Dr. Sami Lakkis - Impact of Untreated Urban and Industrial Solid Waste
Overcoming Barriers for Waste to Energy in India
1. 1
Ravi Kant
Cell: 99890 22033
ravikant.ias@gmail.com
Overcoming Barriers for ‘Waste to Energy’
Framework for promoting WTE in India
- Experience & Key Issues
2. What is Municipal Solid Waste
Municipal Solid Waste is the waste collected by urban local body.
It consists of organic material, paper, plastic, glass, metals and
other refuse collected by municipal authorities, from homes,
offices, institutions, commercial establishments and public places.
MSW does not include the following:
Sewage
Rural waste
Industrial or Bio-medical waste
Construction and Demolition waste
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3. Generation of MSW - International
Currently, the world cities generate about 35.6 lakh tons of MSW
per day (1.3 billion tons per year).
The OECD nations generate more than 2 kilograms per person per
day.
In South Asia it is less than half a kilogram per person per day.
The United States leads the world in MSW generation at 6.25 lakh
tons per day.
China is a close second at 5.21 lakh tons per day.
India generates 1.6 lakh tons of MSW per day
This means 400 grams per person per day
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5. Global Warming – Methane & Carbon Dioxide
Approximately 63% of global warming is attributable to carbon
dioxide (CO2) emissions
The majority of CO2 emissions coming from the burning of fossil
fuels.
Approximately 18% of global warming is due to Methane (CH4)
emissions in the atmosphere.
Methane emissions from landfills pose a significant danger
because our growing amount of MSW results in ever increasing
landfills, which continue to produce methane for decades, even
long after they are capped and closed.
All waste disposal alternatives eventually decompose organic
matter into simpler carbon molecules such as Carbon Dioxide and
Methane.
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6. MSW to Energy is Renewable Energy
MSW, to a large extent is of biological origin (biogenic), e.g. paper,
cardboard, wood, cloth, food scraps. This material has been formed by
plants using atmospheric CO2 typically within the last growing season.
Typically half of the energy content in MSW is from biogenic material.
Consequently, this energy is often recognised as renewable energy
according to the waste input.
The rest—mainly plastics and other oil and gas derived products—is
generally treated as non-renewable.
In MSW combustion, nearly all of the carbon content in the waste is
emitted as Carbon Dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere.
1 ton of MSW combustion produce approximately 1 ton of CO2
If 1 ton of MSW is landfilled, it will produce 45 kgs of methane which
has twice the global warming potential than the combustion route.
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7. What is Waste to Energy (WTE)
Waste to Energy is the conversion of non-recyclable waste materials into
electricity, useable heat, or fuel through a variety of processes, including
Combustion, Pyrolysis, Gasification, Anaerobic Digestion and Landfill Gas
Recovery (LFG).
Waste to Energy– Combustion of MSW
MSW is burnt in a single combustion chamber under conditions of excess
air.
In combustion systems, excess air must be used to promote mixing and
turbulence to ensure that air can reach all parts of the waste.
This is necessary because of the inconsistent nature of the MSW.
Most facilities burn MSW on a sloping, moving grate and mix air with the
waste.
The MSW Combustion facilities are of two types.
Mass Burn facilities are designed to handle unsorted solid waste.
RDF facilities are designed to handle pre-processed trash. 7
8. MSW – Mass Burn / RDF
Mass burn facilities are the most common types of combustion facilities.
Many advanced municipalities separate the waste on the front end to
pull off as many recyclable products as possible.
Even in developing countries, there is need to remove inert material like
‘construction & demolition’ waste, recyclables to the extent possible.
Refuse Derived Fuel Systems – These facilities use mechanical methods
to shred incoming MSW, separate out non-combustible materials, and
produce a combustible mixture suitable as a fuel in a dedicated furnace.
Typically where raw MSW is processed into an RDF, the increase in the
energy content of the RDF is achieved due to the drying of the waste
(removal of water) and the removal of recyclables (glass, metals) and
inert materials (stones, ash, soil etc.)
Therefore, the remaining RDF waste has significant energy content,
plastics, dried biodegradable materials, textiles etc.
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9. Combustion for MSW for Energy Generation
Waste to Energy (Combustion) is a process that burns MSW as fuel through
controlled environmental friendly combustion process at high temperatures
and reduces the waste by 90% of its original volume (or 80% of its original
weight).
