Enzymes serve several important functions in the baking industry. Amylases, xylanases, proteases, and other enzymes are used to modify dough rheology and improve characteristics like crumb softness and volume. Specifically, amylases help release sugars from starch for fermentation, while xylanases and proteases alter gluten strength and texture. Looking ahead, directed evolution may help design new enzymes to develop gluten-free or high-fiber baked goods.
This presentation gives you the overall information of how enzymes are used in dairy industry and detailed explanation on production of cheese. Refer to the references for more detailed information.
The integration of enzymes in food and feed processes is a well-established approach; however there are clear evidences that dedicated research efforts are consistently being made to make the applications of biological agents more effective as well as diversified.
Various techniques have been employed such as rDNA technology and protein engineering (site-directed mutagenesis and random mutation) for the design of new/improved biocatalysts
Advances in molecular biology, evolution- ary protein engineering expertise, the (bio) computational tools, and the implementation of high-throughput meth- odologies enabling the efficient and timely screening/ characterization of the biocatalysts.
There needs to be continue efforts in the direction to have more diverse, versatile and robust enzymes to be applied in food technology
Swine and poultry cannot digest approximately one fourth of the diet they are fed because the feed ingredients contain undegradable harmful factors that hinder the digestive process and/or the animal is devoid of the necessary enzymes needed to degrade certain complexes in the feed.
Enzymes are a biological substance that accelerates the rate of various biochemical reactions in a living organism without being used up in the reaction. Their role in food processing has also been recognized for many centuries. Even before this knowledge about enzymes, they have been used in a number of processes such as the tenderization of meat using papaya leaves, soy sauce preparation, curd or cheese making, baking, brewing, etc. From animals to plants to microbial sources, enzymes may be extracted from any living organisms. Of the hundred or so enzymes being used in industries, more than half are of microbial origin. In the food industry, microbial enzymes have been extensively used to increase the diversity, variety, and quality of food. Microorganisms as an enzyme source are always preferred over other sources as large amounts of enzymes can be produced from them in a controlled manner that is also faster and cheaper. Moreover, the minimum of potentially harmful content is present in microbial enzymes in comparison to those of plants and animals. This chapter includes microbial enzymes used in food processing and the food industry, their physicochemical and biological properties, recent developments, and future prospects.
This presentation gives you the overall information of how enzymes are used in dairy industry and detailed explanation on production of cheese. Refer to the references for more detailed information.
The integration of enzymes in food and feed processes is a well-established approach; however there are clear evidences that dedicated research efforts are consistently being made to make the applications of biological agents more effective as well as diversified.
Various techniques have been employed such as rDNA technology and protein engineering (site-directed mutagenesis and random mutation) for the design of new/improved biocatalysts
Advances in molecular biology, evolution- ary protein engineering expertise, the (bio) computational tools, and the implementation of high-throughput meth- odologies enabling the efficient and timely screening/ characterization of the biocatalysts.
There needs to be continue efforts in the direction to have more diverse, versatile and robust enzymes to be applied in food technology
Swine and poultry cannot digest approximately one fourth of the diet they are fed because the feed ingredients contain undegradable harmful factors that hinder the digestive process and/or the animal is devoid of the necessary enzymes needed to degrade certain complexes in the feed.
Enzymes are a biological substance that accelerates the rate of various biochemical reactions in a living organism without being used up in the reaction. Their role in food processing has also been recognized for many centuries. Even before this knowledge about enzymes, they have been used in a number of processes such as the tenderization of meat using papaya leaves, soy sauce preparation, curd or cheese making, baking, brewing, etc. From animals to plants to microbial sources, enzymes may be extracted from any living organisms. Of the hundred or so enzymes being used in industries, more than half are of microbial origin. In the food industry, microbial enzymes have been extensively used to increase the diversity, variety, and quality of food. Microorganisms as an enzyme source are always preferred over other sources as large amounts of enzymes can be produced from them in a controlled manner that is also faster and cheaper. Moreover, the minimum of potentially harmful content is present in microbial enzymes in comparison to those of plants and animals. This chapter includes microbial enzymes used in food processing and the food industry, their physicochemical and biological properties, recent developments, and future prospects.
