Plant tissue culture involves growing plant cells, tissues or organs in sterile conditions on nutrient media. It allows for the rapid propagation of plants through micropropagation. Some key applications of plant tissue culture include large scale multiplication of plants, genetic transformation, production of hybrids and haploids, conservation of plant germplasm, and synthesis of secondary metabolites.
this slide is all about the different cultures in plant tissue cultures such as seed culture, root culture, cell suspension culture, anther culture etc
The isolation, culture and fusion of protoplasts is a fascinating field in plant research. Protoplast isolation and their cultures provide millions of single cells (comparable to microbial cells) for a variety of studies.
INTRODUCTION
2. HISTORY
3. BASIC COMPONENT OF MEDIA
1. Inorganic nutrient
2. organic supplements
3. Carbon and energy source
4. Growth Regulators
5. Solidifying Agent
6. PH
4. TYPES OF MEDIA
5. MS MEDIA
6. IMPORTANCE
7. CONCLUSION
8. REFERANCE
this slide is all about the different cultures in plant tissue cultures such as seed culture, root culture, cell suspension culture, anther culture etc
The isolation, culture and fusion of protoplasts is a fascinating field in plant research. Protoplast isolation and their cultures provide millions of single cells (comparable to microbial cells) for a variety of studies.
INTRODUCTION
2. HISTORY
3. BASIC COMPONENT OF MEDIA
1. Inorganic nutrient
2. organic supplements
3. Carbon and energy source
4. Growth Regulators
5. Solidifying Agent
6. PH
4. TYPES OF MEDIA
5. MS MEDIA
6. IMPORTANCE
7. CONCLUSION
8. REFERANCE
Meristem tip culture for the production of the virus free plantsArjun Rayamajhi
This presentation gives general idea on the meristem tip culture for the production of the virus free plants. The principles, methods and procedures of the meristem tip culture included. General idea on different in vitro culture techniques for virus elimination meristem tip culture viz. thermotherapy, cryotherapy,chemotherapy and electrotherapy are provided.
history
Lampe & Mills (1933) were the first to report the proliferation of immature endosperm tissue of Maize, grown on medium containing extract of potato.
La Rue (1947) observed that in nature, in maize , the pericarp ruptured & the endosperm exhibited a white tissue mass.
The presentation gives overview of production of secondary metabolites using callus culture as well as tissue culture techniques. Various batch and continuous culturing process are described on the basis of secondary metabolite to be synthesised.
Haploid culture are known to be culture the anther/pollen and ovary/ovule of plants.
Make sporophyte with the help of gametophyte.
One set of chromosome
Recessive mutation is easily detectable
Essay on Plant Tissue Culture Contents:
the Definition of Plant Tissue Culture.
the History of Plant Tissue Culture.
the Basic Requirements of Plant Tissue Culture.
the General Techniques of Plant Tissue Culture.
the Basic Aspects of Plant Tissue Culture.
the Cellular Totipotency.
the Differentiation.
the Methods in Plant Tissue Culture.
the Applications of Plant Tissue Culture.
the Morphogenesis.
the Subculture or Secondary Cell Culture.
the Soma-Clonal Variation.
the Somatic Hybrids and Cybrids.
the Micro-Propagation.
the Artificial Seed.
the Cryopreservation.
Meristem tip culture for the production of the virus free plantsArjun Rayamajhi
This presentation gives general idea on the meristem tip culture for the production of the virus free plants. The principles, methods and procedures of the meristem tip culture included. General idea on different in vitro culture techniques for virus elimination meristem tip culture viz. thermotherapy, cryotherapy,chemotherapy and electrotherapy are provided.
history
Lampe & Mills (1933) were the first to report the proliferation of immature endosperm tissue of Maize, grown on medium containing extract of potato.
La Rue (1947) observed that in nature, in maize , the pericarp ruptured & the endosperm exhibited a white tissue mass.
The presentation gives overview of production of secondary metabolites using callus culture as well as tissue culture techniques. Various batch and continuous culturing process are described on the basis of secondary metabolite to be synthesised.
Haploid culture are known to be culture the anther/pollen and ovary/ovule of plants.
Make sporophyte with the help of gametophyte.