Normally, MSW incineration furnaces are designed with a capacity of about
20- 25 tons/hour. This means Boiler Capacities of 500 – 600 TPD.
In WTE, the chemical energy stored in waste is converted into electricity and
heat.
The maximum amount of energy recoverable through MSW incineration
depends primarily on the LCV (lower calorific value) of the waste.
Typically, the energy efficiency of a WTE plant, based on the ratio of ‘useful
energy out’ to ‘energy in’, is in the range 14-28% for plants producing
electricity only.
If the heat is also utilised in nearby industries/district heating (cogeneration)
then the total efficiency is typically higher than 80%.
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10. WTE – Latest International Statistics
Today there are 2,200 WTE plants in the world
As per June 2013 Report of ‘ecoprog GmbH’
ecoprog is an independent consultancy in the energy and
environmental business based in Cologne
They have a disposal capacity of about 255 million tons of waste per
year.
By 2017, another 180 plants with a capacity of 52 million tons will be
added.
Modern WTE technologies have been commercially deployed,
especially in Europe, Japan and the USA.
In US there are 86 WTE Plants - about 12 % of waste is combusted for
energy recovery – mostly ‘mass burn’
No new plants have been built in the US since 1995 - The public
opinion is not favourable towards to WTE. Plenty of land for LFG. 10
11. WTE – News from world leaders
In Japan, Incineration has been the primary disposal route for waste due to lack of
space for landfills - 74% of all waste produced in Japan is incinerated with just 2%
sent to landfill.
The households are required to sort waste into at least eight fractions – to increase
recycling
The modern WTE plants are incentivised to recover energy (as well as recycling
ash).
In Australia, the biomass based components of MSW are considered to be ‘eligible’
renewable energy.
As per Renewable Energy Target (RET), 20% of Australia’s electricity supply will be
sourced from renewable sources by 2020.
The European Union’s strategy is to become a ‘recycling’ society, seeking to avoid
waste as far as possible and to reuse waste generated as a resource.
The EU has set a cap on the amount of recyclable and compostable waste that can
be sent for energy recovery via incineration. It also seeks an end to waste to landfill.
In the EU, the WTE Plant is considered a ‘recovery’ option only when it gainfully
uses both electricity & heat generated.
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12. China - Waste to Energy
With MSW growing at 9% annually in China, the cities are under great
pressure to deliver effective waste management solutions.
Incineration, as a mainstream MSW treatment method, has received prime
attention due to its advantage of energy recovery and waste volume
reduction.
Today 20% of MSW is incinerated and incineration is growing at a feverish
pace.
China already has 150 WTE plants and another 150 plants will be
operational by the year 2015.
A central target calls for 30% of MSW to be treated by WTE incineration by
the year 2030.
Currently, the average calorific value of MSW in China equals 5000 kJ/kg.
The reasons for the low calorific value are the high moisture and high
proportion of kitchen waste and ‘rag picking’ activity of picking incinerable
items like paper, wood & plastics.
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13. China - Waste to Energy
In China almost all MSW incineration plants are designed to produce only
electricity as a by product.
China uses two types of MSW incineration technologies - Stoker and Fluidized
Bed.
The Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) technology is based on the co-firing of
MSW with Coal (Maximum 20%) in CFB incinerator.
The small and mid-sized cities appear to prefer CFB incinerators to combust
their non-sorted MSW with high moisture content and low calorific values –
CFBs account for half of China's MSW treatment capacity.
However China has immense environmental challenges.
The standards are quite lax compared to the EU standards.
The challenge for future is monitoring of BOT incineration plants, ensure
compliance, reduce air emissions especially dioxins and heavy metals.
In fact, only a few WTE plants dispose incinerator ash scientifically – they
dump or sell the ash privately. 13
14. China – Incentive to WTE by Government
On February 28, 2005, the Standing Committee of the National People’s
14th Congress passed the ‘Renewable Energy Law of the People’s Republic
of China’.
WTE was singled out as an important renewable energy.
The Chinese government is encouraging support from the private sector
for establishing and operating WTE plants on BOT basis.
The following incentives are given:
Tipping Fees
Beneficial electricity generated prices
WTE plants receive a feed-in tariff, which means higher price for
renewable energy. Recently Beijing announced a fixed subsidised price for
power purchased from WTE plants, which is about double that from coal-
powered plants.
