Plant-Anatomy.ppt
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This document provides an overview of plant anatomy and cell structure. It discusses the cell theory, which states that all life is composed of cells, cells only come from pre-existing cells, and cells are the basic units of structure and function. It describes plant tissues including dermal, vascular and ground tissues. Ground tissues include parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma. Vascular tissues include xylem and phloem. It also discusses cell and tissue types in roots, stems and leaves, and processes like photosynthesis.
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In biology, tissue is a cellular organizational level between cells and a complete organ. A tissue is an ensemble of similar cells and their extracellular matrix from the same origin that together carry out a specific function. Broadly tissues can be classified into two major groups : Plant tissue and Animal tissue.
A plant tissue can be defined as a cell or a group of cells dividing, to give rise to large number of cell, which is collectively referred as tissues. They are structurally and functionally similar to these cells. Plants do have a higher level of structure called plant tissue systems. A plant tissue system can be defined as a functional unit, which connects all organs of a plant. Like animal tissue system, plant tissue system is also grouped into various tissues based on their functions.
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Plant anatomy is the study of internal plant structure and organization. There are two main tissue types: meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are made of actively dividing cells found in growth zones, and can be classified based on position, origin, function, and plane of division. Permanent tissues develop from meristematic tissues and lose the ability to divide. The two types of permanent tissues are simple tissues composed of one cell type (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma), and complex tissues with multiple cell types. Parenchyma is the most common simple tissue and can be storage, aeration or photosynthetic. Collenchyma and sclerenchyma provide
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Plant tissues can be divided into meristematic tissue, permanent tissue, and epidermis. Meristematic tissue includes apical, lateral and intercalary meristems that allow for growth. Permanent tissues are divided into simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, and complex tissues like xylem and phloem that transport water and nutrients. Parenchyma is the most common ground tissue while sclerenchyma provides structure. Xylem transports water and minerals upward and phloem transports food downward. The epidermis forms the outer protective layer of leaves, stems and roots.
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- 1. Plant Anatomy Plant Anatomy Study of tissue and cell structure of plants. (In zoology, anatomy is study of internal organs; histology is study of tissues/cells.)
- 2. Cell Theory All of life is composed of 1 or more cells. Cells arise only from pre-existing cells, via cell division or cell fusion. Cells are units of metabolic processes. Each cell contains set of hereditary information (DNA), transferred from cell to cell, coding for structural & functional features.
- 3. contains DNA storage: pigments, acids, ergastic substances respiration protein synthesis & transport of materials transport & modification photosynthesis cell recognition, transport structural support ribosomes: site of protein synthesis storage high energy carbs.
- 4. Ergastic Substances: not actively metabolized (storage/waste) chromoplasts amyloplasts (starch grains): alpha-1,4-glucopyranoside crystals (Ca-oxalate; silica) druses raphides styloids prismatics aleurone grains: protein oil bodies
- 6. lignin - secondary cell wall function?
- 7. meristem - region of actively dividing cells 1) apical (shoot & root); 2) lateral (vascular & cork cambia) Cell differentiation: 1) Cell expansion (elongation) 2) Cell maturation / specialization
- 8. Plant Tissues & Cell Types Tissue: = group of cells with common function or structure. Three broad tissue types: 1) Dermal - outside layer(s) 2) Vascular - conduction 3) Ground - between dermal and vascular Simple vs. Complex Tissue: 1 versus 2 or more cell types
- 9. Ground Tissue Parenchyma: Gen. metabol. 1) Isodiametric to elongate 2) Primary cell wall 3) Living Collenchyma: support 1) Elongate 2) Primary cell wall thick, uneven, rich in pectins 3) Living
- 10. Ground Tissue Sclerenchyma 1) Secondary cell wall (+ primary) 2) Dead at maturity (usually) Fibers Elongate, sharply tapering
- 11. Ground Tissue Sclerenchyma 1) Secondary cell wall (+ primary) 2) Dead at maturity (usually) Sclereids Isodiametric to irregular
- 12. Vascular Tissue Xylem Water & mineral conduction Tracheary elements + parenchyma + sclerenchyma Phloem Sugar conduction Sieve members + parenchyma + sclerenchyma - Both complex tissues
- 13. Tracheary Elements Tracheids - Imperforate Vessels - Perforate Angiosperms (most) Gnetales A few Monilophytes
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- 16. Dermal tissues: Trichome anatomy Epidermis
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- 21. Stems: • Give rise to leaves exogenously • Do not have a protective “cap” of cells • Do not have root hairs (but may have trichomes)
- 24. Vascular cambium - a lateral meristem
- 28. Ring porous Diffuse porous
- 29. Wood Ray Anatomy
- 30. Leaf anatomy
- 31. Stomata
- 33. Kranz anatomy