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Plant-Anatomy.ppt

This document provides an overview of plant anatomy and cell structure. It discusses the cell theory, which states that all life is composed of cells, cells only come from pre-existing cells, and cells are the basic units of structure and function. It describes plant tissues including dermal, vascular and ground tissues. Ground tissues include parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma. Vascular tissues include xylem and phloem. It also discusses cell and tissue types in roots, stems and leaves, and processes like photosynthesis.

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Plant Anatomy Plant Anatomy Study of tissue and cell structure of plants. (In zoology, anatomy is study of internal organs; histology is study of tissues/cells.)
Cell Theory All of life is composed of 1 or more cells. Cells arise only from pre-existing cells, via cell division or cell fusion. Cells are units of metabolic processes. Each cell contains set of hereditary information (DNA), transferred from cell to cell, coding for structural & functional features.
contains DNA storage: pigments, acids, ergastic substances respiration protein synthesis & transport of materials transport & modification photosynthesis cell recognition, transport structural support ribosomes: site of protein synthesis storage high energy carbs.
Ergastic Substances: not actively metabolized (storage/waste) chromoplasts amyloplasts (starch grains): alpha-1,4-glucopyranoside crystals (Ca-oxalate; silica) druses raphides styloids prismatics aleurone grains: protein oil bodies
cell wall mainly cellulose: beta-1,4-glucopyranoside
lignin - secondary cell wall function?
meristem - region of actively dividing cells 1) apical (shoot & root); 2) lateral (vascular & cork cambia) Cell differentiation: 1) Cell expansion (elongation) 2) Cell maturation / specialization
Plant Tissues & Cell Types Tissue: = group of cells with common function or structure. Three broad tissue types: 1) Dermal - outside layer(s) 2) Vascular - conduction 3) Ground - between dermal and vascular Simple vs. Complex Tissue: 1 versus 2 or more cell types
Ground Tissue Parenchyma: Gen. metabol. 1) Isodiametric to elongate 2) Primary cell wall 3) Living Collenchyma: support 1) Elongate 2) Primary cell wall thick, uneven, rich in pectins 3) Living
Ground Tissue Sclerenchyma 1) Secondary cell wall (+ primary) 2) Dead at maturity (usually) Fibers Elongate, sharply tapering
Ground Tissue Sclerenchyma 1) Secondary cell wall (+ primary) 2) Dead at maturity (usually) Sclereids Isodiametric to irregular
Vascular Tissue Xylem Water & mineral conduction Tracheary elements + parenchyma + sclerenchyma Phloem Sugar conduction Sieve members + parenchyma + sclerenchyma - Both complex tissues
Tracheary Elements Tracheids - Imperforate Vessels - Perforate Angiosperms (most) Gnetales A few Monilophytes
Sieve Elements Sieve cells - No sieve plates Sieve tube members - Sieve plates Apomorphy of Angiosperms
Dermal & Secretory tissues & cells Epidermis Glands Laticifers Nectaries Stomates
Dermal tissues: Trichome anatomy Epidermis
root cap root apical meristem ROOT (l.s.) 1) Protective root cap 2) Absorptive root hairs
ROOT (c.s.) 3) Give rise to new roots endogenously (from within)
Casparian Strip Function: forces fluids from outside through plasma membrane = selective absorption
SPOROPHYTIC SHOOT
Stems: • Give rise to leaves exogenously • Do not have a protective “cap” of cells • Do not have root hairs (but may have trichomes)
Stelar types eustele atactostele
Protoxylem maturation
Vascular cambium - a lateral meristem
Conifers: non-porous
Ring porous Diffuse porous
Wood Ray Anatomy
Leaf anatomy
Stomata
C3 Photosynthesis
Kranz anatomy
C4 Photosynthesis
CAM photosynthesis