Tax Incentives
WTE plants are exempt from corporate income tax for the first 5 years of
operation and are eligible for the immediate refund of value-added tax. 14
16. MSW to Energy – Process Overview
Waste Reception - The MSW trucks (Compactors) dump the waste into an
enclosed reception hall which is under ‘negative pressure’ to prevent bad
smell to the neighbourhood.
The ‘sucked’ air is being ‘reused’ to enhance the combustion process.
The tipping and bunker area is maintained under negative pressure to
prevent odour.
Waste Segregation - Waste is transferred to a separation / segregation
process where inerts, plastics, rubber, glass and metals will be removed and
sent back to the recycling industry.
Storage of Waste - The residual waste (RDF) is then stored in a MSW Pit /
Bunker where large hydraulic cranes will be mixing the fuel to a
homogenous fuel.
Leachate Removal & Treatment - The waste is stored for 2 to 5 days to
remove moisture. With mixing pressure, the moisture is reduced and the
leachate is removed to a sophisticated ‘leachate treatment facility’.
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17. MSW to Energy – Process Overview
A crane grabs the waste and places it into the feed hopper. It then drops
down a feed chute on to the Grate in the Combustion chamber.
The action of the moving grates turns the waste to allow it to burn fully
with minimum combustion temperature of 850 degree Celsius and
residence time of 2 seconds.
The burnt out grate ash passes through the ash discharger on to an ash
handling system.
Hot flue gases produced in the combustion process pass through a boiler
where heated water becomes steam.
A turbo-generator uses the steam to produce electricity for export to the
local power grid. The heat can also be used for industrial processes or
residential district heating/industry near the WTE plant.
The polluted flue gases from the boiler go through an extensive flue gas
cleaning process. The cleaned flue gases & water vapours are finally
released to the atmosphere through the chimney.
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18. WTE – Flue Gas Cleaning
Incineration of MSW generates large volumes of flue gases. The flue
gases carry a wide range of pollutants and residues from incomplete
combustion.
The flue gas cleaning means optimal removal of Dust, Acidic
components (NOx, SOx HCL, HF), Heavy Metals (Hg, Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, Cu,
Ni), Polyaromatic compounds, Dioxins and Furans.
NOx reduction & Dioxin destruction (Process – 1)
SNCR (Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction) by high temperature
reaction with ammonia in the furnace itself - Ammonia injection into
the hot flue gases for reduction & control of NOx emissions
It simultaneously destructs Dioxins and Furans.
(It keeps their emission levels well below 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm3)
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20. WTE – Flue Gas Cleaning
Neutralisation of Acidic emissions
It is a semi-wet process in Spray Dryer (Scrubber).
The Rotary Atomiser generates finely dispersed lime slurry droplets
(calcium hydroxide) which get thoroughly mixed with the hot flue
gases.
The slurry water evaporates and the ‘calcium hydroxide’ reacts with
the acid pollutants like SOX, HCl, HF.
The acid gas components are removed by neutralisation with this
hydrated lime
Removal of Dioxins, Furans & Heavy Metals
Adsorption by injecting powdered activated Carbon for effective
removal of Dioxins & Furans, Polyaromatic compounds and heavy
metals such as Mercury, Lead & Cadmium etc.
The heavy metals such as Lead and Chromium agglomerate into large
particles and are removed by bag filters.
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21. WTE – Flue Gas Cleaning
Removal of dust, ash and other residue particles
The dust and the flue gas cleaning residues are then removed by
filtration in Bag House.
A Bag-house works like a giant vacuum cleaner with hundreds of fabric
filter bags that clean the air of reside particles, fly ash, soot, smoke
and metal.
Bag-house is more efficient than ESP (Electro Static Precipitator).
NOx reduction & Dioxin destruction (Process– 2)
SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) - Catalytic reduction with ammonia
in a Catalytic Converter
Nitrogen oxides contained in flue gas are removed as non-polluting
nitrogen and water.
The Dioxins/Furans in flue gases are destroyed. This process is done
after Bag House filtration. 21
23. MSW Incineration – Ash Management
In WTE combustion, the amount of ash generated depends on the quality
of input waste.
Typically 15% – 25% of raw waste converts into Ash by weight (Bottom Ash
& Fly Ash)
The Bottom ash is 80-90 % of the total ash. It mainly consists of grate ash,
which remains on the stoker/grate after completion of combustion cycle.