In this context, there is a need to use “biodetergent or biocleaners”, which offer a better option to the synthetic detergents with respect to their biodegradability, low toxicity, non-corrosiveness environmental-friendliness, enhanced cleaning properties and their increased efficiency and stability in different formulations.
To counter these limitations, enzyme-based detergents are fast emerging as an alternative to synthetic detergents owing to their
biodegradability,
low toxicity,
non- corrosiveness,
environmental friendliness,
enhanced cleaning properties,
increased efficiency and stability in different formulations.
They are therefore also being referred to as “green chemicals”
Presently, proteases, amylases, lipases and cellulases make up the major portion of the market for industrial enzymes in cleaning applications.
Protease enzymes were first hydrolases introduced into detergent formulations specifically for the degradation of protein-based stains. Proteases have been classified according to the nucleophile or reactive component found at their catalytic sites
Role of immobilized Enzymes in Food industryJasmineJuliet
Immobilization techniques, Immobilization techniques in food industry, Immobilized Enzymes, Need for immobilization, Role of immobilized Enzymes in Food Industry, Methods of immobilization, Production of lactose free milk, Production of High Fructose corn syrups, Production of Juice in industry level by Immobilized enzymes of Pectinase, Meat tenderization by immobilized Enzymes, Immobilized Amino acylase, immobilized glucose isomerase, immobilized pectinase, Immobilized alkaline phosphatase.
An enzyme is a protein catalyst that makes chemical changes in biological systems. Various categories are used in baked goods, beverages, dairy, beer, glucose syrups, starch and other food products.1
In bakery systems, enzymes act as:
Dough conditioners
Fermentation enhancers
Anti-staling agents
This enables bakers to remove undesirable additives and make clean label baked goods.
Origin
Enzymes are naturally present in many living organisms such as animals, plants, bacteria and fungi. There, they participate in metabolic processes. Also, they can be found in food materials such as cereal flours, fruits and vegetables
In this context, there is a need to use “biodetergent or biocleaners”, which offer a better option to the synthetic detergents with respect to their biodegradability, low toxicity, non-corrosiveness environmental-friendliness, enhanced cleaning properties and their increased efficiency and stability in different formulations.
To counter these limitations, enzyme-based detergents are fast emerging as an alternative to synthetic detergents owing to their
biodegradability,
low toxicity,
non- corrosiveness,
environmental friendliness,
enhanced cleaning properties,
increased efficiency and stability in different formulations.
They are therefore also being referred to as “green chemicals”
Presently, proteases, amylases, lipases and cellulases make up the major portion of the market for industrial enzymes in cleaning applications.
Protease enzymes were first hydrolases introduced into detergent formulations specifically for the degradation of protein-based stains. Proteases have been classified according to the nucleophile or reactive component found at their catalytic sites
Role of immobilized Enzymes in Food industryJasmineJuliet
Immobilization techniques, Immobilization techniques in food industry, Immobilized Enzymes, Need for immobilization, Role of immobilized Enzymes in Food Industry, Methods of immobilization, Production of lactose free milk, Production of High Fructose corn syrups, Production of Juice in industry level by Immobilized enzymes of Pectinase, Meat tenderization by immobilized Enzymes, Immobilized Amino acylase, immobilized glucose isomerase, immobilized pectinase, Immobilized alkaline phosphatase.
An enzyme is a protein catalyst that makes chemical changes in biological systems. Various categories are used in baked goods, beverages, dairy, beer, glucose syrups, starch and other food products.1
In bakery systems, enzymes act as:
Dough conditioners
Fermentation enhancers
Anti-staling agents
This enables bakers to remove undesirable additives and make clean label baked goods.
Origin
Enzymes are naturally present in many living organisms such as animals, plants, bacteria and fungi. There, they participate in metabolic processes. Also, they can be found in food materials such as cereal flours, fruits and vegetables
Enzymes are important
proteins found in living
things. An enzyme is a
protein that changes the
rate of a chemical reaction.
