The document provides an overview of biology concepts related to cells, tissues, organ systems, and diseases. It discusses the key discoveries in cell theory. The main components of plant and animal cells are described, including the plasma membrane, cell wall, nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles like mitochondria, chloroplasts, and vacuoles. Different types of tissues like epithelial, muscle and connective tissues are covered. The levels of organization from tissues to organ systems to whole organisms are summarized. Common human diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens are briefly outlined.

1. BIOLOGY FOR NDA /CDS 2023
COMPLETE SCIENCE IN 3 PARTS ( PART 1)

2. THE CELL
The cell was discovered by Robert hooke in 1665.
Robert brown discovered the nucleus in the cell in
1831.
purkinje in 1839 termed the fluid substance inside
the cell as protoplasm.
cell theory was given by scheiden and schwann
and expanded by virchow.
every cell is comprised of plasma membrane,
nucleus and cytoplasm.

3. PLASMA MEMBRANE
Transmembrane is a selectively permeable membrane made-
up of lipids and proteins.
the movement of gases is through diffusion and movement of
water by osmosis.
hypotonic solution -cells swell up( outside dilute)
isotonic solution- concentration same on both sides.
hypertonic solution - outside concentration high( cell loses
water)
osmosis is used by roots of plant for water intake & diffusion
for gases.
endocytosis is the process of engulfing of food and other
material from outside through the flexibility of cell membrane

4. CELL WALL
Only present in plants, made-up of cellulose.
Plasmolysis - when cell loses water through osmosis, there
is shrinkage of contents of cell away from the cell wall.
cell wall provides structural support to plants

5. NUCLEUS
Safranin, methylene blue solution, iodine solution are used to
strain cells.
it has double layered covering called plasma membrane and
pores for intake and outtake.
chromosomes inside the nucleus are visible only during cell
division.
chromosomes contains DNA and proteins.
when cell is not dividing, DNA present as chromatin.
in some organisms like bacteria the nuclear region is not
properly developed because of absence of nuclear membrane,
here nucleus is known as nucleoid.

6. PROKARYOTIC CELLS & EUKARYOTIC CELLS

7. CYTOPLASM
Fluid inside nuclear membrane and cell organelles present
inside the cell are known as cytoplasm.
virus lack many membranes and hence do not show
characteristics of life until they enter a living body and use its
cells to live.

8. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULLAM
Large network of membrane bound long tubules and vesicles.
endoplasmic reticulum is divided into two parts - rough
endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
rough endoplasmic reticulum have ribosomes attached to it -
at all present site of protein manufacturing.
smooth endoplasmic reticulum manufacturers fats and lipids
which are important for cell function.
some of these proteins and lipids help in building the cell
membrane( Biogenesis) and some work as enzymes and
hormones.
endoplasmic reticulum serves as channel of transport between
cytoplasm and nucleus.
in liver cells of group of vertebrates, smooth endoplasmic
reticulum plays a crucial role in detoxifying poisons

9. GOLGI APPRATUS
Founded by camillo golgi.
it is a system of membrane bound vesicles parallel to each
other in stacks all cisterns.
their function is packaging, modification, storage, dispatching
of Cell materials.
sometimes complex sugars are made.
lysosomes are also formed there.

10. LYSOSOMES
Membrane bound sacs filled with digestive enzymes.
rough endoplasmic reticulum helps the production of
lysosomes.
lysosomes are also known as suicidal bags.

11. MITOCHONDRIA
also known as the powerhouse of the cell.
it releases ATP( adenosine triphosphate)- which is known as
energy currency of the cell.
mitochondria have its own DNA and ribosomes and it also
prepares its own protein.

12. PLASTIDS
Plastids present in only plant cell.
chloroplast are colored, leucoplast are colorless and white.
chloroplast has chlorophyll and important for photosynthesis,
yellow and orange pigments are also present.
leucoplasts are primary organelles in which starch, oil and
protein granules are present.
Internal organization of chloroplast consist of numerous
membranes layers embedded in material called stroma.
like mitochondria, plastids also have their own DNA and
ribosomes.

13. VACUOLES
Storage sacs, provide tirgidity and rigidity,stores amino
acid, sugars,various organic acids & some proteins.

14. CELL DIVISION

15. TISSUES
Blood,phloem&muscle are example of tissues.
A group of similar cells with structure which work together to
achieve a particular function forms a tissues.
Tissues in plants have sedentry existance , active locomotion
in animals .
Types of tissues – 1 ( meristematic ) 2(simple permanent)
Meristematic tissues – very active , dense cytoplasm, thin
cvellulose walls and permanent nuclei ( lack of vacuoles)
Differentiation – cell divide and take permanent form.

16. SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUES
Parenchyma – have unspecialised cells with thin cell
walls,cells are living (they generally stores food)
Chrolenchyma – when contains chlorophyll
Aerenchyma – large air cavaties for aquatics to float.
Collenchyma – for flexibility
Scherenchyma – outermost layer of skin( made of single layer
of cells)
Stomata – small pores in leaves enclosed by guard cells ,
transpiration ( exchange of gases take place )
Cutin – wax coating in desert plants.
Suberin – gas & water transport in barks.

17. COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUES
1. xylem – ( includes trachieds, vessels, xylem
parenchyma, xylem fibers)- transport water & minerals
against gravity.
2. phloem – sieve tubes, sieve cells, companion cells,
phloem parenchyma – transport food from leaves to
other part.
* phloem fibres are dead cells.

18. EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Make task is to covering & distinguishing organs.
1- squamous epithelial tissues – lung alveoli, blood lining,
oesophagus, mouth, skin.( many layers to wear & tear – when
arranged on patterns on layers ---stratified, squamous ,
epithelium.
2- ciliated columnar epithelium- when absorption & secretion
occurs as the inner lining of intestine ,tall epithelial cells are
present.
Cilia- hairlike projections on the outer surface.
3- cuboidal epithelial tissues – lining of kidney tubules and
salivary ducts, provides mechanical support. Glands cells
4- glandular epithelial tissues are present on glands.

19. BLOOD,LIGAMENTS,TENDONS & CARTILAGE
Blood contains- plasma , WBC, RBC .
Plasma contains proteins, salts and hormones (transports
food,gases ,digested &waste)
Blood are composed of calcium & phosphorus compound.
Ligaments- connects bone with bone, very elastic with
considerable strength.
Tendons- muscles to bones , fibrous tissues with great strength
and limited flexibility.
Cartilage – widely spaced cells, composed of proteins & sugars.
Arerolar connective tissue present between organs & empty
space ,( ex- bone marrow, blood vessels,)
Fat stored in between skin & muscles in fat globules . Acts as an
insulator.

20. Pictures of blood , cartilage, tendons

21. MUSCULAR TISSUES
Elongated cells
Special protein – contractile proteins for contraction &
relaxation.
Show dark and stiriated light bands when strained , also called
as stiriated muscle)s.
Smooth muscles found in - iris , bronchi , lungs ( unstiriated )
Heart muscles – cardiac muscles ( cylindrical, branched &
uninucleate )
Nerve stimuli – response to stimuli ( brain, spinal cord)
Contains neurons , axon, dendrites.

22. DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS
Aristotle classified for the first time in history.
Charles Darwin first described this idea of evolution in 1859 in
his book – the origin of species.
Ernst heckle ,Robert whittaker,carl woese classified living
organisms into broad categories called kingdoms.
Whitaker described monera, protista, fungi, plantae, anamalia
all based on cell structure , mode and source of nutrition and
body organization.
Woese- divided monera into – archaebacteria and eubacteria.
Kingdom ---phylem---class---order---family---genus---species
Basic unit is species.

23. MONERA
Don’t have well defined nucleus or organelles , no
multicellular body design . Some has cell wall membrane
, some don’t.some are autotrops – some are heterotrops
.
Ex – bacteria , blue-green algae, cyanobacteria ,
mycoplasma

24. PROTISTA
Unicellular eukaryotic organisms , have appendages hair like
cilia or whip like flagella . Autotropic as well heterotropic.
Ex – algae, diatoms, protozoans.

25. FUNGI
Heterotrophic and saprotrophic in nature- feed on dating organic
material as food, require a living protoplasm of a host.
some become multicellular in future.
cell walls made of tough complex sugar known as chitin.
Example- yeasts, molds, mushroom.
symbiotic relationship is permanent mutual dependence
relationship with blue green algae( cyanobacteria)
example – lichens

26. PLANTAE

27. ANGIOSPERMS & GYMNOSPERMS

28. KINGDOM ANIMALIA
MULTICELLULAR, EUKARYOTES, HETROTROPS AND MOBILITY.

29. PORIFERA
Skeleton like body,pores all over the body like a canal,
commonly called sponges & found in marine habitat.
Ex - euplectella, sycon, spongilla

30. `COELENTERATA ( CNIDARIA)
Aquatic, more differentiated body and cavity.
2 layers in body- one makeup cells and other makes
in aligning.
live in colonies- corals, solitary-hydra
Ex-jelly fish & sea anemones.

