps
Dynamic State
Brush Hydrogenation
To lower Ni soap formation
Reduce FFA in oil
Prevent water or soap stock getting into reactor
Minimize t1
Minimize t3
Find optimum filtration temperature
Application and development trend of flue gas desulfurization (fgd) process a...hunypink
In 1927, the limestone desulfurization process was first applied in the Barthes and Bansside Power Plants (total
120MW) beside the Thames River in UK to protect high-rise building in London. Up to now, over 10 desulfurization processes have been launched and applied. Based on the desulfurizing agent being used, there include calcium process (limestone/lime), ammonia process, magnesium process, sodium process, alkali alumina process, copper oxide/zinc process, active carbon process, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate process, etc. The calcium process is commercially available and widely used in the world, i.e. more than 90%. Flue gas desulfurization processes, survey made by the coal research institute under the International Energy Agency shows that the wet-process desulfurization accounts for 85% of total installed capacity of flue gas desulfurization units across the world. The wet-process desulfurization is mainly applied in countries, like Japan (98%), USA (92%), Germany (90%), etc. The limestone-gypsum wet desulfurization process, the most mature technology, the most applications, the most reliable operation in the world, may have rate of desulfurization of more than 90%. Currently, the flue gas desulfurization technology used at thermal power plants at home and abroad tends to be higher rate of desulfurization, bigger installed capacity, more advanced technology, lower investment, less land acquisition, lower operation cost, higher level of automation, more excellent reliability, etc. This paper briefs current situations and trends of flue gas desulfurization technology also append short descript of different type of FDG and their category.
The document describes four types of poly aluminium chloride (PAC) and one type of polyferric sulfate (PFS) used for water treatment. It provides the chemical composition, properties, quality standards and packaging for each product. The PAC types include industry grade, drinking grade one and two, and high-pure grade. They vary in their guaranteed and typical values for properties like alumina content, basicity, insoluble content and pH. The document also provides instructions for using PAC to treat water based on the raw water turbidity level. PFS is described as a yellow or brown solid used for water purification and industrial wastewater treatment.
The document discusses the risks and controls associated with nitrogen trichloride (NCl3) in chlorine production and storage facilities. NCl3 is a hazardous compound that can form and accumulate during chlorine production from brine. Even small amounts of NCl3 can detonate violently if not properly handled. The document outlines areas of potential risk, how NCl3 forms, its explosive hazards, methods to detect it, and ways to control and limit its formation to improve safety.
Texatherm HT 22 is a high performance synthetic heat transfer fluid suitable for use in a wide range of applications from -45°C to +290°C. It provides excellent oxidation stability and deposit-free operation. Texatherm HT 22 has a long service life in closed heat transfer systems due to its low pour point and good pumpability even in sub-zero temperatures. It dissolves existing system deposits and maintains system cleanliness, improving uptime. Texatherm HT 22 meets the requirements of DIN 51522 and ISO 6743 L-QB standards.
This document describes direct smelting as an alternative to mercury amalgamation for artisanal and small-scale gold mining in Ghana. Direct smelting involves melting gold-bearing concentrates using borax, sodium carbonate and silica sand as fluxes to separate pure gold. The technique was tested in the lab and field and found to recover over 99% of gold, compared to 88-97% for amalgamation. It is presented as an effective, simple, quick and affordable non-toxic alternative suitable for small-scale operations. Challenges to adoption include ensuring continued availability and affordability of equipment kits for miners.
Ankush Jindal Chemical Engg. Dept. NIT Hamirpurankushjindal26
- The document is a summer training report on the Chloro-Methane Superior (CMS) plant of SRF Chemicals in Bhiwadi, India.
- It provides an overview of the CMS plant's production process, which involves reacting methanol and chlorine to produce methylene chloride, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride.
- Key sections of the plant include the photochlorination reactor where the reactions occur, distillation columns for separating the products, and utilities like chlorine storage and power.
This document provides information on gas purifiers from Greyhound Chromatography that are designed to remove contaminants from carrier gases used in gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. It describes cartridge-style gas purifiers that contain adsorbent-packed filters in polycarbonate housings connected to base plates for easy filter replacement. Individual filters are available to remove oxygen, moisture, or hydrocarbons. Combination filters remove multiple contaminants. Larger "Big Trap" purifiers are also described. The document explains how purifiers improve analysis quality by reducing baseline noise, column degradation, and other issues caused by contaminated gases.