• They speed metabolic
reactions.
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Mayur D. Chauhan
Ang Chong Yi Navigating Singaporean Flavors: A Journey from Cultural Heritage...Ang Chong Yi
In the heart of Singapore, where tradition meets modernity, He embarks on a culinary adventure that transcends borders. His mission? Ang Chong Yi Exploring the Cultural Heritage and Identity in Singaporean Cuisine. To explore the rich tapestry of flavours that define Singaporean cuisine while embracing innovative plant-based approaches. Join us as we follow his footsteps through bustling markets, hidden hawker stalls, and vibrant street corners.
At Taste Of Middle East, we believe that food is not just about satisfying hunger, it's about experiencing different cultures and traditions. Our restaurant concept is based on selecting famous dishes from Iran, Turkey, Afghanistan, and other Arabic countries to give our customers an authentic taste of the Middle East
Roti Bank Hyderabad: A Beacon of Hope and NourishmentRoti Bank
One of the top cities of India, Hyderabad is the capital of Telangana and home to some of the biggest companies. But the other aspect of the city is a huge chunk of population that is even deprived of the food and shelter. There are many people in Hyderabad that are not having access to
2. » CONTENTS:
• Baking Industry
• Why enzymes are used in baking industry?
• Types of enzymes used in baking industry
• Future trends
2
3. Baking Industry:
• Bread and baked products are among the main
nutritional sources today. Over 600 × 106 tons of
wheat are grown in the world each year, making it
the single most important crop.
• Throughout the history of bread making, enzymes
have always played an important role. Until the 20th
century, enzymes were used as flour improvers.
• The first application of enzymes in baked goods
was supplementation of α-amylase by addition of
malt to correct the concentration of endogenous α-
amylase in the flour.
3
4. Cont...
• Malt is one source of enzymes widely used in the
baking industry.
• It contains a whole range of enzymes including
the enzyme diastase, which can be used to
compensate for too low endogenous a-amylase
levels.
• Diastase was the first enzyme purified. Payen
and Persoz isolated this enzyme in 1833 from malt
and demonstrated its ability to convert starch into
sugars.
4
5. Cont...
• The main enzyme activities found in these
commercial enzyme preparations are starch-
degrading enzymes (amylases), proteases and
pentosanases.
• Wheat flour is both, the most essential
ingredient and key source of enzyme substrates
for the product.
• Baking enzymes can be considered as processing
aids or as additives. This has consequences for
both the admission of enzymes to be used and for
the labeling of the final product.
5
6. Why enzymes are used in baking industry?
• Enzymes are usually added to modify dough rheology,
gas retention and crumb softness in bread
manufacture, to modify dough rheology in the
manufacture of pastry and biscuits, to change product
softness in cake making and to reduce acrylamide
formation in bakery products.
Baking comprises the use of enzymes from three
sources:
1. the endogenous enzymes in flour,
2. enzymes associated with the metabolic activity of
the dominant microorganisms and
3. exogenous enzymes which are added in the dough.
6
7. Types of enzymes used in baking industry:
Different types of enzymes are used in bakery
industry which basically fall into three major
categories, which are as follows:
1. Hydrolases
2. Oxidoreductases
3. Other enzymes
7
8.
9. Hydrolases
1. Amylases and other starch-converting enzymes:
• α-Amylases are endoenzymes that catalyze the
cleavage of α-1,4-glycosidic bonds in the inner part
of the amylose or amylopectin chain.
• Maltogenic α-amylase mainly releases maltose
from starch, maltooligosaccharide producing
amylases give rise to maltotetraose or
maltohexaose.
• Certain amylases are able to decrease the
firming rate of bread crumb, acting as anti-staling
agents.
• Fungal α-amylases or malt are usually added to
optimize amylase activity of the flour, initially
aiming to increase the levels of fermentable and
reducing sugars.
9
10. 2. Proteases:
• Proteases can be subdivided into two major
groups according to their site of action:
‘exopeptidases’ and ‘endopeptidases’. Exopeptidases
cleave the peptide bond proximal to the amino or
carboxy-termini of the substrate, whereas
endopeptidases cleave peptide bonds distant from
the termini of the substrate.