One set of chromosome
Recessive mutation is easily detectable
Essay on Plant Tissue Culture Contents:
the Definition of Plant Tissue Culture.
the History of Plant Tissue Culture.
the Basic Requirements of Plant Tissue Culture.
the General Techniques of Plant Tissue Culture.
the Basic Aspects of Plant Tissue Culture.
the Cellular Totipotency.
the Differentiation.
the Methods in Plant Tissue Culture.
the Applications of Plant Tissue Culture.
the Morphogenesis.
the Subculture or Secondary Cell Culture.
the Soma-Clonal Variation.
the Somatic Hybrids and Cybrids.
the Micro-Propagation.
the Artificial Seed.
the Cryopreservation.
INVITRO CULTURE: TECHNIQUES, APPLICATIOSNS & ACHIEVEMENTS.
INVITRO TECHNIQUES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY USE IN AGRICULTURE AND CROP IMPROVEMENT. APPLICATIONS OF VARIOUS BIOTECHNOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES AND METHODS. TISSUE CULTURE, MICROPROPAGATION, EMBRYO CULTURE, ANTHER CULTURE, POLLEN CULTURE, ENDOSPERM CULTURE, OVULE CULTURE, OVARY CULTURE, ETC.
Here, all information about Plant Tissue Culture
HISTORY OF PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
THE TECHNIQUE OF PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
Plantlet Regeneration and Transfer to Soil
A Classification of Tissue Culture Techniques
EMBRYO CULTURE
MERISTEM CULTURE
ANTHER OR POLLEN CULTURE
TISSUE AND CELL CULTURES
SOMATIC HYBRIDIZATION
Micropropagation and commercial exploitation in horticulture cropsDheeraj Sharma
Micro-propagation – principles and concepts, commercial exploitation in horticultural crops. Techniques - in vitro clonal propagation, direct organogenesis, embryogenesis, micrografting, meristem culture. Hardening, packing and transport of micro-propagules.
Biotechnological production of natural products by Dr. Refaat HamedRefaat Hamed
A set of two lectures designed to give 4th year Pharmacy students, studying Applied Pharmacognosy course, a hint about recent tools in production of natural products (e.g. via tissue culture, microbial cell factories and molecular biopharming).
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
2. CONTENTS
• Plant Tissue Culture
• General technique of Plant Tissue Culture
• Culture medium
• Types of Plant Tissue Culture
• Micropropagation
• Advantages and disadvantages
• Applications of Plant Tissue Culture
2
3. PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
• Tissue culture is in-vitro cultivation of plant cell or tissue under
aseptic and controlled environment conditions, in liquid or on
semisolid well-defined nutrient medium for the production of
primary and secondary metabolite or to regenerate plant.
• Plant tissue culture relies on the fact that many plant cells have the
ability to regenerate a whole plant (totipotency).
• Gottlieb Haberlandt, a German botanist, in 1902 cultured fully
differentiated plant cells isolated from different plants. This was
the very first step for the beginning of plant cell and tissue culture.
3
4. Cont…
• The mostly used MS media was invented early by T. Murashige and F.
Skoog in 1962 during the invention of plant growth regulator.
• In India, Shri S. C. Maheshwari and Sipra Guha made a remarkable
contribution in the development of anther culture in 1970, that
opened the new era of androgenesis.
• The main requirements of plant tissue culture are:
(1) Laboratory Organization
(2) Culture Media
(3) Aseptic Conditions
4
6. Selection and Sterilization of Explant
Suitable explant is selected and is then excised from the
donor plant. Explant is then sterilized using disinfectants.
Preparation and Sterilization of Culture Medium
A suitable culture medium is prepared with special attention
towards the objectives of culture and type of explant to be
cultured. Prepared culture medium is transferred into sterilized
vessels and then sterilized in autoclave.
6
Detail steps involved in PTC
7. Inoculation
Sterilized explant is inoculated
(transferred) on the culture medium
under aseptic conditions.
Incubation
Cultures are then incubated in the culture
room where appropriate conditions of light,
temperature and humidity are provided for
successful culturing.
7
8. Sub culturing
Cultured cells are transferred to a fresh
nutrient medium to obtain the plantlets.