Manufacture of Nitric acid by chile saltpetreShaikh Alam
The document describes the process for manufacturing nitric acid (HNO3) using Chile saltpeter. Chile saltpeter contains sodium nitrate (NaNO3), potassium nitrate, and sodium chloride. In the process, a mixture of Chile saltpeter and sulfuric acid is heated in a cast iron retort. The vapors produced are cooled and condensed to collect concentrated HNO3. Any uncondensed vapors are scrubbed with water to collect dilute HNO3. The key reaction is between sodium nitrate and sulfuric acid to produce sodium bisulfate and nitric acid.
The document summarizes three processes for producing phosphoric acid:
1) Direct conversion at plant sites which uses electric furnaces to reduce phosphate rock with coke and produce elemental phosphorus and carbon monoxide, then oxidizes and hydrates it to form phosphoric acid.
2) Oxidation and hydration of elemental phosphorus which produces phosphorus pentoxide by oxidizing phosphorus with air, then hydrates it to form phosphoric acid.
3) Blast furnace process which uses a blast furnace to reduce phosphate rock and coke to produce calcium silicate slag and phosphorus pentoxide gas, then condenses the gas to form phosphoric acid.
This document summarizes flue gas cleaning technologies. It begins by defining flue gas and explaining that large amounts are produced daily from industry and power plants. It then outlines the core technologies used for flue gas cleaning: 1) dust removal through electrostatic precipitators and fabric filters, 2) removal of water soluble gases like SO2 and HCl through wet scrubbing and dry scrubbing, 3) separation of heavy metals and toxins like dioxin through activated carbon dosing, and 4) NOx removal through denitrification. The document provides details on the operation and advantages of these different flue gas cleaning technologies.
Biocarb Ox combines a premium quality wood-based activated carbon in conjunction with a proprietary blend of catalytically active inorganic phases, which leads to an extraordinarily high H2S breakthrough capacity (80 kg H2S/100 kg media). Unlike other medias, Biocarb Ox does not convert H2S to sulphuric acid (H2SO4), which may lead to equipment corrosion problems and creates disposal issues. Conversely, H2S is catalytically oxidized to sulphur (S) in the active sites on metal oxides. Next, sulphur migrates and builds up in the micropores of the activated carbon phase. Consequently, the metal oxides are available again to oxidize new H2S molecules.
N-protein determination according to the Dumas principle is an industry-proven method with outstanding reliability and robustness. Application areas range from food and beverages to animal feed and pet food. No matter whether it’s beer, soy sauce, cat food, liquid, viscos, solid or a gel - Elementar’s analyzers offer utmost sample flexibility.
Innovative EAS REGAINER technology: reliable and inexpensive
Learn from our experts how Elementar’s patented EAS REGAINER® technology helps to reduce cost per analysis by approx. 50%. Measuring N-protein has never been that inexpensive! Moreover, we are glad to introduce our alternatives to helium as carrier gas. Never get the helium sticker shock again.
Flue gas desulfurization is commonly known as FGD and is the technology used for removing sulfur dioxide (SO2) from the exhaust combustion flue gases of power plants that burn coal or oil to produce steam for the turbines that drive their electricity generators.
MANUFACTURE OF CHLORINE - CAUSTIC SODA USING ELECTROLYSIS PROCESS (MEMBRANE C...Ankush Gupta
This document summarizes the process of manufacturing chlorine and caustic soda using electrolysis. It includes:
- A process flow diagram of the membrane cell process used to separate NaCl into NaOH, H2, and Cl2 via electrolysis.
- Material and energy balances calculations for each unit operation including the membrane cell, evaporator, and dryer. These calculate chemical reactions, flows, heating needs and efficiencies.
- The process achieves 70.28% conversion of NaCl and 27.37% yield of NaOH from the reacted NaCl. Waste streams and energy requirements are also quantified.
This document provides an overview of hazardous waste management. It defines hazardous waste and discusses the key US regulations governing its handling - the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). It also covers hazardous waste sources and health effects, risk assessment procedures, site remediation techniques, and various treatment technologies.
I delivered this presentation to the Greater Ozarks Chapter of the Hazardous Materials Mangers in 2013. I only had an hour to present and had a lot of information to cover, so it is only a summary. Take note: If you generate a hazardous waste in Missouri, you will subject to the regulations of the Missouri Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) which in many ways are more strict than those of surrounding states and those of the USEPA. As a matter-of-fact, some requirements of the MDNR regulations for hazardous waste generators have no equal outside of the State of California! Review this presentation, research the regulations, and contact me with any questions you may have about the generation, management, transportation, and disposal of hazardous waste in Missouri.
