This document provides information on plant tissues and the differences between monocot and dicot plants. It begins with an introduction to plant tissues, including meristematic and permanent tissues. It then describes the key tissues like epidermis, parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma and vascular tissues. Next, it highlights the differences between monocots and dicots with regards to their seed leaves, vascular bundles, flower parts, mature leaves and roots. It also provides microscopic images of monocot and dicot structures. The document concludes with information about practical training on plant identification which includes a list of drugs and their powder and tissue section microscopic analysis.

2. 10th Svanirbhara Divasa
Vaidya Sundarlal Joshi
Smriti Puraskara Samaroha-2017
Pre Conference Workshop On
Dravyaguna
31st August-2017
Mahagujarat Medical Society
J. S. Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya,
Nadiad-GujaratBY:
Ms. Mariyan R. Patel
Assistant professor,
Indukaka Ipcowala college of pharmacy, New
V. V. Nagar, Anand- Gujarat

3. Contents:
1. Role of Pharmacognosy in Ayurveda
2. Basic Pharmacognosy
Tissues of plants
Monocot –dicot plants
Practical training drugs

4. Role of Pharmacognosy in Ayurveda

5. Basics of
Pharmacognosy

6. Tissues
A group of closely associated cells that perform
related functions and are similar in structure.

7. Plant Tissues
 Tissues in plants that divide throughout their life.
 Plant tissues can be classified as:
 Growing or Meristematic tissue
 Permanent tissue
Meristematic tissue
Permanent tissue

8. Meristematic tissues
 The growth of plants occurs in certain specific regions.
 This is because the dividing tissue,
 Known as meristematic tissue
 Composed of actively dividing ceIIs, responsible for
the production of ceIIs.
 Capacity for division is restricted to certain parts of
the plant body called meristems
 Which are active throughout the life of the plant
body.

10. Kinds of meristems:
• Apical meristems – found at the tip of stems & roots
• Lateral meristems – a.k.a. cambia
- found along the sides of roots & stems
- increase width or diameter of stems & roots
- types: 1. vascular cambium 2. cork cambium
• Intercallary meristems – found at the bases of young
leaves & internodes
- responsible for further lengthening of
stems & leaves
Meristematic tissues

11. Permanent tissues
 Tissues that attained their mature form and
perform pacific functions.
 They stop dividing
Types:
• Simple permanent tissues
• Complex permanent tissues

12. Simple permanent tissues
- consist only of one kind of cells
A. Dermal / surface tissue
- external tissues
- forms protective covering of the plant body
a. Epidermis
b. Periderm

13. • Epidermis
- the outermost layer of the primary plant body
- covers the leaves, floral parts, fruits, seeds,
tems and roots
- generally only one layer thick with cuticle
- composed mostly of unspecialized cells, either
parenchyma and/or sclerenchyma
- contains trichomes, stomata, buIIiform ceIIs
(in grasses)
Permanent tissues

14. Structure of epidermis

15. Structure of epidermis

16. • Stomata - pores for gas exchange
- present on one or both surfaces of Leaves.
Stomata

17. Arrangement Of Stomata
In Monocot = Parellel In Dicot = Irregular

18. Types of stomata
Paracyctic stomata
Anisocyctic Stomata
Diacytic Stomata
Anomocytic Stomata

20. Cuticle – Lines the outer waII of the epidermal ceIIs
- made up of waxy material that protects
plants from desiccation
Cuticle
Cuticle
Layer of
the leaf

21. Trichomes
Trichomes – outgrowths of epidermal ceIIs

22. • Periderm (Bark) is the outermost layer of stems and
roots of woody plants such as trees.
Periderm (Bark)

23. Parenchyma
- are the general purpose ceIIs of plants
- cells are rounded in shape & have uniformly thin
walls found in all parts of the plants.
- living at maturity, have large vacuoles
- location Ieaf, stem (pith), roots, fruits
Functions:
*basic metabolic function (respiration, photosynthesis
(chIorenchyma in Leaf) & protein synthesis)
*storage (potatoes, fruits, & seeds)
*wound healing and regeneration
Ground tissues