31. PLATYHELMINTHES
Bilaterally symmetrical, 3 layers of sale from which
differentiated tissues can be made is called
triploblastic.
no cavity, flatten from top to bottom.
Example- flatworms, planaria, parasitic animals like
liver fluke.

32. NEMATODA
bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, cylindrical body.
cavity or pseudo column is present.
these are very similar as parasitic worms causing diseases
such as filarial elephantiasis, roundworms, pinworms-
intestine infection like ascarasis, wuchereria.

33. ANNELIDA
Bilateral symmetrical, triploblastic, they have true body cavity when well differentiated organs
are there.
extensive organ differentiation.
found on fresh water, marine water end land.
example earthworms, leeches, nereis.

34. ARTHROPODA
largest group of animals, bilateral symmetrical and
segmented
open circulatory system, blood filled cavity.
they have joined legs.
Example- butterfly, prawns, houseflies,spiders,scorpians
,crabs , cockroach.

35. ECHINODERMATA
Spiny skinned animals, free living marine animals, they are
triploblastic and have cavity.
a peculiar water driven tube used for moving.
Tough skeleton of calcium carbonate.
Example- sea stars, sea urchins , antedan,echinus,
holothuria.

36. PROTOCHORDATA
Bilateral symmetrical, triploblastic, cavity found.
they have notochord- arod like support structure separating nervous tissues from gut.
place for muscles to attach for ease of movement.
notochord developed at any further stage of life.
example –amphionus,herdmania,balanalassus.

37. VERTIBRATA
Have notochord, triploblastic, paired gill pouches, bilateral symmetry, true vertebral column.

38. PISCES
Aquatic animals, skin covered with scales, gills. streamline muscular tail.
gold blooded with two chambered heart.
humans have 4 chambered heart.
some are entirely made of cartilage, for example shark
some are skeleton plus cartilage or bone made, example- tuna or rohu.

39. AMPHIBIA
Have mucus gland in the skin, three chambered heart.
respiration through gills or lungs,
lay eggs
lives on both land and water.
Example- frogs, toads, salamander.

40. REPTILIA
Cold blooded animals with scales.
mostly 3 chambered heart with crocodile as exception with four chambered heart.
Example- snake, lizard, crocodile

41. AVES
Warm blooded animals with four chambered heart.
they lay eggs.
we possess feathers and four limbs.
Example- all birds, ostrich, crow, Sparrow, pigeon .

42. MAMMALIA
Warm blooded animals with four chambered heart.
POSSESS memory glands
SWEAT GLANDS
Example- PLATYPUS,BAT,CAT,RAT,WHALE
SYSTEMA NATURAE IS WRITTEN BY CARROLUS LINNAEUS

43. DISEASES
Acute diseases stays for a short period of time, while chronic diseases are long or lifetime
diseases.
Infectious diseases are caused by microbes.
single celled animals are called proto zones.
sleeping sickness by trypanosoma protozoa and kala azar by leishmania protozoa.
roundworms causes ascariasis and acne caused by staphylacocci.

44. Diseases caused by bacteria
Typhoid, fever, cholera, TV, anthrax are caused by bacteria.
skin diseases are caused by fungus.
malaria and kala azar by protozoa.
elephantiasis by worms.
role of penicillin ge to stop bacteria from making protective cell walls.
antibiotics works only for bacteria not for virus.

45. Communicable diseases
spreaded by air- common cold namania tuberculosis
sexually transmitted- aids syphilis
cholera is caused from contaminated water .
vectors are the carriers of the disease.
if vectors move to liver- jaundice, if move to lungs- tuberculosis, if move to stomach- typhoid.
brain fever is caused by mosquito bite .
Edward Jenner discovered the vaccine for cow pox.
hepatitis virus can also cause jaundice through contaminated water.

46. RESPIRATION
Breakdown of food sources for cellular needs , acquiring oxygen.
biocatalyst is an enzyme that is used for breaking down complex food
carbohydrates not used immediately as stored in the form of starch in our body, this starch turn into
glycogen
photosynthesis involves -
absorption of light by chlorophyll
light energy turns into chemical energy, water present breaks into hydrogen and oxygen.
photosynthesis includes reduction of CO2 into carbohydrates and release of oxygen
green dots on leaves are chloroplast.
stomata pose on leaves are to exchange guesses and guard cells controls transportation by swelling and
shrinking.
nitrogen is taken up by a plant in the form of nitrates and nitrites.