This document is a final project report submitted by a team of 4 students - Alan Tam, Yuanyuan Liu, Joseph Guarnes, and Thanh-Phuong Nguyen. The report details their project to optimize the removal of ammonium hydroxide from an ethanol waste stream using either a distillation column or a bubble bed/carbon bed system. It provides background on the Stober silica process that creates the waste stream, evaluates past research methods, outlines their design specifications for the two proposed methods, analyzes safety considerations, and estimates sizing and costs.
RENOLIN THERM 380 S is a synthetic heat transfer fluid based on isomeric dibenzyl toluenes for use in closed heat transfer systems with forced circulation. It can be used over its entire working range without pressure overlap, from 250 to 340°C with an upper limit of 350°C inlet temperature. It has excellent thermal stability, is extremely low-coking, and protects against corrosion with a wide service temperature range and long service life. Typical properties include a boiling range of 385-395°C and a pumpability limit of -5°C.
Hydrogenation Process Overview
Filtration
Dissolved Nickel
Catalyst deactivation in fatty acids by corrosion
Ni soap decomposition
Nickel dissolution in the presence of hydrogen
Formation of Nickel Soaps
Dynamic State of Dissolved Nickel Soaps
Dynamic State
Brush Hydrogenation
To lower Ni soap formation
Reduce FFA in oil
Prevent water or soap stock getting into reactor
Minimize t1
Minimize t3
Find optimum filtration temperature
Application and development trend of flue gas desulfurization (fgd) process a...hunypink
In 1927, the limestone desulfurization process was first applied in the Barthes and Bansside Power Plants (total
120MW) beside the Thames River in UK to protect high-rise building in London. Up to now, over 10 desulfurization processes have been launched and applied. Based on the desulfurizing agent being used, there include calcium process (limestone/lime), ammonia process, magnesium process, sodium process, alkali alumina process, copper oxide/zinc process, active carbon process, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate process, etc. The calcium process is commercially available and widely used in the world, i.e. more than 90%. Flue gas desulfurization processes, survey made by the coal research institute under the International Energy Agency shows that the wet-process desulfurization accounts for 85% of total installed capacity of flue gas desulfurization units across the world. The wet-process desulfurization is mainly applied in countries, like Japan (98%), USA (92%), Germany (90%), etc. The limestone-gypsum wet desulfurization process, the most mature technology, the most applications, the most reliable operation in the world, may have rate of desulfurization of more than 90%. Currently, the flue gas desulfurization technology used at thermal power plants at home and abroad tends to be higher rate of desulfurization, bigger installed capacity, more advanced technology, lower investment, less land acquisition, lower operation cost, higher level of automation, more excellent reliability, etc. This paper briefs current situations and trends of flue gas desulfurization technology also append short descript of different type of FDG and their category.
The document describes four types of poly aluminium chloride (PAC) and one type of polyferric sulfate (PFS) used for water treatment. It provides the chemical composition, properties, quality standards and packaging for each product. The PAC types include industry grade, drinking grade one and two, and high-pure grade. They vary in their guaranteed and typical values for properties like alumina content, basicity, insoluble content and pH. The document also provides instructions for using PAC to treat water based on the raw water turbidity level. PFS is described as a yellow or brown solid used for water purification and industrial wastewater treatment.
The document discusses the risks and controls associated with nitrogen trichloride (NCl3) in chlorine production and storage facilities. NCl3 is a hazardous compound that can form and accumulate during chlorine production from brine. Even small amounts of NCl3 can detonate violently if not properly handled. The document outlines areas of potential risk, how NCl3 forms, its explosive hazards, methods to detect it, and ways to control and limit its formation to improve safety.
Texatherm HT 22 is a high performance synthetic heat transfer fluid suitable for use in a wide range of applications from -45°C to +290°C. It provides excellent oxidation stability and deposit-free operation. Texatherm HT 22 has a long service life in closed heat transfer systems due to its low pour point and good pumpability even in sub-zero temperatures. It dissolves existing system deposits and maintains system cleanliness, improving uptime. Texatherm HT 22 meets the requirements of DIN 51522 and ISO 6743 L-QB standards.