• These enzymes can be added to reduce mixing
time, to decrease dough consistency, to assure
dough uniformity, to regulate gluten strength in
bread, to control bread texture and to improve
flavour.
• They act on the proteins of wheat flour, reducing
gluten elasticity and therefore reducing shrinkage
of dough or paste after moulding and sheeting.
10
11. 3. Hemicellulases:
• Hemicellulases are a diverse class of enzymes that
hydrolyse hemicelluloses.
• Xylanase, also designated endoxylanase, was
originally termed Pentosanase, are most often used
combined with amylases, lipases and many
oxidoreductases to attain specific effects on the
rheological properties of dough and organoleptic
properties of bread.
• These enzymes are also used to improve the
quality of biscuits, cakes and other baked products.
• A more stable, flexible and easy to handle dough is
obtained by the use of xylanase, resulting in
improved oven spring, larger loaf volume, as well as
a softer crumb with improved structure.
11
13. 4. Lipases:
• It assures better dough consistency and
stability, thereby increasing fermentation
tolerance, reduction of dough stickiness.
• It increases the volume of the baked product
with fine, regular crumb structure.
• Mainly the Lipase with broad substrate
specificity is an alternative to dough
strengthening emulsifiers.
13
14. Oxidoreductases
1. Lipoxygenases:
• They are used to improve mixing tolerance and
dough handling properties.
• Improvement in dough rheology with increase in
dough strength through proofing and baking, finally
leading to improved loaf volume.
2. Glucose oxidase:
• Glucose oxidase is used to remove residual
glucose and oxygen in foods and beverages aiming
to increase their shelf life.
• It helps in good gas retention, high bread volume
and fine crumb structure, significant changes on
dough rheology and bread quality.
14
15. 3. Polyphenol oxidases (PPO):
• PPO are normally involved in enzymatic browning
reactions.
• Enzymatic browning is the enzymatic oxidation
of phenols leading to the formation of pigments.
• The colour of those pigments varies widely in
colour and intensity.
15
16. Other enzymes
1. Asparaginase:
• It has a high potential of reducing formation of
acrylamide during baking.
• It catalyses the
hydrolysis of
asparagine to aspartic
acid and ammonium,
removing the
precursor of
acrylamide formation.
16
17. 2. Transglutaminases:
• Food proteins can be modified through cross-
linking by transglutaminases, resulting in textured
products, protecting lysine in food proteins from
undesired chemical reactions, encapsulating lipids and
lipid-soluble materials, forming heat and water
resistant films, improving elasticity and water-
holding capacity, modifying solubility and functional
properties, and producing food proteins of higher
nutritive value.
17
18. 3. Laccase:
• It is a copper containing enzyme that catalyses the
oxidation of a wide variety of phenolic compounds via
one-electron removal, generating reactive phenolic
radicals.
• It may improve crumb structure and softness of
baked products.
• It can increase strength and stability, as well as
reduced stickiness of dough, which confers
improvement of machinability.
(Hydroxyquinone to quinone)
18
19. 4. Mannanases:
• The use of mannanase in a baking improves the
properties of dough and that of the final baked
product.
• It also improves dough flexibility, dough
stickiness and general handling properties.
• A mannanase retards staling and improves crumb
structure.
5. Cellulase:
• The addition of cellulase enhances crumb
structure, resulting in a more regular and fine
crumb and, consequently, improved whiteness.
• In addition to the above-mentioned enzymes,
cellulases are slowly finding their way into some
bakery applications.
19
20. # FUTURE TRENDS:
Regarding baked goods, the use of enzymes have been
reported to obtain dietary fiber enriched bread for the
development of gluten free products to obtain products
with increased contents of arabinoxylan oligosaccharides
with prebiotic potential.
Directed evolution is a powerful tool of protein
engineering to design and modify the properties of
enzymes. This technology can be employed for a wide
range of proteins, most of which are of interest for
biocatalytic processes.
20