The Fly ash is 10-20 % of the total ash. These particulates originate in the
primary combustion zone and are subsequently entrained in the
combustion gas stream and carried into the boiler and air pollution control
system. The fly ash is hazardous in nature.
Typically toxic Fly ash is handled in hazardous waste landfill and the
Bottom ash is reused with proper environment safeguards – else landfilled.
Keppel Seghers - Engineered landfill to accept treated incinerator bottom
ash and Stabilised fly ash.
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24. AEB Amsterdam WTE Plant – Recovery from Ash
Not all of the waste is incinerated.
The bottom ash that remains consists of cinders, granulates, glass and
metals.
AEB recovers iron and non-ferrous metals like Copper, Aluminium & Zinc
from the bottom ash.
The left over residue is a ‘stone like’ mass which is used to produce
granulate and artificial sand for use in the construction of roads and
filling material for embankments.
Products are also extracted from the fly ash.
During the cleaning process of flue gas, airborne ash particles (fly ash)
are captured.
These are used in the asphalt industry.
Additionally, gypsum is extracted during the treatment process to
produce gypsum board for the building industry.
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25. MSW Incineration – Concerns
1. Incinerators emit pollutants like acid gases (oxides of Sulphur &
Nitrogen, HCL, HF), fine particulates, heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn,
Cu, Ni), dioxins & furans, even though these emissions are relatively
low in modern incinerators.
2. Other concerns include proper management of residues: toxic fly ash
which must be handled in hazardous waste landfills as well
as incinerator bottom ash, which must be reused properly, if at all.
3. MSW incineration plants are among the expensive solid waste
management options and require highly skilled personnel and careful
maintenance.
4. The community should be willing to absorb the increased treatment
cost through management charges, tipping fees, and tax-based
subsidies & incentives.
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26. MSW Incineration – Concerns
5. The supply of combustible waste should be at least 50,000 metric
tons/year, which means 137 TPD (World Bank Report, 1999)
6. Assuming Indian raw waste has combustible fraction of less than 40% –
the minimum raw waste needs to be 300 TPD for a viable WTE facility.
7. A most crucial factor in the feasibility of an MSW incineration plant is the
nature of the waste and its calorific value.
8. The lower calorific value (LCV) should be at least 7 MJ/kg (1700 Kcal/kg),
and must never fall below 6 MJ/kg (1500 Kcal/kg) in any season.
9. The informal rag picking activity tends to reduce the amount of
combustibles like paper, cardboard, and certain types of plastisc in the
waste.
10. Additionally in low income countries, the waste may have high ash and
moisture content owing to use of coal and wood as fuel and higher
organic fraction.
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27. MSW Incineration – Revenue Streams
1. The Tipping Fees paid by the Municipal body
2. Sale of Power (Power Purchase Agreement)
3. Sale of pre-sorted Recyclables
4. Sale of recovered metals (ferrous & non-ferrous) from the
bottom ash
5. Sale of co-generated heat used by adjacent industrial plants
or for district heating
6. CDM Revenue – Carbon Credits
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29. Keppel Seghers – Doha Plant Process Brief
Keppel Seghers has established a MSW (RDF) Combustion Plant at
Doha, Qatar to generate power.
Over 95% of the incoming 2300 TPD MSW is either recycled or
converted to power(38 MW)
The incoming waste is segregated by the ‘Dano Drums’ as follows:
Undersized fraction (<45 mm) containing mostly organic materials -
Undergoes anaerobic digestion and then Biogas to Energy (8 MW).
Middle size fraction (45-150 mm) containing most of the metals (inert
mineral fraction)- Recovery of ferrous and non-ferrous metals.
Larger size fraction RDF (>150 mm) with higher calorific value -
combustion to produce energy (30 MW).
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30. India MSW
In India the MSW generation per person per day is 400 grams.
This means India generates 1,60,000 tons of MSW daily (58 million
tons per annum)
The waste generation is increasing by 50% every decade
Typically Indian raw MSW has Organic Waste: 50%, Recyclables: 25% &
Inerts: 25%
Today only 10% of the generated MSW is managed scientifically as per
‘Municipal Solid Waste Rules, 2000’.
Due to a lack of source segregation, the yield of composting plants is
only 7% making them economically unfeasible. Rejects from these
plants are more than 50% of the input waste, which require a huge
landfill capacity.