This document describes direct smelting as an alternative to mercury amalgamation for artisanal and small-scale gold mining in Ghana. Direct smelting involves melting gold-bearing concentrates using borax, sodium carbonate and silica sand as fluxes to separate pure gold. The technique was tested in the lab and field and found to recover over 99% of gold, compared to 88-97% for amalgamation. It is presented as an effective, simple, quick and affordable non-toxic alternative suitable for small-scale operations. Challenges to adoption include ensuring continued availability and affordability of equipment kits for miners.
Ankush Jindal Chemical Engg. Dept. NIT Hamirpurankushjindal26
- The document is a summer training report on the Chloro-Methane Superior (CMS) plant of SRF Chemicals in Bhiwadi, India.
- It provides an overview of the CMS plant's production process, which involves reacting methanol and chlorine to produce methylene chloride, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride.
- Key sections of the plant include the photochlorination reactor where the reactions occur, distillation columns for separating the products, and utilities like chlorine storage and power.
This document provides information on gas purifiers from Greyhound Chromatography that are designed to remove contaminants from carrier gases used in gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. It describes cartridge-style gas purifiers that contain adsorbent-packed filters in polycarbonate housings connected to base plates for easy filter replacement. Individual filters are available to remove oxygen, moisture, or hydrocarbons. Combination filters remove multiple contaminants. Larger "Big Trap" purifiers are also described. The document explains how purifiers improve analysis quality by reducing baseline noise, column degradation, and other issues caused by contaminated gases.
Manufacture of Nitric acid by chile saltpetreShaikh Alam
The document describes the process for manufacturing nitric acid (HNO3) using Chile saltpeter. Chile saltpeter contains sodium nitrate (NaNO3), potassium nitrate, and sodium chloride. In the process, a mixture of Chile saltpeter and sulfuric acid is heated in a cast iron retort. The vapors produced are cooled and condensed to collect concentrated HNO3. Any uncondensed vapors are scrubbed with water to collect dilute HNO3. The key reaction is between sodium nitrate and sulfuric acid to produce sodium bisulfate and nitric acid.
The document summarizes three processes for producing phosphoric acid:
1) Direct conversion at plant sites which uses electric furnaces to reduce phosphate rock with coke and produce elemental phosphorus and carbon monoxide, then oxidizes and hydrates it to form phosphoric acid.
2) Oxidation and hydration of elemental phosphorus which produces phosphorus pentoxide by oxidizing phosphorus with air, then hydrates it to form phosphoric acid.
3) Blast furnace process which uses a blast furnace to reduce phosphate rock and coke to produce calcium silicate slag and phosphorus pentoxide gas, then condenses the gas to form phosphoric acid.
This document summarizes flue gas cleaning technologies. It begins by defining flue gas and explaining that large amounts are produced daily from industry and power plants. It then outlines the core technologies used for flue gas cleaning: 1) dust removal through electrostatic precipitators and fabric filters, 2) removal of water soluble gases like SO2 and HCl through wet scrubbing and dry scrubbing, 3) separation of heavy metals and toxins like dioxin through activated carbon dosing, and 4) NOx removal through denitrification. The document provides details on the operation and advantages of these different flue gas cleaning technologies.
Biocarb Ox combines a premium quality wood-based activated carbon in conjunction with a proprietary blend of catalytically active inorganic phases, which leads to an extraordinarily high H2S breakthrough capacity (80 kg H2S/100 kg media). Unlike other medias, Biocarb Ox does not convert H2S to sulphuric acid (H2SO4), which may lead to equipment corrosion problems and creates disposal issues. Conversely, H2S is catalytically oxidized to sulphur (S) in the active sites on metal oxides. Next, sulphur migrates and builds up in the micropores of the activated carbon phase. Consequently, the metal oxides are available again to oxidize new H2S molecules.
N-protein determination according to the Dumas principle is an industry-proven method with outstanding reliability and robustness. Application areas range from food and beverages to animal feed and pet food. No matter whether it’s beer, soy sauce, cat food, liquid, viscos, solid or a gel - Elementar’s analyzers offer utmost sample flexibility.
Innovative EAS REGAINER technology: reliable and inexpensive
Learn from our experts how Elementar’s patented EAS REGAINER® technology helps to reduce cost per analysis by approx. 50%. Measuring N-protein has never been that inexpensive! Moreover, we are glad to introduce our alternatives to helium as carrier gas. Never get the helium sticker shock again.
Flue gas desulfurization is commonly known as FGD and is the technology used for removing sulfur dioxide (SO2) from the exhaust combustion flue gases of power plants that burn coal or oil to produce steam for the turbines that drive their electricity generators.