24. Parenchyma

25. A specialized parenchyma tissue found in the green parts of
the shoot and performs photosynthesis.
ChIorenchyma
- differentiate from parenchyma
cells & are alive at maturity
Functions:
 Support & elasticity (stem surfaces & along leaf veins)

26.  sclerenchyma cells which are non-living and lack
protoplasts at maturity
 Have thick, lignified secondary walls
 Provide strength and support in parts that have
ceased elongating or mature
Types:
1. ScIereids or stone cells
2. Fibers
ScIerenchyma

29. Aerenchyma

30. Vascular Tissues
Specialized for long-distance transport of water
and dissolved substances.
Contain transfer ceIIs, fibers in addition to
parenchyma and conducting ceIIs.
Location, the veins in Ieaves
Types:
1. Xylem
2. phloem
Complex Permanent Tissues

31.  xyIos means “wood” transports water and
dissolved nutrients from the roots to aII parts of a
plant.
 Direction of transport is upward.
There ate two types
• Primary xylem – differentiates from procambium in the
apical meristem & occurs throughout the primary plant
body.
• Secondary xylem – differentiates from vascular
cambium & is commonly called wood.
Xylem

32. Xylem

33. • Xylary elements – the conducting cells in xylem
- 2 kinds of xylary elements:
– tracheids – the only water conducting cells
in most woody, non flowering plants.
– vessel elements – occur in several groups of
plants, including angiosperm.
- both are elongated, dead at maturity, lignified
secondary cell walls.
Xylem
Tracheids Vessel elements

35. Types of xylem vessels

36. MOVEMENT OF WATER

37. PhIoem
- Greek word phloios meaning, “bark”
- transports dissolved organic / food materials from
the Ieaves to the different parts of the plant
- glucose in phloem moves in aII directions
Types
1. Primary phloem – differentiate from procambium and
extends throughout the primary body of the plant.
2. Secondary phloem – differentiates from the vascular
cambium and constitute the inner layer of the bark.
PhIoem

39. Sieve tube elements
 main conducting ceIIs of phloem
 elongated and non-nucleated
 uniformly thin walled with the end walls perforated to
from the sieve plate.
 Sieve tube element are attached end to end to form
the sieve tube.
PhIoem

42. Translocation
• Translocation is the movement of organic
compounds produced by the plant such as
carbohydrates and amino acids.
• Translocation occurs through the phloem.
• Translocation occurs downwards as roots are
often “sinks” for storing carbohydrates.
• Translocation can also occur upwards as new
shoots and growth will need a supply of carbs.
• Translocation is an active process requiring
energy.

43. Translocation
• Movement of fluids through phloem occurs due to
pressure gradients.
• Pressure will build up in a area in which a
material is being actively pumped into the sieve
tubes. It will be decreased in the area at which
this material is being used.
• This difference in pressure will cause the net
movement of material to the place that it is
required.

45. The classification of flowering plants into two
major groups was first published by John
Ray in 1682, and later by the botanist
Antoine in 1789, replacing the earlier
classifications.
According to this classification, flowering
plants were divided onto eight major groups,
the largest number of species belonging
to monocots and dicots.

46. MONOCOT AND DICOT EMBRYO

47. What are they?
• Monocotyledons (Monocots) – These
plants have specific characteristics
that class them as such.
• Some examples are:
– Palms
– Grasses
– Orchids
– onions

48. Characteristics of Monocots

49. What are they?
• Dicotyledons (Dicots) – Dicots also
have special characteristics.
• Some examples of Dicots are:
– Oaks
– Roses
– Mustards
– Cacti
– sunflowers

50. Characteristics of Dicots

51. Difference 1:
• Number of seed leaves (or cotyledon)
Monocots vs Dicots
One seed leaf Two seed

52. Difference 2:
• Vascular Bundles (transport vessels in plants)
Monocot vs. Dicot
Scattered throughout Arranged in ring
stem in stem