Owing to the lack of reliable data about quantity, composition,
calorific value of MSW, ULBs do not have structured plan for waste
management.
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31. MSW Incineration – Suitable for India
Incineration is an efficient way to reduce the burgeoning waste volumes (58
million tons already and counting) and demand for scarce landfill space.
In India the MSW is not segregated- making ‘Biomethanation’ impossible and
‘Composting’ difficult with low yield.
WTE replaces ‘base load’ coal and gas fired power plants – saving fossil fuels
and emissions thereof.
Incineration provides the best way to eliminate methane gas emissions
from waste management processes. It generates clean renewable energy.
WTE facilities are typically situated within the command area of waste
generation. This avoids long haul transportation to distant landfills – avoids
carbon emissions from transportation.
The recovery of metals from bottom ash and recycling it for low cost
aggregate for road construction etc further reduces the need for
landfill capacity.
With skyrocketing urbanisation and ever increasing waste (with ever
increasing heat content), the time for WTE is now for future sustenance.
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32. India MSW – amenable for Incineration
53 India cities have more than 10 lakh population amounting to 70,000
TPD of MSW– thus have WTE potential of 930 MW in the near future.
The combustibles amount to around 40% of raw weight of MSW.
LCV (Lower Calorific Value) is the heat value of the raw MSW expressed in
KCal/kg or KJ/kg (1 Cal = 4.184 KJ)
The MSW must have LCV of 6000 KJ/kg – to qualify for WTE process.
The LCV values of Indian Cities are: Mumbai = 8000 KJ/Kg, Delhi = 7000
KJ/Kg, Bangalore = 6070 KJ/Kg, Hyderabad = 6000 KJ/Kg
Typically in India 80 TPD of waste generates = 1 MW of Electricity.
In other words 1 ton of waste generates = 300 KWH or 300 units.
(In USA it is 550 KWH)
Typically in India the electrical energy generated is 18% of input MSW
energy.
The world figures are (14 - 28%) – for only electricity generation 32
33. India WTE – Legacy Burden
Perception of waste as a ‘free’ fuel , zero tipping fees etc.
MSW management is an environmental obligation where the prime
objective is to reduce its offensive characteristics and reduce the
volume for safe disposal in landfill.
Ill conceived tariff based bidding process in 2008 for a nascent WTE
sector in Delhi.
Tariff based bid process carried out in Delhi – an ‘aberration’ and
not a ‘bench mark’ or ‘best practice’.
Lack of precedence and hence appreciation for preferential tariff
together with Tipping Fees as in other countries.
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34. WTE in India – Concession Agreements
Concession Agreement to be an “agreement between Parties under PPP
spirit ” – not a ‘Regulation’. Concessionaire signs on dotted lines.
The CAs are drafted by a ‘Consultant’ – the ULB does not own/understand
it in most cases. There is no effective & quick problem solving mechanism.
Concession Agreements – unfair risk sharing – thrust of risk on the
Concessionaire
The CA terms often held ‘hostile’ by financial institutions and perceived as
‘risk some’
Changes in CA terms sought – even after inking the CA – prompted by
change of Council and/or officers.
In a PPP project, the statutory permissions should be joint responsibility
and prior environmental clearance should be obtained before the project
is awarded.
The land should be handed over quickly without encumbrances & waste
quantity should be ensured. 34
35. WTE in India – Lack of Capacity
The ULBs and even the ‘Pollution Control Boards’ do not have
experienced professionals to appreciate the nascent WTE sector in
India.
The ‘Independent Engineer’ – supposed to be a neutral mentor for
both the ULB and the Concessionaire, should have credentials to
perform the job expertly & impartially and should appreciate
practical issues in India (which have tadka of politics & unwarranted
NGO activity besides NIMBY & NIMET)
NIMBY – Not In My Back Yard
NIMET – Not In My Elected Term
It is our bad luck in India that waste management is very low on
political agenda or priority.
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36. India – Cost & Economics of WTE Plant
The cities with MSW of 500 TPD or more are suitable for WTE projects.
The capital cost of establishing a WTE Plant is over Rs. 14 crores per installed
MW capacity (thanks to dollar escalation!)
The annual Operating Cost of WTE Plant is 10% of the Capital Cost.
The PLF (Plant Load Factor) is about 70% - WTE, though infirm, is base load
power.
The bidding of a project (with WTE facility) should be done on ‘Tipping Fees’
parameter only.