MANUFACTURE OF CHLORINE - CAUSTIC SODA USING ELECTROLYSIS PROCESS (MEMBRANE C...Ankush Gupta
This document summarizes the process of manufacturing chlorine and caustic soda using electrolysis. It includes:
- A process flow diagram of the membrane cell process used to separate NaCl into NaOH, H2, and Cl2 via electrolysis.
- Material and energy balances calculations for each unit operation including the membrane cell, evaporator, and dryer. These calculate chemical reactions, flows, heating needs and efficiencies.
- The process achieves 70.28% conversion of NaCl and 27.37% yield of NaOH from the reacted NaCl. Waste streams and energy requirements are also quantified.
This document provides an overview of hazardous waste management. It defines hazardous waste and discusses the key US regulations governing its handling - the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). It also covers hazardous waste sources and health effects, risk assessment procedures, site remediation techniques, and various treatment technologies.
I delivered this presentation to the Greater Ozarks Chapter of the Hazardous Materials Mangers in 2013. I only had an hour to present and had a lot of information to cover, so it is only a summary. Take note: If you generate a hazardous waste in Missouri, you will subject to the regulations of the Missouri Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) which in many ways are more strict than those of surrounding states and those of the USEPA. As a matter-of-fact, some requirements of the MDNR regulations for hazardous waste generators have no equal outside of the State of California! Review this presentation, research the regulations, and contact me with any questions you may have about the generation, management, transportation, and disposal of hazardous waste in Missouri.
1. The document discusses municipal solid waste (MSW) management and waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies. It provides details on MSW generation rates in different parts of the world and the waste management hierarchy.
2. Methane emissions from landfills contribute significantly to global warming. WTE through combustion can reduce methane emissions compared to landfilling while also generating renewable energy from the biogenic fraction of MSW.
3. The document describes the WTE combustion process and flue gas cleaning technologies used to minimize air pollutant emissions. Ash management and the potential environmental concerns with incineration are also discussed.
The document provides an overview of the waste-to-energy industry in the United States, including key facts about market opportunities and technologies. It discusses the types of facilities used, conversion processes like combustion and gasification, inputs and commercial opportunities. The document also profiles companies in the industry and reviews factors like incentives, concerns, costs and the regulatory environment. It aims to give investors an outlook on market trends and potential areas for investment.
As a project in undergraduate college, we decided to explore soil and ways to reinforce using plastic fibers. Our study included Geo synthetic meshes as well as chemical stabilizers. Our scope of study study was finalized to be Waste Plastic Fiber Reinforced soil, as plastic was being used experimentally in small projects while waste plastic is easily available.
1. Hazardous waste landfills are designed with multiple layers to prevent contamination, including compacted waste, clay and plastic linings, leachate collection systems, and groundwater monitoring wells.
2. Common hazardous wastes include cleaning products, paints, pesticides, batteries, motor oil and antifreeze which should not be thrown in the trash or poured down drains but disposed of properly.
3. Transitioning to a low-waste society requires reducing and reusing materials to minimize pollution, following principles like industrial ecology that mimic natural cycles.
Plastic as a soil stabilizer by yashwanth sagaryashwanth9611
This document summarizes a study on using plastic as a soil stabilizer. Standard Proctor compaction tests were conducted on lateritic soil mixed with varying percentages of cut plastic strips. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests found that adding 0.4% plastic strips improved the 4-day soaked CBR value of the soil. Plate load tests also showed increased shear strength and load capacity with the addition of plastic. The results indicate that using plastic waste can enhance soil properties for road construction and provide an effective way to reuse non-degradable waste.
The document discusses hazardous waste management and the design of a Hazardous Waste Treatment Center (HWTC). The HWTC would include facilities for liquid waste treatment, land farming, hazardous and regular waste landfilling, solidification and stabilization, and incineration. The design aims to safely manage hazardous wastes while minimizing environmental and health risks through a modular and flexible approach.
This presentation includes in how many ways plastic can be used in soil stabilization. It covers how a waste material can be used without any additional increase in cost.
This document discusses different methods for soil stabilization, including mechanical, physical, chemical, and bituminous stabilization. Mechanical stabilization involves compacting soil to increase density and strength. Physical stabilization involves blending soils or adding admixtures to improve properties. Chemical stabilization uses lime, cement, or other chemicals like calcium chloride to react with soils and modify their characteristics. Bituminous stabilization involves adding bitumen or asphalt to seal soil pores and increase cohesion between particles. The document provides details on appropriate soil types, required quantities, and construction methods for each stabilization technique.