Transfer of Plantlets
After the hardening process (i.e.
acclimatization of plantlet to the
environment), the plantlets are transferred to
green house or in pots.
8
10. A Laminar air flow i.e. LAF hood/cabinet is
an enclosed workstation that is used to create
a contamination - free work environment
through filters to capture all the particles
entering the cabinet.
Laminar air flow or LAF
Fig. 3: LAF cabinet
10
11. 11
The formulation or the medium on which the explant is cultured is called culture
medium. It is composed of various nutrients required for proper culturing. A number of
media have been devised for specific tissues and organs. Some important of them are:
1. MS (Murashige and Skoog) Medium
2. LS (Linsmaier and Skoog) Medium
3. B5 (Gamborg’s) Medium
4. White’s Medium, etc.
CULTURE MEDIUM
12. Important constituents of a culture medium are:
(i) Organic supplements:
• Vitamins like thiamine (B1), Pyridoxin (B6), Nicotinic Acid (B3), etc.
• Antibiotics like Streptomycin, Kanamycin, etc.
• Amino Acids like Arginine, Asparagine, etc.
(ii) Inorganic Nutrients:
• Micronutrients as Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), Molybdenum (Mo), Copper (Cu),
Boron (B).
• Macronutrients include six major elements as Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K),
Sulphur (S), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg).
(iii) Carbon and Energy Source:
• Most preferred carbon source is Sucrose.
• Others include lactose, maltose, galactose, raffinose, cellobiose, etc.
12
13. (iv) Growth Hormones:
• Auxins - mainly for inducing cell division.
• Cytokinins - mainly for modifying apical dominance and shoot differentiation.
• Abscisic Acid (ABA)
• Gibberellic acid (GA)
(v) Gelling Agents:
• Added to media to make them semisolid or solid.
• Agar, Gelatin, Alginate etc.
(vi) Other Organic Extracts:
• Sometimes culture media are supplemented with some organic extracts also like coconut
milk, orange juice, tomato juice, potato extract, etc.
13
14. The culture room means the room for
keeping or incubating the culture under
controlled temperature, light and humidity.
The relative humidity of the culture room
is maintained above 50%. The optimum
temperature in growth room is about 20°C
to 30°C and the light intensity required is
about 1000-2000 lux.
Fig. 4: Culture growth room
14
15. 15
Cell or suspension culture
Shoot culture
Root culture
Protoplast culture
Embryo culture
Endosperm Culture (Triploid Production)
Anther and pollen culture (Haploid Production)
TYPES OF PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
16. Cell Culture:
• Cell culture is actually, the process of producing clones
of a single cell. First attempts for cell culture were
made by Haberlandt in 1902.
• It is important that the cell cultures require a suitably
enriched nutrient medium and it should be done in
dark because light may deteriorate the cell culture.
Suspension Culture:
• A culture which consists of cells or cell aggregates
initiated by placing callus tissues in an agitated liquid
medium is called as a suspension culture.
• The general technique of suspension culture involves
basically two types of cultures: batch culture and
continuous cultures.
16
Fig. 5: Cell culture
Fig. 6: Suspension culture
17. 17
Shoot Culture:
• The practical application of this method was proposed by
Morel and Martin (1952) after they successfully recovered the
complete Dahalia plant from shoot-tips cultures.
• In this technique, the shoot apical meristem is cultured on a
suitable nutrient medium. This is also referred to as Meristem
Culture.
Fig. 7: Shoot culture
Root Culture:
• Pioneering attempts for root culture were made by Robbins and
Kotte during 1920s. Root culturing of a number of plant
species of angiosperms as well as gymnosperms has been done
successfully.
• Root cultures are usually not helpful for giving rise to complete
plants but they have importance’s of their own.
Fig. 8: Root culture
18. 18
Protoplast Culture:
• A protoplast is described as a plasma membrane bound vesicle
which consists of a naked cell formed as a result of removal
of cell wall.
• At present, there are available a number of enzymes which
have enabled the isolation of protoplasts from almost every
plant tissue.
• Production of hybrid plants through the fusion of protoplast
of two different plant species or varieties is called somatic
hybridization and the hybrid plant obtained is known as
somatic hybrid
• It not only serves for genetic manipulations in plants but also
for biochemical and metabolic studies in plants.