Proven successful models in the world– a combination of ‘Tipping Fee’ &
‘Preferential Tariff’ – to be the guiding principle for India.
Escalation of Tipping fees to be linked to price of fuel and the WPI.
CERC advised “project specific tariff determination”- right move.
‘Model Concession Agreement’ for MSW management including WTE need
to be developed – Ministry of UD & MNRE
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37. WTE in India – Government Support
The ‘Ministry of New and Renewable Energy’, GOI has made a Strategic
plan for new and renewable energy sector for 2011-17.
Urban Wastes to Energy - Sensitising Urban local Bodies about the
advantages, potential and prospects
MNRE Scheme dated 12.09.13
Promotion of all technology options for setting up projects for recovery of
energy from urban, industrial and agricultural wastes.
Assist five pilot projects based on MSW to energy- only Projects selected
through competitive bidding.
Capital subsidy for power generation from MSW @ Rs. 2 Cr/MW installed
capacity (Max. Rs.10 Cr/ project).
The capital subsidy will offset loan amount – released into beneficiary’s
loan account.
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38. WTE in India – Customs & Excise Duty Exemption
Central Excise Notification No. 33/2005-CE dated 8.9.2005
Generation of Power from MSW
Exempts all items of machinery from whole of excise duty
Customs Notification No. 81/2005 dated 8.9.2005
Generation of Power from MSW
Relief from customs duty on all items of imported machinery
However there is lack of clarity in extending duty exemption for renewable
energy generation devices /systems – equipments like Turbine, air cooled
Condenser, transformer not considered.
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40. Delhi– India’s first WTE Plant
Jindal Group’s ‘Timarpur Okhla’ plant at Delhi is the first
commercial WTE facility in India .
This plant was commissioned on 1st September, 2012.
It incinerates 1500 TPD of Delhi’s waste to generate 16 MW of
Power.
It has 3 Boilers (500 TPD) with one Turbine and generates power at
70% PLF.
No Tipping fees.
It earns power tariff @ Rs. 2.49 per unit for 49% power produced.
Rest power is wheeled for use in their establishments.
It is a CDM registered project
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42. WTE Plant at Ghazipur – IL & FS
Ghazipur village, located in east Delhi, is densely populated with migrants from UP and Bihar
who work in Industrial areas of Noida, East Delhi and Okhla.
The Ghazipur dumpsite, with an area of 29 hectares, is operational since 1984. It has
accumulated waste of 50 lakh tons with average height of dump being 25 metres.
WTE Plant at Ghazipur landfill site is being developed by ‘East Delhi Waste Processing Co. Ltd’
(EDWPCL). The company is a joint venture of Delhi government (East Delhi Municipal
Corporation) and its private partner IEISL (IL&FS Environmental Infrastructure & Services
Limited).
The plant will process 1300 TPD of MSW (from East Delhi) into 533 TPD of fluff RDF (DST-
TIFAC Technology) and the RDF (3500 KCal/kg) will be combusted to generate 12 MW power.
RDF Plant
EIA Report
Submitted to Delhi
Pollution Control
Committee, Jan 2008
http://wtert.in/wp-
content/uploads/2013/03/
gdpcc.pdf
43. WTE Plant at Ghazipur – IL & FS
The Company will process all fractions of waste – Biodegradable, Inert and Combustible.
The Biodegradable waste is converted into compost;
Inert waste (C&D Waste) is turned into blocks and kerb stones;
Combustible waste (like paper, mattresses, rubber etc) to produce recycled
products and energy.
The power generated – 50% to be sold to BSES at a fixed price of Rs 3 a unit. Rest they
are free to sell. [BSES Rajdhani Power Limited (BRPL) – Reliance]
Power Plant
Jan 2014
44. WTE – World’s best Plant – Amsterdam
AEB’s Amsterdam WTE plant has the best credentials in the world.
Every day, 600 trucks and a number of freight trains deliver 4,400
tons of waste to the plant.
Only the waste that is not suitable for ‘reuse’ or ‘recycling’ is
incinerated.
It produces electricity with a net energy efficiency of 30.6% - the
highest in the world.
The excess heat generated during combustion is used to provide
district heating and hot water.
The Incinerator Ash is recycled to convert into useful products
Out of every 1000 kg of waste, only 0.5 kg of residual waste
remains for which there is no use. This is land filled.
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