Hazardous waste is produced from industrial processes and discarded products that are dangerous to human health and the environment. The main sources in the UAE are the petroleum industry, industrial sector, health sector, and agriculture. Hazardous waste management in Abu Dhabi has been inadequate, with wastes being disposed in substandard landfills and some illegally dumped, threatening groundwater resources. Efforts are underway to improve facilities and regulate handling and disposal.
This document discusses site selection and environmental aspects of hazardous waste disposal sites. It begins by defining waste and hazardous waste. It then summarizes the Basel Convention which aims to minimize hazardous waste production and protect human health and the environment. The document identifies gaps in waste management like insufficient data and monitoring. It evaluates different waste management methods and their advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses the environmental and health impacts of disposal sites and outlines the basic approach and criteria for selecting suitable hazardous waste disposal sites.
This document discusses downstream processing in fermentation. It describes various unit processes used to recover the target product including cell harvesting through centrifugation or filtration, cell disruption through mechanical or non-mechanical methods, and product purification using techniques like chromatography, precipitation, extraction, and distillation. The key factors affecting recovery of intracellular and extracellular products are also outlined.
This is a power point presentation on design of a 30 MLD sewage treatment plant. It includes the different characteristics of waste water,various treatment units, design results and a layout of sewage treatment plant.
Visit my slide share channel for downloading report of this project.
Distillation of ionic liquid-water systems by Ville Alopaeus, Kaj Jakobsson, Petri Uusi Kyyny, Alexandr Ostonen, Waqar Ahmad
Aalto, Chemical Technology
ACel Programme Seminar June 5, 2015
http://fibic.fi/events/acel-program-seminar-jun-5-cellulose-reactivity-and-recycling-of-ionic-liquids
Measuring N-protein has never been that inexpensive! Moreover, we are glad to introduce our alternatives to helium as carrier gas. Never get the helium sticker shock again. This webinar focuses on laboratories within the food and feed sector.
Mistop is a natural alternative for reducing acid mist that forms during copper electrowinning processes. It is a non-ionic surfactant made from the Quillaja saponaria tree that lowers the surface tension of electrolytes, decreasing the force of bubbles exploding and reducing mist formation. Field tests show Mistop can decrease total aerosol levels by over 50% without affecting solvent extraction or electrowinning. As a natural product, Mistop is biodegradable and poses no safety or environmental risks for plant operations or personnel.
The document presents a design project for a ceramic products manufacturing plant in Sudan. It includes process descriptions and material and energy balances for the manufacturing of ceramic tiles. Key areas covered include the raw material preparation using a ball mill, firing in a roller hearth kiln controlled by a PID controller, ancillary equipment like storage tanks and pumps, and considerations around environmental impacts. The overall aim is to satisfy local demand for ceramics and export excess production to generate revenue.
The document discusses various pollution prevention strategies and air pollution control methods. It defines pollution prevention as eliminating or reducing waste at the source before it is generated. Common pollution prevention approaches include product changes, input material changes, equipment/process modifications, and good operating practices. The document also describes various air pollution control methods such as absorption, adsorption, oxidation, particulate controls like baghouses and electrostatic precipitators, and flue gas desulfurization systems.
The document summarizes research on synthesizing macrocyclic chelating agents for removing and concentrating perchlorate. It discusses:
1) Background on perchlorate contamination issues and calixarenes as potential extraction reagents.
2) The objectives to synthesize and characterize calix[4]arene-based polymeric materials and apply them to remove perchlorate from water.
3) Experimental methods including synthesis, characterization techniques, and column studies to test perchlorate removal efficiency.
Air pollution prevention and control lecture 2018mangowekesa
The document discusses various strategies for air pollution prevention and control, with a focus on strategies for controlling nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions. It describes several methods for NOx control including fuel denitrogenation, combustion modification, selective catalytic reduction, and selective non-catalytic reduction. For SO2 control it discusses flue gas desulfurization systems like limestone scrubbing, lime scrubbing, and spray drying, as well as changing to lower sulfur fuels. The document provides details on the chemistry and processes involved in different pollution control methods.
Over the years Cooling Tower treatment involves heavy use of chemicals. Unfortunately these chemicals are not only costly, but also adds minerals in the water. This reduces Cycles Of Concentration [COC] & as a result in high blow down & more make up water demand. Using ozone operating cost is drastically reduced & blow down water quantity also reduces.