• In-vitro culturing of protoplasts has immense applications in
the field of plant biotechnology.
Fig. 9: Protoplast culture
19. Endosperm Culture (Triploid Production):
• Endosperm tissue is triploid therefore the plantlets originating by the culture of endosperm are
also triploid. Endosperm is formed after the double fertilization of one male nucleus with two
polar nuclei.
• The triploid plants are usually seedless therefore this technique is most beneficial for increasing
the commercial value of fruits like apple, mango, grapes, watermelon, etc.
• Endosperm culture is helpful for studying biosynthesis and metabolism of certain natural
products also.
Embryo Culture:
• The technique of embryo culture involves the isolation and
growth of an embryo under in-vitro conditions to obtain a
complete viable plant.
• First success for embryo culture was made by Hannig in
1904.
• Embryo culture is advantageous for in-vitro micro
propagation of plants, overcoming seed dormancy and for
production of beneficial haploid plants. Fig. 10: Embryo culture
20. 20
Anther and Pollen Culture (Haploid Production):
• Haploid plants are those which contain half the number of
chromosomes (denoted by n).
• There are two approaches for in-vitro haploid production and these are:
(a) Androgenesis: The technique of production of haploids through anther
or microspore culture is termed as androgenesis. It is achieved either by
another culture or by microspore (pollen) culture. Androgenesis is
preferred over gynogenesis.
(b) Gynogenesis: It is an alternative source of in-vitro haploid production. It
refers to the production of haploid plant from ovary culture or ovule
culture.
Fig. 11: Anther
culture
21. 21
• Tissue culture helps in the rapid propagation of plants by the technique of micro-
propagation or clonal propagation in-vitro. The asexually produced progeny of a cell or
individual is called as clone and the clones have an identical genotype.
• Micropropagation is the technique of in-vitro production of the clones of plants i.e., it
produces the progeny plants which have an identical genotype as their parents, by cell,
tissue or organ culture.
• It is nothing but the use of plant tissue culture at large scale. It serves as an alternate
method to conventional vegetative propagation methods.
• Micro propagation may be achieved by shoot tips, axillary buds, adventitious buds, bulbs
or somatic embryos.
MICRO-PROPAGATION
22. The stages in general Micro-propagation technique
Stage I - Initiation
This stage also involves the preparatory process for achieving better establishment of aseptic
cultures of explant. Suitable explant is selected from the mother plant. Then, the explant is
sterilized and transferred to the nutrient medium for culture.
State II - Multiplication
This is the most important stage of micro propagation. In this stage, there occurs the
proliferation or multiplication of shoots (or embryoids) from the explant on medium. It
occurs either by the formation of an intermediary callus or by induction of adventitious buds
directly from the explant.
Stage III - Sub-culturing
The shoots are transferred to rooting medium (sub-cultured) to form roots. As a result,
complete plantlets are obtained.
22
23. Stage IV - Transplantation
In this stage, the regenerated plantlets are transferred out of culture. These are grown in pots
followed by field trials.
23
Fig 12:
Micropropagation
in Banana
24. • The plantlets are obtained in a very short time with a small amount of plant
tissue.
• The new plants produced are disease-free.
• The plants can be grown throughout the year, irrespective of the season.
• A large space is not required to grow plants by tissue culture technique.
• The production of new varieties in the market place speeds up.
• This technique is being used for the production of ornamental plants such as
dahlia, chrysanthemum, orchids, etc.
ADVANTAGES
24
25. • Complex and time consuming
• Dependent to plant genotype
• Require efficient in-vitro plant regeneration protocol
• Requires complete sterile conditions throughout the culturing
• Labor intensive
• High risk of contamination, etc.
DISADVANTAGES
25
26. 26
1. Large scale and fast multiplication
2. Clonal propagation
3. Germplasm conservation in form of cryopreservation
4. Genetic transformation
5. Synthetic seeds
6. Somatic hybrids and cybrids
7. Early flowering
8. Seedless fruits and vegetables
9. Breaking dormancy and overcoming male sterility
10. Secondary metabolite production, etc.
APPLICATIONS OF PLANT TISSUE CULTURE