53. Difference 3:
• Flower Parts
Monocot vs. Dicot
Multiples of 3 Multiples of 4 or 5

54. Difference 4:
• Mature Leaves
Monocot vs. Dicot
Narrow leaves Broad leaves
Parallel veins Branching veins

55. Cross section of a
dicot leaf
Cross section of a
monocot leaf

56. Difference 5:
• Roots
Monocot vs. Dicot
Fibrous roots Taproot

57. Cross
section of
a dicot root
Cross section
of a monocot
root

58. DicotMonocot

59. Striking features to
identify Root/ Stem/ Leaf

60. Vascular Tissue in the Root
• Within the root the vascular tissue is located in
the centre of the root and is known as the stele
• The stele is enclosed by the endodermis

61. Vascular Tissue in the Stem
• In the stem vascular tissue takes the form of bundles
in dicot plants.
• The xylem is located towards the inside of the stem
• The phloem is located towards the outside of the
stem

62. Vascular Tissue in the Leaves
• Vascular tissue in the leaves also takes the form
of bundles but these bundles run across the leaf
as “veins”
• Xylem forms the upper part of the bundle
• Phloem forms the lower part of the bundle

67. Points to Note
Conjoint: Xylem and phloem occurs in same bundle.
Collateral: Phloem lies towards the outer side and xylem occurs
towards the inner side.
Open: Cambium is present between phloem and xylem.
Closed: Cambium is absent between phloem and xylem.
Exarch: Protoxylem lies towards the outerside and metaxylem
towards the centre.
Endarch: Metaxylem lies towards the outer side and
protoxylem towards the inner side.

71. Monocot leaf Dicot leaf

72. PRACTICAL TRAINING

75. Reagents
Sr. No Staining Reagent Use
1 Water observations with a minimum of
trapped air.
2 Dilute glycerin Used for preparing wet mounts
for general observations when
rapid drying of the mount is
undesirable.
3 Chloral hydrate Used to clear whole structures or
sections
4 Aniline blue Used to stain callose blue in the
phloem.
5 Safranin To stain cell wall

76. Reagents
Sr. No Staining Reagent Use
6 Toluidine blue carboxylated polysaccharides
such as pectic acids stain
pinkish purple.
Polyphenolic compounds such as
lignin and tannis stain greenish blue,
or bright blue. Hydroxylated
polysaccharides such as cellulose
and starch are unstained.
7 Phloroglucinol
in HCL
Lignified tissues become reddish
pink
8 Sudan IV Waxes, fats, and oils will
stain red-orang
9 Ruthenium red Pectic compounds will
stain dark pink

77. Reagents
Sr. No Staining Reagent Use
10 Iodine Stains starch blue
11 Ferric chloride Stains Tannins greenish black
12 Picric acid Stains Proteins yellow

78. SHATAVARI ROOT
GALO STEM
VASA LEAF
NUX-VOMICA SEED
CLOVE BUD
LIST OF DRUGS

79. T.S OF SHATAVARI ROOT
ROOT HAIR
HYPODERMIS
CORTEX
PITH
XYLEM
PHLOEM
ENDODERMIS
EPIBLEMA

80. T.S OF GALO STEM
Cork
Cortex
Pericyle
Phloem
Pith
Xylem

81. T.S OF GALO STEM

82. T.S OF VASA LEAF
Unicellular trichome
Upper epidermis
Upper collenchyma
Palisade layer
Xylem
Phloem
Spongy parenchyma
Lower collenchyma
Lower epidermis

83. T.S OF NUX-VOMICA SEED
LIGNIFIED
TRICHOMES
EPIDERMIS
ENDOSPERM

84. T.S OF CLOVE BUD

85. T.S OF CLOVE BUD
Epidermis
Volatile oil Gland
Vascular Bundle
Columella
Aerenchyma

86. Powder Microscopic study

87. Shatavari powder study
12-14- parenchyma, 15-16: lignified
parenchyma, 17-20: fibres, 21-13: xylem
vessels

88. Galo powder study

89. Vasaka powder study

90. Nux-vomica seed powder study

91. Clove powder study