This document discusses flow chemistry and its advantages over traditional batch chemistry. Flow chemistry involves performing reactions continuously in a small-scale reactor rather than in batches. It allows for better temperature control, safer handling of hazardous reagents like gases or exothermic reactions, higher selectivity and productivity, and easier scale-up. Areas that benefit greatly from flow chemistry include exothermic reactions, reactions with gases, and scale-up. Miniaturized microreactors in flow systems provide enhanced heat and mass transfer for improved reaction control and safety. Overall, flow chemistry is a useful method for performing chemistry in a safer, more efficient, and reproducible manner compared to batch.
The document summarizes a waterflood process for enhanced oil recovery using seawater injection. It discusses two options for pre-treating the seawater - sulfate removal membrane and nitrate injection. The nitrate injection process is selected, which involves filtration, deaeration, and injection of chemicals including nitrates, biocides, and corrosion inhibitors. A process flow diagram is presented showing the main unit operations for nitrate injection including filtration, deaeration, and multiple chemical injection points.
The document summarizes the design of a car called Elmer that is powered by a chemical reaction between acetic acid and sodium bicarbonate. Safety features and proper handling of chemicals are described. The neutralization reaction produces carbon dioxide gas that powers the engine. When the car reaches the end of the track, a separate "Elephant Toothpaste" reaction produces bubbles that interrupt lasers and stop the engine by closing a solenoid valve. A cost breakdown lists the materials and chemicals used.
The document discusses integrated green technologies for municipal solid waste (MSW) management. It describes an automated waste collection system and various MSW thermo-chemical conversion technologies, including recycling, combustion, incineration, pyrolysis, gasification, and advanced thermal gasification. Incineration can generate energy from MSW but requires effective pollution controls. Emerging technologies like gasification and pyrolysis produce syngas and oils while advanced thermal gasification vitrifies waste into inert materials. Overall, thermal conversion technologies allow for more sustainable MSW management compared to landfilling but require further commercialization and environmental assessment.
This document summarizes a study that investigated factors influencing paraffin wax deposition during crude oil production. The study used a laboratory flow-loop system to simulate wax deposition. The experimental results showed that:
1) Wax deposition decreased with increasing temperature difference between the waxy fluid and cold surface, and with increasing flow rate.
2) The amount of paraffin wax deposited initially increased with time, reached a maximum value, and then gradually decreased.
3) Wax concentration percentage weight in the deposit slightly varied with time as the temperature changed at a constant flow rate.
4) The integration of temperature difference, flow rate, residence time, and wax concentration can significantly impact wax deposition during crude
This document summarizes the commercialization of Velocys' advanced Fischer-Tropsch synthesis technology. Key points include:
Velocys has 15+ years of experience and over $300 million invested in developing their microchannel reactor technology. Their pilot plant demonstrates stable long-term operation with excellent catalyst regenerability and lifetime. Their process is designed for modular scalability.
Velocys works with world-class partners and has commercial rollout underway, with resources including technical centers and a permanent pilot plant. Their technology offers advantages including isothermal behavior, robustness, economy, and high productivity.
Experimental design and validation ensure the catalyst and process meet commercial requirements for stability, performance, and tolerance to variations
It is useful for So2 removal with good product .
The SO2 will react with Ammonia by forming ammonium sulfite and we will do oxidation further and will get ammonium sulphate as a fertilizer product..
SO2 +NH3+H2O ------>NH4SO3
NH4SO3+O2---------> NH4 SO4..
This document summarizes the design of a hydrometallurgical copper processing plant aimed at processing 15 tons of copper oxide ore per day. The plant utilizes a comminution circuit to grind the ore to an optimal size, followed by leaching to extract the copper. Solid-liquid separation then purifies the solution, which undergoes solvent extraction and electrowinning to produce copper cathodes. Laboratory experiments and theoretical calculations were used to design and size the equipment. The plant is estimated to recover over 80% of the copper at a capital cost of $1.5 million and produce around 583 tons of copper annually, making it a viable small-scale option. Recommendations include using design software and specialized engineers to
The document discusses plasma arc technology as an alternative waste treatment method. It begins by outlining the increasing waste generation problem in urban India. Plasma arc technology gasifies waste in an oxygen-starved environment to produce syngas, vitrified slag, and other products. The key components of a plasma gasification system and factors affecting performance are described. Plasma arc technology offers advantages over incineration like lower emissions and more energy efficient operation. While holding potential, the technology also faces limitations like high costs and lack of standards that have hindered wider adoption in India.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as t...vijaykumar292010
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as the Directive 2002/95/EC. It includes the restrictions for the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. RoHS is a WEEE (Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment).