47. BREAKING OF FOOD MATERIALS
Saliva contains an enzyme called salivary amylase which breaks down complex molecules into
simple sugar.
the food canal has peristatic movement all along the gut.
food pipe is known as oesophagus.
in stomach gastric glands, the hcl helps pepsin to break protein and mucus prevents HCL from
hurting stomach.
small intestine- the longest part, highly coiled----- Abby walls has longer intestine then carnivores
as meat is easier to digest than grass because of presence of cellulose.
complete digestion of carbs fats and proteins took place in small intestine.

48. ROLE OF ORGANS IN DIGESTION
Liver - bile juice to make it alkaline and breaks down large fat globules which make it difficult for
enzyme to work, the process is similar as emulsification of soap.
Pancreas- encryptic juice like trypsin for digesting proteins and lipase for breaking down
emulsified fats.
Villis are rich blooded hairlike projections in small intestine to absorb processed food and
transport it to the required site.
in all the cases first step is to breakdown of glucose, A6 carbon molecule into three carbon
molecule called pyruvate, this process takes place in cytoplasm
pyruvate then breaks into ethanol and carbon dioxide( this process is used in fermentation)

49. IMPORTANT FACTS
When oxygen lacks , pyruvate converts into another type of 3 carbon molecule --- lactic acid., the energy
generated then turns into ATP.
At night , --- no photosynthesis , so release of co2 & oxygen.

50. HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Sequence of respiratory system ---- nostrils , pharynx, larynx, trachea, rings of cartilage, bronchi,
bronchioles , alveolies.
We have respiratory pigment --- haemoglobin for carrying oxygen in blood.
Cilia --- upper part of respiratory tract, protects from germs & bacteria , but damaged by
smoking.
Oxygenated blood from lungs enters heart from the thin walled left chamber ---- left atrium,
then to left ventricle and then to body.
Deoxygenated co2 blood in right atrium and then into right ventricle and back to lungs for
oxydizing.

51. Ventricles have thicker muscles than aorta as they have to pump to various organs.
In fish, blood goes only once through heart in the fish during one passage through body cycle.
Reptiles & amphibians have three chambered heart.
Blood pressure is measured by sphygmomanometer.
Arteries - oxygenated blood & veins - deoxygenated blood
Pressure in arteries is greater than veins .
Blood pressure is measured in arteries , during contraction - systole ------ during relaxation -
diastole.
Hypertension is the result of increased resistance in the arteries.
Arteries have thick walls , veins have valves.
Lymph - the protein , plasma , blood cells spreaded in intercellular space after leaking
from capillaries.
Evaporation of water molecules from the cells of leaf creates a suction which pulls water from
thr xylem cells of roots-----process known as transpiration.-----helps in temperature regulation.

52. Transportation of food of photosynthesis – translocation ( phloem).
It takes place in seive tubes with help of companion cells.
Material like sucrose is formed into phloem tissue using energy from ATP.

53. EXCRETION
Contains a pair of kidneys, a pair of uterus,a urinary bladder or urethra.
A cup shaped coiled tube called bowman's capsule that collects filterates.
Nephrons packed close together inside bowman's capsule that initially filters glucose, amino
acids, salts .
Process of artificial kideny is known as hemodialysis.

54. NERVOUS SYSTEM
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYTEM CONSISTS OF TWO PARTS
1. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYTREM 2. CRANIAL NERVOUS SYTEM
nerves from all over the body meets in spinal spinal cord
Brain consists of------1. Forebrain 2. midbrain 3. Hindbrain
 Forebrain is the main thinking part of the brain.
Involuntary movements are done by hindbrain and midbrain.
hindwing controls Bp, saliva, vomiting.
medulla oblongata is hindbrain
voluntarily movements plus balance postures are controlled by cerebellum.

55. Hormones in plants
Plant move upwards because of tendrils.
roots bend away from sunlight while stems bent towards the sunlight.
geotropism includes upward and downward growth of shoots and roots respectively in response
to the pull of the earth or gravity.
Auxin ---- is a hormone which responds to the direction of light, it is synthesized and shoots.
stem growth is by cytokinins
Abscisic acid stops growth of plants, witting of leaves.

56. Hormones in humans
Adranaline hormone ---also known as fight or flight hormones.
Thyroid gland- iodine necessary for making thyroxine hormone, thyroxine regulates carbohydrate
protein fat and metabolism.
it's deficiency causes goiter
glands found in pair--- adrenaline, testies, ovaries, kidney.
Hypothalamus - when pituitary gland stops working, it works.
Pancreas- insulin

57. Miscc....
Bacteria, ameiva divide through binary fusion.
malarial parasites, plasmodium divide into many daughter cells by multiple vision.
spirogyra simply break into fragments.
hydra and planaria broke into many pieces and grow into complete plants--- process known as
regeneration.