Global Peatlands Map and Hotspot Explanation Atlas
Plasma Waste Vitrification
1. PLASMA WASTE VITRIFICATION
Dr Bryony Livesey*, Dr Tim Johnson+, Mark Rogers*
*Costain, +Tetronics International
International Workshop on Plasmas for Energy and Environmental Applications
Meeting national needs through people and innovation
4. Objectives
4
• Demonstrate flexibility of plasma system to treat multiple waste streams:
• Two types of sludge
• Future decommissioning waste
• Demonstrate maximum passivation and stabilisation of vitrified product
• Maximise volume reduction
• Demonstrate maximum retention of caesium in the vitrified product
• Investigate factors affecting plasma vitrification process performance: volume
reduction, process stability, homogeneity, throughput, off gas treatment
demand, etc.
• Confirm that critical components deliver their process and safety functions
5. Basis of Safety
• System is always a net-consumer of energy (i.e. no thermal runaway)
• Process prevents accumulation of explosive gases
• Standard nuclear ventilation and shielding suitable for dealing with
radiological hazard
• Criticality hazard managed by geometry
• Multi-layer containment of melt
• Avoidance of melt pouring – solidification in-situ
• Replaceable furnace refractory lining
• Melting crucible suitable for loading directly into final waste container for
ultimate disposal
5
6. Design of Demonstration Plant
• Based on concept design and corresponding safety case
• Key design features include:
• Remote loading of crucible into cooling jacket
• Remote vertical and horizontal movement of crucible
• Monitoring of furnace seal integrity
• Furnace clamp mechanisms
• Replaceable roof refractory
6
7. Demonstration Plant
• Feeding of sludges
and fluxes
• Twin electrodes
• Plant cell (cage)
• Plasma furnace
• Water-cooled ‘clam
shell’ and base
• Remote loading and
unloading of
crucible
• Simulated final
waste container
7
9. Slag Composition Control
9
• Fluxes are added to ensure low melting point
and good fluidity
• Allowing the material to solidify in-situ
reduces accuracy of composition control
required
Species SIXEP Magnox FD waste
Raw waste simulants 100 % 59% 92%
Silica sand, flux - 30% -
Aluminium oxide, flux - 11% -
Calcium Carbonate, flux - - 8%
Total 100 % 100 % 100 %
10. Mass Balance – SIXEP Sludge
10
Inputs: Mass, kg % of Input
Solid in waste simulant 553.51 63.0%
Water in waste simulant 325.08 37.0%
Flux in blended waste simulant 0.00 0.00%
Total mass input 878.59 100.0%
Outputs:
Vitrified slag 446 50.8%
Furnace exit duct dust 1.51 0.2%
Combustion chamber dust 0.12 0.0%
Filter bag-house dust 9.14 1.0%
Total solid mass output 456.77 52.0%
11. Volume Reduction
11
SIXEP Trial No SIXEP001 SIXEP002 SIXEP003 SIXEP004 SIXEP005
Feeding method Batch Continuous Continuous Continuous Continuous
Sludge fed during trial, m3 0.112 0.112 0.112 0.112 0.139
Vitrified slag volume, m3 0.076 0.043 0.043 0.043 0.065
Volume reduction (without crucible) 32% 61% 61% 61% 53%
Maximum vitrifed slag volume, m3 0.108 0.108 0.108 0.108 0.108
Sludge volume required, m3 0.158 0.280 0.280 0.280 0.231
Maximum final wasteform volume, m3 0.278 0.278 0.278 0.278 0.278
Volume reduction (with crucible) -76% 1% 1% 1% -20%
These values are following initial demonstration
trials designed with conservative assumptions and
limited optimisation studies. Further design
modifications for specific waste streams will result
in improved volume reduction performance.
12. Summary of Results
• ~60% bulk waste volume reduction
• >95% of caesium retained in the wasteform (single pass)
• Uniform unreactive monolith
• Key engineering achievements include:
• Making a provable crucible seal
• Making a provable electrode seal
• Furnace can be dismantled remotely
13. Next Steps
13
• Pursuing low hazard industrial implementation opportunities at full
scale
• Pursuing funding for active demonstration as the next step towards
commercial-scale implementation
• Developing the existing business case to explore the benefits of this
approach across the nuclear industry